976 resultados para pes planus
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Este relatório final teve por base o trabalho desenvolvido ao longo do estágio da unidade curricular: Prática de Ensino Supervisionada (PES), realizado com um grupo de onze crianças em valência de creche, numa instituição privada de solidariedade social (IPSS), tendo como finalidade a consecução do grau de mestre em educação pré-escolar. Teve como objetivo entender as atividades do dia-a-dia das crianças, com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 24 meses, que são promotoras do desenvolvimento de competências matemáticas e também a importância que os educadores lhes atribuem. De forma a obter estes dados, foi necessário recorrer a uma abordagem qualitativa e interpretativa, que permitiu uma visão mais abrangente das respostas obtidas. Valorizou-se o processo de obtenção de dados, investindo tanto nas opiniões dos educadores a quem se aplicou o estudo, como nos registos efetuados com as crianças observadas e respetivos documentos institucionais que nos permitiram um conhecimento mais lato do grupo de crianças e do contexto pedagógico em que estavam inseridas. A análise de dados evidenciou que os educadores recorrem a um determinado conjunto de atividades para promover a aquisição desses conteúdos, e que uma parte dessas atividades recorre ao uso de materiais pedagógicos em vez das situações pertencentes ao quotidiano da criança. Revelou também uma certa disparidade na escolha das atividades por parte dos educadores: uns selecionaram todas as atividades como promotoras e outros apenas duas atividades. A consciencialização da importância de utilizar as atividades do quotidiano da criança como promotoras do seu próprio desenvolvimento, uma vez que esta aprende fazendo e através das suas vivências, é o cerne deste estudo.
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No âmbito da Área Científica de Prática de Ensino Supervisionada PES, foi-nos proposto realizar um estudo exploratório. Assim, este trabalho consiste no relatório final sobre o referido estudo exploratório e que emergiu de uma situação corrente verificada na minha prática pedagógica e que se prende com a temática do papel do educador na brincadeira das crianças, tendo como principal preocupação analisar e perceber a eventual interação e mediação que este poderá ou deverá adotar nessa situação. Após uma reflexão sobre o tema escolhi o problema que pretendo estudar, e compreender, que é o seguinte: “Qual o papel do educador na brincadeira das crianças em contexto de creche?”. Este trabalho, tem como referencial teórico diferentes autores, entre eles: Catherine Garvey, Jean Piaget, Vigotsky, Erikson, Fein, Gabriela Portugal, Buhler e Lopes da Silva, e a metodologia utilizada foi baseada no paradigma qualitativo-interpretativo, utilizando como o instrumento de recolha de dados – notas de campo. Depois de analisadas as notas de campo estas foram organizadas em quatro categorias: Brincadeira Funcional, Ficcional, Recetiva e Construtiva, tendo como referência o autor Hugs. A partir da análise dos dados observou-se que as crianças de idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 36 meses nas suas brincadeiras utilizam diferentes tipos de comportamento e utilizam materiais/objetos em função do significado que lhe atribuem e do seu nível de desenvolvimento. Este trabalho termina então, com algumas considerações finais relacionadas com as conclusões do estudo efetuado e, portanto, com as respostas que dou às questões levantadas no início do mesmo, referindo, ainda, constrangimentos sentidos e pistas para futuras investigações.
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O presente relatório científico surgiu no âmbito da Prática do Ensino Supervisionada (PES), no âmbito do Mestrado em Educação Pré-escolar e Ensino do 1º Ciclo do E. Básico na Escola Superior de Educadores de Infância Maria Ulrich. Este visa refletir o percurso da prática pedagógica e o que foi observado durante a mesma, numa turma de 1º e 2º ano do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (CEB), mas também descrever o estudo realizado para responder a problemática que emergiu naquele contexto e que consiste em compreender como podem as histórias constituir contextos catalisadores de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. A metodologia da investigação é qualitativa e os dados foram recolhidos através de observação registada em notas de campo, a partir de atividades de fruição da leitura e da narração mas também do desenvolvimento de aprendizagens curriculares planeadas em roteiro multidisciplinar, a partir do tempo e do espaço, das personagens e das peripécias da narrativa como transitividade para o conhecimento do real. Com o quadro teórico e os dados analisados concluí que as histórias contribuem para o desenvolvimento da criança de forma integral, que contêm potencialidades de desencadear motivação para o processo de aprendizagem e que mobilizam conhecimentos tendo um caracter multidisciplinar e interdisciplinar satisfazendo os objetivos curriculares e as intencionalidades pedagógicas nas diversas áreas, incluindo a área das expressões.
