Syntheses, Molecular Structures, Electrochemical Behavior, Theoretical Study, and Antitumor Activities of Organotin(IV) Complexes Containing 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-cyclopentanecarboxylato Ligands

The organotin(IV) compounds [Me2Sn(L)(2)] (1), [Et(2)sn(L)(2)] (2), [(Bu2Sn)-Bu-n(L)(2)] (3), [(n)Oct(2)Sn(L)(2)] (4), [Ph2Sn(L)(2)] (5), and [PhOSnL](6) (6) have been synthesized from the reactions of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (HL) with the corresponding diorganotin(IV) oxide or dichloride. They were characterized by IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and, for 2, 3, 4 and 6, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. While 1-5 are mononuclear diorganotin (IV) compounds, the X-ray diffraction of 6 discloses a hexameric drumlike structure with a prismatic Sn6O6 core. All these complexes undergo irreversible reductions and were screened for their in vitro antitumor activities toward HL-60, BGC-823, Bel-7402, and KB human cancer cell lines. Within the mononuclear compounds, the most active ones (3, 5) are easiest to reduce (least cathodic reduction potentials), while the least active ones (1, 4) are the most difficult to reduce. Structural rearrangements (i.e., Sn-O bond cleavages and trans-to-cis isomerization) induced by reduction, which eventually can favor the bioactivity, are disclosed by theoretical/electrochemical studies.

Feedback regarding students initial pharmaceutical internship from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca

Introduction/Aims: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the perception of the organization, the development and the evaluation of the initial stage in the internship of students, in order to improve these activities and to establish the adequate objectives in accordance with the changes concerning the concept of modern pharmacy. Materials and methods: An online survey was made using Google Docs ® -Create Form extension. All results were accumulated and computed using Microsoft Excel ®. The questionnaire consisted of 11 questions, structured on several levels: the objectives and how they can be achieved, internship organization, the internship training (effective participation in specific activities and integration in the pharmaceutical activity), the assessment, the profile of tutor / pharmacy. The questionnaire was completed by students from the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Haţieganu" Cluj Napoca, Romania. Results and discussions. The study was conducted on 308 students (60% of all students from the study years II-IV. 90% of the respondents had actually participated in the internship, whilst 10% only formally participated in this activity. The main responsibilities of the students were: storage and reception of pharmaceutical products (94%, respectively 79%) and working with the receipts (57%). Most of the students appreciate that they were integrated into the work in the pharmacy, this being due largely pharmacist tutor, who expressed interest and ability in mentoring activities. They appreciated that the role of tutor requires 3-5 years of professional experience. In terms of the internship objectives, these should aim at applying the knowledge gained until the graduation year, but also familiarization with activities which might turn into applications for the coming years. 43% of students believe that only 25% of the theoretical knowledge was useful during the internship. 90 % of the total questioned considered useful to develop a practice guideline adapted to the year of study. Conclusions. The professional training of the future pharmacist’s students depends largely on experience gained by students during the internship activity. Feed-back from the students’ shows that they are aware of the usefulness of the internship, but believe the objectives must be updated and a better correlation between work in pharmacy and theoretical knowledge has to be made. A first step is to develop a practical guide adapted to each year of study. The involvement of the tutor pharmacist is also essential to the success of this activity

Diversidade e prospecção de fungos endofíticos de Begonia spp. encontradas na Mata Atlântica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reactogenicity of yellow fever vaccines in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To compare the reactogenicity of three yellow fever (YF) vaccines from WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD substrains (different seed-lots) and placebo. METHODS: The study involved 1,087 adults eligible for YF vaccine in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vaccines produced by Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) were administered ("day 0") following standardized procedures adapted to allow blinding and blocked randomization of participants to coded vaccine types. Adverse events after immunization were ascertained in an interview and in diary forms filled in by each participant. Liver enzymes were measured on days 0, 4-20 and 30 of the study. Viremia levels were measured on days 4 to 20 of follow-up. The immune response was verified through serologic tests. RESULTS: Participants were mostly young males. The seroconversion rate was above 98% among those seronegative before immunization. Compared to placebo, the excess risk of any local adverse events ranged from 0.9% to 2.5%, whereas for any systemic adverse events it ranged from 3.5% to 7.4% across vaccine groups. The excess risk of events leading to search for medical care or to interruption of work activities ranged from 2% to 4.5%. Viremia was detected in 3%-6% of vaccinees up to 10 days after vaccination. Variations in liver enzyme levels after vaccination were similar in placebo and vaccine recipients. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of adverse events post-immunization against YF, accounting for the background occurrence of nonspecific signs and symptoms, was shown for the first time to be similar for vaccines from 17D and 17DD substrains. The data also provided evidence against viscerotropism of vaccine virus.

