植物生长季退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放特征

对中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放的全天候连续观测结果表明，退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2的释放有明显的日变化和季节动态，日最大释放速率出现于12：00-14：00，最小释放速率出现于6：00-8：00；植物生长季的最大振幅为462.49mg·m^-2·h^-1（8月18日），最小振幅为114.97mg·m^-2·h^-1（5月9日），CO2释放速率白天大于夜晚。不同物候期CO2释放速率亦不同，草盛期>枯黄期>青期。最大日均值为480.76mg·m^-2·h^-1（8月18日），最小日均值为140.77mg·m^-2·h^-1（5月9日）。释放速率与气温、地表温度及土壤5cm地温均呈显著或极显著相关关系，表明温度是决定CO2释放速率季节变化的首要因素。

SZJ-12机器人通用控制器系统

本文介绍了一种通用的机器人二级控制系统,该机器人控制器已成功地用于四种不同类型的机器人本体,完成了各种PTP和CP控制功能.

北极Gakkel超慢速扩张脊大洋橄榄岩的地球化学特征及其意义

Gakkel Ridge in Arctic Ocean is the ulstraslow spreading ridge in the world with a full spreading rate decreasing from 14 mm/yr in the western end to 7mm/yr in the eastern end. To study the histories of partial melting and melt referilization occurred in the oceanic mantle beneath Gakkel Ridge, both extremely fresh and altered abyssal peridotites from two dredge hauls (PS66-238 and HLY0102-D70) have been selected in this research. Major and trace element data of the residual minerals suggest that all samples have been refertilized by late enriched melts after low to moderate degrees (3-12%) of partial melting in the stability field of spinel, whereas some samples also inherited signatures of partial melting in stability field of garnet. Os isotopic compositions of Gakkel samples have not been significantly affected by late processes, e.g., seawater alteration and melt refertilzaiton. Samples from both dredge hauls have similar range of 187Os/188Os, from strongly unradiogenic (~0.114) in the harzburgites to approximating the inferred values of PUM (primitive upper mantle) in some lherzolites (~0.129). Inherited ancient depletion events in the harzburgites with Re-depletion age up to 2 billion years are unrelevant to the recent genesis of MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalts) beneath Gakkel Ridge. Comparisons of highly siderophile elements (HSEs) between the fresh and altered samples suggested both Pd and Re were affected and thus are mobile during seawater alteration, whereas the other HSEs (i.e., Os, Ir, Ru an Pt) are stable. The fractionated HSEs patterns in the harzburgites suggest both PPGEs (Pt and Pd) and Re can be fractionated from IPGEs (Os, Ir and Ru) at low degree of partial melting, which might be due to physical dredging of sulfide melts by silicate melts rather than equilibrium partitioning between residues and silicate melts. Inferred HSEs budget of the PUM confirm the previous study that both Ru/Ir and Pd/Ir are suprachondritic in the PUM. Some modifications of late-veneer hypothesis are required in light of the unique PUM composition. HSEs and Os isotopic compositions of Gakkel abyssal peridotites indicate the oceanic mantle is highly heterogeneous within a scale of one dredge haul (<5 km). Both depleted and fertile mantle domains are likely to be mechanically juxtaposed in the asthenosphere in a state of ‘plum pudding’. Widely distribution of ancient depleted components in the asthenosphere suggests that DMM (depleted MORB mantle) should not be synonymous with the MORB source. The later is just the fertile part of the former, i.e., the depleted components in the DMM do not or contribute little to the genesis of MORB.