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A 200 m long marine pollen record from ODP Site 658 (21°N, 19°W) reveals cyclic fluctuations in vegetation and continental climate in northwestern Africa from 3.7 to 1.7 Ma. These cycles parallel oxygen isotope stages. Prior to 3.5 Ma, the distribution of tropical forests and mangrove swamps reached Cape Blanc, 5°N of the present distribution. Between 3.5 and 2.6 Ma, forests occurred at this latitude during irregular intervals and nearly disappeared afterwards. Likewise, a Saharan paleoriver flowed continuously until isotope Stage 134 (3.35 Ma). When river discharge ceased, wind transport of pollen grains prevailed over fluvial transport. Pollen indicators of trade winds gradually increased between 3.3 and 2.5 Ma. A strong aridification of the climate of northwestern Africa occurred during isotope Stage 130 (3.26 Ma). Afterwards, humid conditions reestablised followed by another aridification around 2.7 Ma. Repetitive latitudinal shifts of vegetation zones ranging from wooded savanna to desert flora dominated for the first time between between 2.6 and 2.4 Ma as a response to the glacial stages 104, 100 and 98. Although climatic conditions, recorded in the Pliocene, were not as dry as those of the middle and Late Pleistocene, latitudinal vegetation shifts near the end of the Pliocene resembled those of the interglacial-glacial cycles of the Brunhes chron.
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To address the connection between tropical African vegetation development and high-latitude climate change we present a high-resolution pollen record from ODP Site 1078 (off Angola) covering the period 50-10 ka BP. Although several tropical African vegetation and climate reconstructions indicate an impact of Heinrich Stadials (HSs) in Southern Hemisphere Africa, our vegetation record shows no response. Model simulations conducted with an Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity including a dynamical vegetation component provide one possible explanation. Because both precipitation and evaporation increased during HSs and their effects nearly cancelled each other, there was a negligible change in moisture supply. Consequently, the resulting climatic response to HSs might have been too weak to noticeably affect the vegetation composition in the study area. Our results also show that the response to HSs in southern tropical Africa neither equals nor mirrors the response to abrupt climate change in northern Africa.
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The deep-sea cores M 16415-2 and M 16416-2 at about 9°N off Sierra Leone were analysed palynologically for the time interval 140,000-70,000 yr B.P. Results were presented in absolute (pollen concentration and pollen influx) and relative diagrams (pollen percentage). In a previous study it was evidenced that in northwest Africa pollen is mainly transported to the Atlantic by wind, so that the efficiency of aeolian pollen transport (pollen flux) could be used to evaluate changes in the intensity of the northeast trade winds. The glacial episodes (represented by the oxygen isotope stages 6 and 4) are characterized by strong northeast trade winds, whereas the last interglacial (stage 5) is characterized by weak trade winds. The pollen influx diagram shows that the intensity of the trade winds increased slightly during the relatively cool intervals of stage 5 (viz. 5.4 and 5.2). Tropical forest had maximally expanded around 124,000 yr B.P. (stage 5.5), around 98,000 yr B.P. (transition of stage 5.3 to 5.2), and around 70,000 yr B.P. (first part of stage 4): an increasing delay of the response of tropical forest to global intervals with maximum temperature is apparent during the last interglacial. As tropical forests need continuous humidity, the record of tropical forest monitors changes in climatic humidity south of the Sahara. During the last interglacial, the southern boundary of the Sahara shifted only little: expansions and contractions of the tropical forest area are correlated with contra-oscillations of the grass-dominated savanna zone. Great latitudinal shifts of the desert savanna boundary, on the contrary, occurred during the penultimate glacial interglacial transition (around 128,000 yr B.P.) to the north, and during the last interglacial-glacial transition (around 65,000 yr B.P.) to the south.
