Ni catalysts with Mo promoter for methane steam reforming

NiO/Al(2)O(3) catalyst precursors were prepared by simultaneous precipitation, in a Ni:Al molar ratio of 3:1, promoted with Mo oxide (0.05, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt%). The solids were characterized by adsorption of N(2), XRD, TPR, Raman spectroscopy and XPS, then activated by H(2) reduction and tested for the catalytic activity in methane steam reforming. The characterization results showed the presence of NiO and Ni(2)AlO(4) in the bulk and Ni(2)AlO(4) and/or Ni(2)O(3) and MoO(4)(-2) at the surface of the samples. In the catalytic tests, high stability was observed with a reaction feed of 4:1 steam/methane. However, at a steam/methane ratio of 2: 1, only the catalyst with 0.05% Mo remained stable throughout the 500 min of the test. The addition of Mo to Ni catalysts may have a synergistic effect, probably as a result of electron transfer from the molybdenum to the nickel, increasing the electron density of the catalytic site and hence the catalytic activity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reduction of NO by CO on Cu/ZrO(2)/Al(2)O(3) catalysts: Characterization and catalytic activities

ZrO(2), gamma-Al(2)O(3) and ZrO(2)/gamma-Al(2)O(3)-supported copper catalysts have been prepared, each with three different copper loads (1, 2 and 5 wt%), by the impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR) with H(2), Raman spectroscopy and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The reduction of NO by CO was studied in a fixed-bed reactor packed with these catalysts and fed with a mixture of 1% CO and 1% NO in helium. The catalyst with 5 wt% copper supported on the ZrO(2)/gamma-Al(2)O(3) matrix achieved 80% reduction of NO. Approximately the same rate of conversion was obtained on the catalyst with 2 wt% copper on ZrO(2). Characterization of these catalysts indicated that the active copper species for the reduction of NO are those in direct contact with the oxygen vacancies found in ZrO(2). (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Carbon dioxide reforming of ethanol over Ni/Y(2)O(3)-ZrO(2) catalysts

Supported nickel catalysts of composition Ni/Y(2)O(3)-ZrO(2) were synthesized in one step by the polymerization method and compared with a nickel catalyst prepared by wet impregnation. Stronger interactions were observed in the formed catalysts between NiO species and the oxygen vacancies of the Y(2)O(3)-ZrO(2) in the catalysts made by polymerization, and these were attributed to less agglomeration of the NiO during the synthesis of the catalysts in one step. The dry reforming of ethanol was catalyzed with a maximum CO(2) conversion of 61% on the 5NiYZ catalyst at 800 degrees C, representing a better response than for the catalyst of the same composition prepared by wet impregnation. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrocatalytic Activity toward Methanol Oxidation of Carbon-Supported Pt(x)-(RuO(2)-M)(1-x) Composite Ternary Catalysts (M = CeO(2), MoO(3), or PbO(x))

Carbon-supported platinum is commonly used as an anode electrocatalyst in low-temperature fuel cells fueled with methanol. The cost of Pt and the limited world supply are significant barriers for the widespread use of this type of fuel cell. Moreover, Pt used as anode material is readily poisoned by carbon monoxide produced as a byproduct of the alcohol oxidation. Although improvements in the catalytic performance for methanol oxidation were attained using Pt-Ru alloys, the state-of-the-art Pt-Ru catalyst needs further improvement because of relatively low catalytic activity and the high cost of noble Pt and Ru. For these reasons, the development of highly efficient ternary platinum-based catalysts is an important challenge. Thus, various compositions of ternary Pt(x)-(RuO(2)-M)(1-x)/C composites (M = CeO(2), MoO(3), or PbO(x)) were developed and further investigated as catalysts for the methanol electro-oxidation reaction. The characterization carried out by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry point out that the different metallic oxides were successfully deposited on the Pt/C, producing small and well-controlled nanoparticles in the range of 2.8-4.2 nm. Electrochemical experiments demonstrated that the Pt(0.50)(RuO(2)-CeO(2))(0.50)/C composite displays the higher catalytic activity toward the methanol oxidation reaction (lowest onset potential of 207 mV and current densities taken at 450 mV, which are 140 times higher than those at commercial Pt/C), followed by the Pt(0.75)(RuO(2)-MoO(3))(0.25)/C composite. In addition, both of these composites produced low quantities of formic acid and formaldehyde when compared to a commercially available Pt(0.75)-Ru(0.25)/C composite (from E-Tek, Inc.), suggesting that the oxidation of methanol occurs mainly by a pathway that produces CO(2) forming the intermediary CO(ads).