末次盛冰期以来中国陆地生态系统碳储量变化研究

Carbon is an essential element for life, food and energy. It is also a key element in the greenhouse gases and therefore plays a vital role in climatic changes. The rapid increase in atmospheric concentration of CO_2 over the past 150 years, reaching current concentrations of about 370 ppmv, corresponds with combustion of fossii fuels since the beginning of the industrial age. Conversion of forested land to agricultural use has also redistributed carbon from plants and soils to the atmosphere. These human activities have significantly altered the global carbon cycle. Understanding the consequences of these activities in the coming decades is critical for formulating economic, energy, technology, trade, and security policies that will affect civilization for generations. Under the auspices of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), several large international scientific efforts are focused on elucidating the various aspects of the global carbon cycle of the past decade. It is only possible to balance the global carbon cycle for the 1990s if there is net carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems of around 2 Pg C/a. There are now some independent, direct evidences for the existence of such a sink. Policymarkers involved in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UN-FCCC) are striving to reach consensuses on a 'safe path' for future emissions, the credible predictions on where and how long the terrestrial sink will either persist at its current level, or grow/decline in the future, are important to advice the policy process. The changes of terrestrial carbon storage depend not only on human activities, but also on biogeochemical and climatological processes and their interaction with the carbon cycles. In this thesis, the climate-induced changes and human-induced changes of carbon storage in China since the past 20,000 years are examined. Based on the data of the soil profiles investigated during China's Second National Soil Survey (1979-1989), the forest biomass measured during China's Fourth National Forest Resource Inventory (1989-1993), the grass biomass investigated during the First National Grassland Resource Survey (1980-1991), and the data collected from a collection of published literatures, the current terrestrial carbon storage in China is estimated to -144.1 Pg C, including -136.8 Pg C in soil and -7.3 Pg C in vegetation. The soil organic (SOC) and inorganic carbon (SIC) storage are -78.2 Pg C and -58.6 Pg C, respectively. In the vegetation reservoir, the forest carbon storage is -5.3 Pg C, and the other of-1.4 Pg C is in the grassland. Under the natural conditions, the SOC, SIC, forest and grassland carbon storage are -85.3 Pg C, -62.6 Pg C, -24.5 Pg C and -5.3 Pg C, respectively. Thus, -29.6 Pg C organic carbon has been lost due to land use with a decrease of -20.6%. At the same time, the SIC storage also has been decreased by -4.0 Pg C (-6.4%). These suggest that human activity has caused significant carbon loss in terrestrial carbon storage of China, especially in the forest ecosystem (-76% loss). Using the Paleocarbon Model (PCM) developed by Wu et al. in this paper, total terrestrial organic carbon storage in China in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was -114.8 Pg C, including -23.1 Pg C in vegetation and -86.7 Pg C in soil. At the Middle Holocene (MH), the vegetation, soil and total carbon were -37.3 Pg C, -93.9 Pg C and -136.0 Pg C, respectively. This implies a gain of-21.2 Pg C in the terrestrial carbon storage from LGM to HM mainly due to the temperature increase. However, a loss of-14.4 Pg C of terrestrial organic carbon occurred in China under the current condition (before 1850) compared with the MH time, mainly due to the precipitation decrease associated with the weakening of the Asian summer monsoon. These results also suggest that the terrestrial ecosystem in China has a substantial potential in the restoration of carbon storage. This might be expected to provide an efficient way to mitigate the greenhouse warming through land management practices. Assuming that half of the carbon loss in the degraded terrestrial ecosystem in current forest and grass areas are restored during the next 50 years or so, the terrestrial ecosystem in China may sequestrate -12.0 Pg of organic carbon from the atmosphere, which represents a considerable offset to the industry's CO2 emission. If the ' Anthropocene' Era will be another climate optimum like MH due to the greenhouse effect, the sequestration would be increased again by -4.3 - 9.0 Pg C in China.

中旬红山矽卡岩铜矿稳定同位素特征及其对成矿过程的指示

红山铜矿床位于三江地区义敦岛弧南端的中甸弧，是在晚三叠世甘孜-理塘洋盆向西俯冲过程中形成的一个中型规模的矽卡岩矿床。通常，矽卡岩体就是铜矿体或铜矿化体，主要呈似层状、层状、脉状及透镜体状产于大理岩与角岩接触带或局部在角岩中，未见其与侵入岩直接接触。通过对不同成矿阶段所形成的石榴石、磁铁矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方解石等典型矿物以及大理岩的稳定同位素特征研究，发现矽卡岩的最主要组成矿物石榴石的δ^18OSMOW范围为6．2—8．3‰，反映了矽卡岩可能直接继承隐伏斑岩体的氧同位素组成。根据磁铁矿的氧同位素组成（5．5—7．1‰）所计算的磁铁矿化阶段成矿流体的δ^18OSMOW为13．1—14．7‰（400℃）或12．5—14．1％。（500℃），暗示有富集δ^18O的CO2溶入到成矿流体中。硫化物的δ^34SCDT范围4．45—6．20‰，说明矿床具有高度均一的硫源，并且在硫化物的结晶沉淀过程中，流体中硫同位素分馏很弱。由此推测主成矿期成矿流体的δ^34S∑S为5．6±0．6‰。矿床中的大理岩的δ^13CPDB为2．0—2．2‰，δ^18OSMOW为24．0—24．8‰，说明大理岩是由海相碳酸盐岩经重结晶作用而成。成矿晚期阶段形成的方解石脉的δ^13CPDB范围是-2．4—1．7‰，δ^18OSMOW范围是16．3—22．4‰，表明其C和O主要来源于大理岩。总之，我们推测红山矽卡岩很可能主要是由中酸性岩浆浅成侵位时局部同化碳酸盐围岩所形成的一种富含钙质成分的次生岩浆就位于碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩之间的构造薄弱带冷凝固结而成，矽卡岩型矿化与深部斑岩型矿化具有共同的成矿物质和成矿流体来源。