Living conditions and receptive vocabulary of children aged two to five years

OBJECTIVE: To assess the receptive vocabulary of children aged between two years and six months and five years and eleven months who were attending childcare centers and kindergarten schools. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in the municipality of Embu, Southeastern Brazil. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and analysis of factors associated with children's performance were applied. The sample consisted of 201 children of both genders, aged between two and six years. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate analysis and logistic regression model. The dependent variable analyzed was test performance and the independent variables were child's age, mother's level of education and family socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: It was observed that 44.3% of the children had performances in the test that were below what would be expected for their age. The factors associated with the best performances in the test were child's age (OR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.6-3.5) and mother's education level (OR= 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3-7.4). CONCLUSIONS: Mother's education level is important for child's language development. Settings such as childcare and kindergarten schools are protective factors for child development in families of low income and education.

Antimicrobial activity of pyrazine and quinoxaline N,N’-dioxide heterocyclic compounds

The nitrogen heterocyclic organic compounds 1,4 dioxide pyrazine and quinoxaline derivatives have been widely studied due to their potential use as synthetic drugs. The thermochemical study of three N,N´-dioxides: 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine-1,4-dioxide, tetramethylpyrazine-1,4-dioxide and 6-chloro-2,3-dimethilquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide has been recently developed in order to establish relationships among the energetical, structural and reactivity properties [4,5]. Several studies have reported their pharmacological activity, particularly as antimicrobial agents [1,2,3]. It has also been established a relation between energetical and structural properties and biological activity, once these compounds present N – oxide bonds, increasing their oxidative capacity. The present work reports the study of antimicrobial activity for those compounds against the bacteria Geobacillus stearothermophylus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli and also against the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae PYCC 4072, Candida albicans PYCC3436T, Candida tropicalis PYCC, Issatchenka Orientalis PYCC. The determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), points to an antimicrobial activity and the preliminary results indicate that these compounds may be potential candidates as antimicrobial drugs with clinical, agriculture or food industries applications.

Performance analysis of Java APIS for XML processing

Over time, XML markup language has acquired a considerable importance in applications development, standards definition and in the representation of large volumes of data, such as databases. Today, processing XML documents in a short period of time is a critical activity in a large range of applications, which imposes choosing the most appropriate mechanism to parse XML documents quickly and efficiently. When using a programming language for XML processing, such as Java, it becomes necessary to use effective mechanisms, e.g. APIs, which allow reading and processing of large documents in appropriated manners. This paper presents a performance study of the main existing Java APIs that deal with XML documents, in order to identify the most suitable one for processing large XML files.

Revista de Saúde Pública: quarenta anos da produção científica no Brasil

OBJETIVO: Reconhecer as características e trajetória da Revista de Saúde Pública pela análise da produção científica por ela veiculada, no período de 1967-2005. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados por métodos cientométricos dados referenciais dos artigos publicados na Revista e recuperados nas bases de indexação do Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)/Thomson Scientific (Web of Science), National Library of Medicine (PubMed) e Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO). RESULTADOS: A Revista, sendo a única na área da saúde pública no Brasil, indexada pela ISI/Thomson Scientific, destaca-se como veículo de divulgação da produção científica brasileira em saúde pública e exibe crescimento geométrico de publicações e citações, cujas taxas anuais são de 4,4% e 12,7%, respectivamente. O número de autores cresceu de uma média de cerca de dois por item publicado até 3,5 para os dias atuais. Embora os artigos originais de pesquisa predominem, nos últimos anos aumentou o número de revisões, estudos multicêntricos, ensaios clínicos e de validação; cresceu também o número de artigos publicados em língua estrangeira, com 13% do total, destacando-se a participação da Inglaterra, Estados Unidos, Argentina e México. Aumentou o número e diversidade de revistas que citam a Revista de Saúde Pública, com expressiva participação de revistas internacionais. A distribuição de autorias por autor da Revista ajusta-se muito bem à Lei de Lotka, mas seus parâmetros sugerem maior concentração e menor dispersão do que o esperado. Entre os temas de interesse dos itens publicados, doenças infecto-parasitárias e vetores, promoção, políticas, administração de saúde e epidemiologia, vigilância e controle de doenças responderam por mais de 50% do volume total. CONCLUSÕES: A Revista mostra grande dinamismo sem sinais que sugiram qualquer esgotamento ou estabilidade em futuro próximo. Há sinais de progressivo aumento de complexidade dos estudos publicados, bem como de maior multidisciplinaridade. A Revista parece alargar seu alcance e repercussão embora continue fiel aos temas de interesse da saúde pública do Brasil.