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We examine the quantitative composition of benthic foraminiferal assemblages of Rose Bengal-stained surface samples from 37 stations in the Laptev Sea, and combine this data set with an existing data set along a transect from Spitsbergen to the central Arctic Ocean. Foraminiferal test accumulation rates, diversity, faunal composition and statistically defined foraminiferal associations are analysed for living (Rose Bengal-stained) and dead foraminifers. We compare the results of several benthic foraminiferal diversity indices and statistically defined foraminiferal associations, including Fisher's alpha and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices, Q-mode principal component analysis and correspondence analysis. Diversity and faunal density (standing stock) of living benthic foraminifers are positively correlated to trophic resources. In contrast, the accumulation rate of dead foraminifers (BFAR) shows fluctuating values depending on test disintegration processes. Foraminiferal associations defined by Q-mode principal component analysis and correspondence analysis are comparable. The factor values of the correspondence analysis allow a quantitative correlation between the foraminiferal fauna and the local carbon flux, which may be used as a tool to estimate changes in primary productivity.
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The Aptian-lower Albian succession of the Vocontian Basin (SE France) consists of marine hemipelagic sediments including several black shale horizons. The latter are partly of regional and partly of global distribution. This sedimentary succession records the nannoplankton evolution of the Aptian-early Albian interval and thus provides an excellent opportunity to calibrate the calcareous nannofossil record with Tethyan ammonite and planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy. The calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy presented in this paper supports previous zonations, but it also provides a much higher resolution and thus improves the correlation of different black shale horizons on a supraregional scale. Up to 23 major (supraregionally significant) and minor (regionally significant) first and last occurrences of calcareous nannofossil taxa are recognized. Nannoconid abundances decrease rapidly in the upper Lower Aptian (nannoconid crisis I, NCI) and in the middle Upper Aptian (nannoconid crisis II, NCII). Both decreases correlate with carbonate-platform drowning events. The upper Lower Aptian interval above the NCI is characterized by high abundances of large specimens of Assipetra infracretacea and Rucinolithus terebrodentarius probably of supraregional significance. The uppermost Aptian-Lower Albian is characterized by high abundances of the calcareous nannoplankton taxon Repagulum parvidentatum, reflecting boreal influence on the Tethyan Realm. This suggests a temporary decrease in surface-water temperatures in the Vocontian Basin.
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he early late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-early Turonian) is thought to have been one of the warmest periods of the Phanerozoic. This period was characterised by tropical sea surface temperatures of up to 36 °C and a pole-to-equator-gradient of less than 10 °C. The subsequent Turonian-Maastrichtian was characterised by a continuous climatic cooling, peaking in the Maastrichtian. This climatic cooling and the resulting palaeoceanographic changes had an impact on planktic primary producer communities including calcareous nannofossils. In order to gain a better understanding of these Cenomanian-Maastrichtian palaeoceanographic changes, calcareous nannofossils have been studied from the proto North Atlantic (Goban Spur, DSDP Sites 549, 551). In order to see potential differences between open oceanic and shelf dwelling nannofossils, the data from Goban Spur have been compared to findings from the European shelf (northern Germany). A total of 77 samples from Goban Spur were studied for calcareous nannofossils revealing abundant (mean 6.2 billion specimens/g sediment) and highly diverse (mean 63 species/sample) nannofossil assemblages. The dominant taxa are Watznaueria spp. (mean 30.7%), Prediscosphaera spp. (mean 18.3%), Zeugrhabdotus spp. (mean 8.3%), Retecapsa spp. (mean 7.2%) and Biscutum spp. (mean 6.6%). The Cenomanian assemblages of both Goban Spur (open ocean) and Wunstorf (shelf) are characterised by elevated abundances of high fertility taxa like Biscutum spp., Zeugrhabdotus spp. and Tranolithus orionatus. Early Turonian to Maastrichtian calcareous nannofossil assemblages of Goban Spur are, however, quite different to those described from European sections. Oceanic taxa like Watznaueria spp., Retecapsa spp. and Cribrosphearella ehrenbergii dominate in Goban Spur whereas the fertility indicators Biscutum spp. and T. orionatus are more abundant in the European shelf assemblages. This shift from a homogeneous distribution of calcareous nannofossils in the Cenomanian towards a heterogeneous one in the Turonian-Maastrichtian implies a change of the ocean circulation. The "eddy ocean" system of the Cenomanian was replaced by an oceanic circulation similar to the modern one in the Turonian-Maastrichtian, caused by the cooling. The increased pole-to-equator-gradients resulted in an oceanic circulation similar to the modern one.
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Vol. 2 published in Bystrica by Matica slovenska.
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Mode of access: Internet.
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"Szépirodalmi, mʺuvészeti és társadalmi képes hetilap."