6-12岁儿童自发脑电频谱相干的发展及认知水平的脑诱发电位研究

发展心理学中关于儿童心理发展一直以来存在阶段论和连续论两种观点，阶段论和连续论都有各自的支持依据，但目前心理学家倾向于认为儿童心理发展是阶段性和连续性的统一，一些脑电生理的数据也支持这一观点，脑电发展对认知发展有很好的提示作用。但现有的脑电生理研究在探讨这一问题尚存在一些不足。由于童年中期是个体发育成熟前的最后一个关键期，大脑重量、额叶发育都非常显著，因此，本研究自童年中期大脑发育的特点入手，从自发脑电和诱发脑电两个角度考察童年中期儿童自发脑电基本频谱相干的发展特点及不同认知发展水平、不同年龄的儿童认知发展与脑电发展的关系。研究一主要考察童年中期自发脑电频谱相干发展特点；研究二考察重量守恒水平不同的儿童在完成重量守恒任务时的脑电活动的时间进程；研究三考察不同年龄儿童完成认知任务的脑诱发电位表现。所得结果如下： 1. 自发脑电频谱相干研究发现在童年中期大脑发育存在7-8岁的加速期，并在11岁存在转折，在9、12岁达到高峰。支持儿童发展是阶段性和连续性的统一的观点。 2. 不同守恒水平儿童在完成重量守恒任务时，主要表现为晚正成分的波幅差异，且波幅存在守恒水平与电极位置的交互作用，守恒组倾向于激活右侧额中央区，而不守恒组则倾向于激活中央额区。结果不能支持阶段论，但发展是否表现为连续性，有待于进一步探索。 3. 9-10-11岁三组儿童在完成同一任务时的大脑活动存在显著差异，在脑电水平上，主要表现为N2波幅和电位图的差异，11岁组明显不同于9、10岁组。进一步考察9岁组、10岁普通智力组、10岁高智力水平组、11岁组四组儿童的诱发电位特点（潜伏期、波幅和电位图），发现，9岁组与10岁普通智力组之间N2波幅和电位图差异不显著，而10岁高智力水平组与11岁组在N2波幅和电位图上差异不显著。本实验结果提示认知发展在不同年龄段表现为阶段性，而由于同一年龄段的不同水平与其他年龄组存在水平相当的现象，认知发展从整体上看来表现为一定的连续性。 综合EEG与ERP的研究结果，得出结论，童年中期认知发展和脑电发育是阶段性和连续性的统一。

8～12岁男孩的性激素与智力、人格的关系

Recently there emerged more and more researhes concerning about sex hormone-related cognitive ability and behaviours. Few were carried out in pre- to early adolescent children., and the objective of the current study is to investigate whether there are covariance between sex hormones, intelligence and personality in 232 pre- to early adolescent boys, including 62 gifted boys. Indexes of sex hormone levels were salivary testosterone and estradiol concentrations, the 2D:4D digit ratio ( a reliable pointer of prenatal sex hormone concentraions). The Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test and a Chinese version of Children’s Personality Questionaire was applied in the current study. The main findings are: 1) salivary sex hormone concentrations significantly positively correlated with intelligence performance in 10-year-old boys; 2) salivary testosterone negatively related to intelligence performance in 12-year-old boys; 3) gifted boys bears lower testosterone concentrations in both prenatal period and pre- to early adolescence; 4) for personality, higher salivary estradiol was related to extraversion and digit ratios correlated with several personality factors in 8-year-old boys. In conclusion, results in the current study suggested that for male early maturers, intelligence may be negatively influenced by early coming androgen surge. In contrast, male late matures may benefit from their lately and moderately increasing hormone. Besides, the results suggested that the relationship between 2D:4D digit ratio and personality may also be paid attention to.

7-12岁儿童执行功能与智力的关系

The nature of individual differences among children is an important issue in the study of human intelligence. There are close relation between intelligence and executive functions. Traditional theories, which are based mainly on the factor analysis, approach the problem only from the perspective of psychometrics. However, they do not study the relation of cognition and neurobiology. Some researchers try to explore the essential differences in intelligence from the basic cognitive level, by studying the relationship between executive function and intelligence. The aim of this study was to do the followings 1) to delineate and separate the executive function in children into measurable constructs; 2) to establish the relationship between executive function and intelligence in children; 3) to find out the difference and its neural mechanism between intellectually-gifted and normal children’s executive function. The participants were 188 children aged 7-12 year old. There were 6 executive function tasks. The results were follows: 1) The latent variables analyses showed that there was no stable construct of executive function in 7-10 year old children. The executive function construct of 11-12 year old children could be separated into updating, inhibition and shifting. And they had grown to be more or less the same as adults in the executive function. There were only moderate correlations between the three types of executive function, but they were largely independent of each other. 2) The correlations between the indices of updating, inhibition, shifting and intelligence were different in 7-12 year old children. The older the age, the more the indices were related to intelligence. The updating and shifting were related to intelligence in 7-10 year old children. There were significant correlations between the updating, inhibition, shifting and intelligence in 11-12 year old children. The correlation between updating and intelligence was higher than the correlation between shifting and intelligence. Furthermore, in structural equation models controlling for the three executive functions correlations, updating was highly related to intelligence, but the relations of inhibition and shifting to intelligence were not significant. 3) Intellectually-gifted children performed better than normal children in executive function tasks. The neural mechanism differences between intellectually gifted and average children were indicated by ERP component P3. The present study helps us to understand the relationship between intelligence and executive function; and throws light on the issue of individual differences in intelligence. The present results can provide theoretical support for the development a culture-free intelligence test and a method to promote the development of intelligence. Our present study lends support to the neural efficient hypothesis.