The influence of perhydroazepine and piperidine as further ancillary ligands on Ru-PPh(3)-based catalysts for ROMP of norbornene and norbornadiene

Polynorbornadiene and polynorbornene were synthesized via ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) with [RuCl(2)(PPh(3))(2)(amine)] as catalyst precursors, amine = piperidine (1) or perhydroazepine (2) in the presence of 5 mu L of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) ([monomer]/[Ru] = 5000; 40 degrees C with 1; 25 degrees C with 2). The effects of the solvent volume (2-8 mL of CHCl(3)) reaction time (5-120 min) and atmosphere type (argon and air) on the yields were investigated to observe the behavior of the two different precursors. Quantitative yields were obtained for 60 or 120 min regardless of the starting volumes, either in argon or air, with both Ru species. However, low yields were obtained for short times (5-30 min) when the reactions are performed with large volumes (6-8 mL). In argon, the yields were larger with 2, associated to a faster propagation reaction controlled by the Ru active species. In air, the yields were larger with 1, associated to a higher resistance to O(2) of the starting and propagating Ru species. The different activities between 1 and 2 are discussed considering the steric hindrance and electronic characteristics of the amines such as ancillary ligands and their arrangements with PPh(3) and Cl(-) ions in the metal centers. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Patterned growth of carbon nanotubes on Si substrates without predeposition of metal catalysts

Aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be readily synthesized on quartz or silicon-oxide-coated Si substrates using a chemical vapor deposition method, but it is difficult to grow them on pure Si substrates without predeposition of metal catalysts. We report that aligned CNTs were grown by pyrolysis of iron phthalocyanine at 1000 °C on the templates created on Si substrates with simple mechanical scratching. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray energy spectroscopy analysis revealed that the trenches and patterns created on the surface of Si substrates were preferred nucleation sites for nanotube growth due to a high surface energy, metastable surface structure, and possible capillarity effect. A two-step pyrolysis process maintained Fe as an active catalyst.

New effective catalysts based on mesoporous nanofibrous carbon for selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide

The systems based on granular mesoporous nanofibrous carbonaceous (NFC) materials synthesized by decomposition of hydrocarbons over nickel- containing catalysts are promising catalysts for selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide. Sample series of nanofibrous carbon with three main types of their fiber structures and different contents of metal catalysts inherited from the catalysts for their synthesis were studied in this reaction. The correlation between NFC structure and its activity and selectivity in hydrogen sulfide oxidation was determined. The metal inherited from the initial catalysts for the synthesis of NFC influences the activity and selectivity of the resulting carbon catalysts. A particular influence is observed in the case of the catalyst withdrawn from the synthesis reactor at the stage of stationary operation of the metal catalyst (low specific carbon yields per unit weight of the catalyst). The presence of the metal phase results in an increase in the carbon catalyst activity and in a decrease in the selectivity to sulfur. NFC samples with the highest activity and selectivity are nanotubes and those with graphite planes perpendicular to the axis of the fibers. Carbon nanotubes have high selectivity, while samples obtained on copper–nickel catalysts also possess high activity. The promising NFC catalysts provide high conversion and selectivity (almost independent of the molar oxygen/hydrogen sulfide ratio) when a large excess of oxygen is contained in the reaction mixture.

Bronsted acidic ionic liquids derived from alkylamines as catalysts and mediums for Fischer esterification : study of structure–activity relationship

Esterification of acetic acid with 1-octanol was studied using a series of alkylammonium salts as Brønsted acidic ionic liquids. The following
ionic liquids were prepared and used as catalysts and mediums in the esterification reaction; [Et₃NH][HSO₄], [Et₃NH][H₂PO₄], [Et₃NH][BF₄],
[Et₃NH][p-CH₃C₆H₄SO₃], [Et₂(PhCH₂)NH][HSO₄], [n-Bu₃NH][HSO₄], [n-Oct₃NH][HSO₄], [Et₂NH₂][HSO₄], [Et₂NH₂][H₂PO₄], [Et₂NH₂]
[BF₄], [i-Pr₂NH₂][HSO₄], [EtNH₃][HSO₄], [EtNH₃][H₂PO₄], and [EtNH₃][BF₄]. Higher acidity of the anion in the ionic liquid resulted in high yield of the ester. Yield of the ester decreased with increase in the size of the cation. There was no phase separation in the reactions where size of anion and/or cation was bigger

Highly efficient LaCoO3 nanofibers catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

Perovskite-type oxide LaCoO₃ nanofibers have been fabricated by electrospinning and subsequent calcination technology. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the morphology and structure. Rhodamine B (RhB) was used to evaluate the ultraviolet photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared nanofibers. The effect of calcination temperature and pH of the reaction solution on the decolorization of RhB were investigated. Results showed that the samples calcined at 600°C exhibited the best photocatalytic activity at pH 4. Additionally, the recycling experiments confirmed the attractive stability of the catalysts.

Toward design of synergistically active carbon-based catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Replacement of precious Pt catalyst with cost-effective alternatives would be significantly beneficial for hydrogen production via electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). All candidates thus far are exclusively metallic catalysts, which suffer inherent corrosion and oxidation susceptibility during acidic proton-exchange membrane electrolysis. Herein, based on theoretical predictions, we designed and synthesized nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dual-doped graphene as a nonmetallic electrocatalyst for sustainable and efficient hydrogen production. The N and P heteroatoms could coactivate the adjacent C atom in the graphene matrix by affecting its valence orbital energy levels to induce a synergistically enhanced reactivity toward HER. As a result, the dual-doped graphene showed higher electrocatalytic HER activity than single-doped ones and comparable performance to some of the traditional metallic catalysts.