Tempo de voltar à terra

Texto publicado no Suplemento "Regresso à Terra" por ocasião do 94º Aniversário do Correio dos Açores.

Diversidade de criadouros e tipos de imóveis freqüentados por Aedes albopictus e Aedes aegypti

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a diversidade de criadouros e tipos de imóveis freqüentados por fêmeas de Aedes albopictus e Aedes aegypti. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado nos anos de 2002 e 2003 no bairro de Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Realizou-se pesquisa larvária em diferentes tipos de imóveis. As larvas encontradas foram identificadas em laboratório. A freqüência de larvas dessas duas espécies foi computada nos diversos criadouros disponíveis. Foram calculados os índices de infestação predial e de Breteau, as diferenças foram testadas pelo qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Os tipos de imóveis positivos para os aedinos foram: residências (83,9% do total); igrejas, escolas, clubes (6,8%); terrenos baldios (6,4%); e comércios (2,8%). Das 9.153 larvas, 12,0% eram de Aedes albopictus e 88,0% de Aedes aegypti. Para aquela espécie, os recipientes onde foram mais encontradas foram ralos (25,4%), latas, garrafas, vasilhames (23,9%) e vasos com plantas (16,2%). Aedes aegypti mostrou-se mais freqüente nos criadouros que Aedes albopictus (chi2=145,067, p<0,001). Também ocorreu diferença significante na freqüência dessas espécies em criadouros artificiais do que em naturais (chi2=31,46; p<0,001). O índice de infestação predial e índice de Breteau para Aedes albopictus foram respectivamente em 2002 (0,3%; 0,28), em 2003 (0,4%; 0,5); para Aedes aegypti, em 2002 (1,0%;1,16) e 2003 (3,5%; 4,35). CONCLUSÕES: Verificou-se a freqüência das fêmeas de Aedes albopictus e Ae. aegypti em variados tipos de criadouros e tipos de imóveis para postura. A oferta abundante de recipientes artificiais inservíveis nas residências, associada à capacidade de Ae. albopictus de freqüentar também os criadouros naturais, contribui sobremaneira para sua adaptação gradativa ao meio antrópico.

Homogeneous and heterogenised new gold C-scorpionate complexes as catalysts for cyclohexane oxidation

Gold(III) complexes of type [AuCl2{eta(2)-RC(R'pz)(3)}]Cl [R = R' = H (1), R = CH2OH, R' = H (2) and R = H, R' = 3,5-Me-2(3), pz = pyrazol-1-yl] were supported on carbon materials (activated carbon, carbon xerogel and carbon nanotubes) and used for the oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, with aqueous H2O2, under mild conditions.

Prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados em escolares de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso

OBJETIVO: As formas de obtenção dos níveis pressóricos basais podem levar a diferentes estimativas de prevalência. O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados em escolares e comparar médias sistólicas e diastólicas obtidas após três aferições da pressão arterial. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com escolares entre sete e dez anos (N=601), de escolas públicas e privadas da zona urbana de Cuiabá-MT, Brasil, em 2005. A pressão arterial foi aferida três vezes, com intervalo de dez minutos, em visita única. Consideraram-se crianças com níveis pressóricos elevados as que, segundo sexo, idade e percentil de estatura, atingiram pressão sistólica e/ou diastólica maiores ou iguais ao percentil 95 da tabela de referência. Para o cálculo de prevalência, foram considerados separadamente os níveis pressóricos da primeira e terceira medidas. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as médias sistólicas e diastólicas nas três medidas do estudo. A pressão sistólica e diastólica média, utilizando a terceira medida do estudo foi de 97,2 (DP=8,68) mmHg e 63,1 (DP=6,66) mmHg, respectivamente. A prevalência de níveis pressóricos elevados foi de 8,7% (IC 95%: 6,4;10,9) na primeira medida e 2,3% (IC 95%: 1,1;3,5) na 3ª medida. Não houve diferença estatística entre as prevalências com relação à idade, sexo, cor da pele e tipo de escola. CONCLUSÕES: A pressão arterial, em estudos de visita única, diminui significativamente entre a primeira e terceira aferição. A terceira medida parece revelar níveis pressóricos mais próximos dos basais.

Caracterização bidimensional de um canal rádio Wimax

Com o crescimento previsível e exponencial das redes de comunicações móveis motivado pela mobilidade, flexibilidade e também comodidade do utilizador levam a que este se torne na fatia mais importante do mundo das telecomunicações dos dias que correm. Assim é importante estudar e caracterizar canais rádio para as mais diversas gamas de frequências utilizadas nas mais variadas tecnologias. O objectivo principal desta dissertação de Mestrado é caracterizar um canal rádio para a tecnologia sem fios Worldwide Inter-operability for Microwave Access (Wimax para as frequências de 3,5 GHz e 5 GHz) actualmente vista pela comunidade científica como a tecnologia sem fios com maiores perspectivas de sucesso. Para tal, determinaram-se o Perfil de Atraso de Potência (PAP) e também a Potência em Função da Distância (PFD) recorrendo ao método computacional de simulação Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD). De forma a estudar e caracterizar o canal rádio, em termos de desvanecimento relativo ao espalhamento de atraso, usaram-se dois métodos alternativos que têm como entrada o PAP. Para caracterizar o canal quanto ao desvanecimento baseado em espalhamento de Doppler, recorreu-se também a duas técnicas alternativas tendo como entrada o PFD. Em ambas as situações os dois métodos alternativos convergiram para os mesmos resultados. A caracterização é feita em dois cenários diferentes: um em que consideramos que a maioria dos obstáculos são condutores eléctricos perfeitos (CEP) e que passaremos a designar Cenário PEC, e um segundo cenário em que os obstáculos têm propriedades electromagnéticas diferentes, e que passará a ser designado por Cenário MIX. Em ambos os cenários de análise concluiu-se que o canal é plano, lento e sem ISI.

On three endemic species of the linyphiid spider genus Canariphantes Wunderlich, 1992 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) from the Azores archipelago

Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press.

Monte Carlo simulation of the basic features of the GE Millennium MG single photon emission computed tomography gamma camera

Objective - To describe and validate the simulation of the basic features of GE Millennium MG gamma camera using the GATE Monte Carlo platform. Material and methods - Crystal size and thickness, parallel-hole collimation and a realistic energy acquisition window were simulated in the GATE platform. GATE results were compared to experimental data in the following imaging conditions: a point source of 99mTc at different positions during static imaging and tomographic acquisitions using two different energy windows. The accuracy between the events expected and detected by simulation was obtained with the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test. Comparisons were made regarding the measurement of sensitivity and spatial resolution, static and tomographic. Simulated and experimental spatial resolutions for tomographic data were compared with the Kruskal–Wallis test to assess simulation accuracy for this parameter. Results - There was good agreement between simulated and experimental data. The number of decays expected when compared with the number of decays registered, showed small deviation (≤0.007%). The sensitivity comparisons between static acquisitions for different distances from source to collimator (1, 5, 10, 20, 30cm) with energy windows of 126–154 keV and 130–158 keV showed differences of 4.4%, 5.5%, 4.2%, 5.5%, 4.5% and 5.4%, 6.3%, 6.3%, 5.8%, 5.3%, respectively. For the tomographic acquisitions, the mean differences were 7.5% and 9.8% for the energy window 126–154 keV and 130–158 keV. Comparison of simulated and experimental spatial resolutions for tomographic data showed no statistically significant differences with 95% confidence interval. Conclusions - Adequate simulation of the system basic features using GATE Monte Carlo simulation platform was achieved and validated.