The Role of Experience in the Organization and Refinement of Face Space

Adults code faces in reference to category-specific norms that represent the different face categories encountered in the environment (e.g., race, age). Reliance on such norm-based coding appears to aid recognition, but few studies have examined the development of separable prototypes and the way in which experience influences the refinement of the coding dimensions associated with different face categories. The present dissertation was thus designed to investigate the organization and refinement of face space and the role of experience in shaping sensitivity to its underlying dimensions. In Study 1, I demonstrated that face space is organized with regard to norms that reflect face categories that are both visually and socially distinct. These results provide an indication of the types of category-specific prototypes that can conceivably exist in face space. Study 2 was designed to investigate whether children rely on category-specific prototypes and the extent to which experience facilitates the development of separable norms. I demonstrated that unlike adults and older children, 5-year-olds rely on a relatively undifferentiated face space, even for categories with which they receive ample experience. These results suggest that the dimensions of face space undergo significant refinement throughout childhood; 5 years of experience with a face category is not sufficient to facilitate the development of separable norms. In Studies 3 through 5, I examined how early and continuous exposure to young adult faces may optimize the face processing system for the dimensions of young relative to older adult faces. In Study 3, I found evidence for a young adult bias in attentional allocation among young and older adults. However, whereas young adults showed an own-age recognition advantage, older adults exhibited comparable recognition for young and older faces. These results suggest that despite the significant experience that older adults have with older faces, the early and continuous exposure they received with young faces continues to influence their recognition, perhaps because face space is optimized for young faces. In Studies 4 and 5, I examined whether sensitivity to deviations from the norm is superior for young relative to older adult faces. I used normality/attractiveness judgments as a measure of this sensitivity; to examine whether biases were specific to norm-based coding, I asked participants to discriminate between the same faces. Both young and older adults were more accurate when tested with young relative to older faces—but only when judging normality. Like adults, 3- and 7-year-olds were more accurate in judging the attractiveness of young faces; however, unlike adults, this bias extended to the discrimination task. Thus by 3 years of age children are more sensitive to differences among young relative to older faces, suggesting that young children's perceptual system is more finely tuned for young than older adult faces. Collectively, the results of this dissertation help elucidate the development of category-specific norms and clarify the role of experience in shaping sensitivity to the dimensions of face space.

Myths of greece and Rome : narrated with special reference to literature and art

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La traduction du nouveau Code civil néerlandais en anglais et en français

La traduction du nouveau Code civil néerlandais en anglais et en français représentait un grand défi en raison du caractère systématique et fondateur d’un code, du recours à une terminologie et à une organisation nouvelles et de la longueur des articles. Dans un premier temps, le Code a été traduit selon une terminologie juridique anglaise strictement civiliste, tant en anglais qu’en français, et a été publié sous un format trilingue. Toutefois, sous la pression des praticiens, lesquels recherchaient une traduction correspondant mieux aux attentes de lecteurs anglophones habitués à la terminologie de la common law, une formule a été élaborée pour produire une version anglaise compréhensible pour les deux familles juridiques, au besoin hors de tout contexte et sans recourir à des notes. Une telle formule mérite considération lorsqu’il s’agira de produire d’autres traductions de textes civilistes en anglais.

Reference Groups and Individual Deprivation

We provide an axiomatization of Yitzhaki’s index of individual deprivation. Our result differs from an earlier characterization due to Ebert and Moyes in the way the reference group of an individual is represented in the model. Ebert and Moyes require the index to be defined for all logically possible reference groups, whereas we employ the standard definition of the reference group as the set of all agents in a society. As a consequence of this modification, some of the axioms used by Ebert and Moyes can no longer be applied and we provide alternative formulations.

Le droit civil expliqué, suivant l'ordre des articles du code, depuis et y compris le titre de la vente : Du dépot et du séquestre, et des contrats aléatoires commentaires des titres XI et XII, livre III du code civil

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Le droit civil expliqué suivant l'ordre des articles du code : del'echange et du lovage, commentaire des titres VII et VIII du livre III du code Napoleón

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Droit civil expliqué: Du Contrat de Mariage et des droits respectifs des époux ou commentaire du titre V du livre III du code civil

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Droit civil expliqué : de la prescription ou commentaire du titre XX du livre III du code Napoleón

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Droit civil explique : des privileges et hypotheques, ou commentaire du titre XVIII du livre III du code Napoleón

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Le droit civil explique suivant l'ordre des articles du code, depuiset y compris le titre de la vente : Du pret, commentaire du titre X,livre III. du code civil

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Le droit civil explique : suirant L'ordre des articles du code, depuis et y compris le titre de la vente, des priviléges et hypothegues,ou commentaire du titre XVIII du livre III du code civil

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Le droit civil explique suivant l'ordre des articles du code, depuiset y compris le titre de la vente : du contrat de societe civile et commerciale ou commentaire du titre IX du livre III du code civil

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