Avaliação das propriedades do polietileno de alta densidade produzido com catalisador Ziegler-Natta submetido à estrusão reativa com peróxidos orgânicos

A extrusão reativa do polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) em presença de peróxidos orgânicos pode promover sua reticulação, provocando mudanças em suas propriedades. Isto deve-se à capacidade do peróxido orgânico de abstrair hidrogênios secundários e terciários da cadeia, podendo assim formar os radicais livres necessários à ocorrência da reticulação. Neste trabalho, amostras de pó de PEAD produzido com catalisador Ziegler-Natta, para utilização em processamento por injeção, sopro ou extrusão de filmes, foram extrusadas com o peróxido de dicumila e o 2,5-dimetil-2,5-di(t-butilperoxi)-hexano em teores de 0,001 a 0,08 pcp. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados quanto a suas taxas de fluidez (MFR), densidades, propriedades reológicas, físicas e mecânicas. Para a avaliação reológica foram analisadas as curvas de viscosidade em função da taxa de cisalhamento e determinadas as taxas de cisalhamento críticas, ambas no reômetro capilar. O comportamento viscoelástico foi avaliado pelos módulos de armazenamento e de perda e pela viscosidade complexa. A massa molar e sua distribuição foram determinadas por cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho (SEC). O percentual de reticulação foi verificado pela determinação do teor de material de solúveis em xileno. As propriedades mecânicas analisadas foram resistência à tração, à flexão, ao tensofissuramento e módulo de elasticidade. As propriedades analisadas foram relacionadas às estruturas dos produtos resultantes da extrusão reativa. Verificou-se que a extrusão reativa do PEAD com peróxidos orgânicos originou resinas com distribuição de massas molares mais larga, caráter mais pseudoplástico e com comportamento do fundido mais elástico do que as resinas não modificadas por peróxido. A reologia, dentre as técnicas analíticas utilizadas, apresentou maior sensibilidade às mudanças estruturais decorrentes da extrusão reativa. A extrusão reativa com peróxidos originou resinas com propriedades mecânicas diferenciadas, havendo incremento na resistência ao impacto Charpy e ao tensofissuramento e diminuição no módulo de elasticidade comparativamente às resinas não modificadas. A resistência à tração não apresentou variações significativas entre as resinas modificadas e as não modificadas. O peróxido que se mostrou mais eficiente na extrusão reativa foi o 2,5-dimetil-2,5-di(t-butilperoxi)-hexano.

Síntese e caracterização da PEAD obtido via catálise Ziegler-Natta em homo e copolimerização de eteno e 1-buteno

Neste trabalho foram sintetizados e caracterizados polietilenos de alta densidade (PEAD) obtidos via homopolimerização de eteno e copolimerização de eteno com 1-buteno, utilizando-se dois sistemas catalíticos baseados em um catalisador Z-N heterogêneo suportado, sintetizado a partir de TiCl4 e etilato de magnésio, que leva à geração in situ de cloreto de magnésio. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do 1-buteno sobre as propriedades do PEAD obtido através do catalisador supracitado e IPRA ou TEA como cocatalisadores (estes sistemas catalíticos foram identificados como ZN1-IPRA e ZN1- TEA). Como esperado, observou-se aumento de atividade catalítica quando 1-buteno foi usado como comonômero, conhecido como “efeito comonômero”. Houve redução da densidade do PEAD com a concentração do comonômero no meio reacional na seguinte ordem: homopolímero > copolímero sintetizado com pressão de 1-C4 de 0,5 bar > copolímero sintetizado com pressão de 1-C4 de 0,9 bar. Esta redução da densidade foi acompanhada de um aumento do MFR, de redução de massa molar e polidispersão, esta última também constatada pelas medidas reológicas em reômetro rotacional. Também constatou-se redução de Tc, Tf, cristalinidade, tensão no escoamento, módulo secante a 2 %, resistência à tração por impacto e ESCR. A razão de inchamento foi maior nos homopolímeros obtidos com ambos os sistemas catalíticos, provavelmente devido à maior polidispersão destas resinas, aliado ao fato de também apresentarem maior massa molar. A deconvolução das curvas de GPC e a caracterização das frações de polímero obtidas através do fracionamento preparativo (PREP) provou a existência de uma maior fração de moléculas com alta massa molar no PEAD obtido com o sistema catalítico ZN1-IPRA. Esta fração permitiu explicar, ao menos em parte, as maiores razões de inchamento e a melhor recuperação no teste de fluência dos polímeros obtidos com este sistema catalítico. Não foi possível identificar diferenças significativas na distribuição do comonômero nas cadeias poliméricas dos copolímeros obtidos com ambos os sistemas catalíticos estudados, somente indícios de incorporação diferenciada através da determinação do teor de metilas totais nas frações obtidas por PREP.