Productivity and persistence of perennial grass mixtures under competition from annual weeds in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

In the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau four indigenous perennial grass species Bromus inermis (BI), Elymus sibiricus (ES), Elymus nutans (EN) and Agropyron cristatum (AC) were cultivated as three mixtures with different compositions and seeding rates, BI + EN, BI + ES + AC and BI + ES + EN + AC. From 1998 to 2001 there were three different weeding treatments: never weeded (CK); weeded on three occasions in the first year (1-y) and weeded on three occasions in both the first and second year (2-y) and their effect of grass combination and interactions on sward productivity and persistence was measured. Intense competitive interference by weedy annuals reduced dry matter (DM) yield of the swards. Grass combination significantly affected sward DM yields, leaf area index (LAI) and foliar canopy cover and also species composition DM and LAI, and species plant cover. Interaction between weeding treatments and grass combination was significant for sward DM yield, LAI and canopy cover, but not on species composition for DM, LAI or species plant cover. Grass mixture BI + ES + EN + AC gave the highest sward DM yield and LAI for both weeding and non-weeding treatments. Species ES and EN were competitively superior to the others. Annual weedy forbs must be controlled to obtain productive and stable mixtures of perennial grasses, and germination/emergence is the most important time for removal. Weeding three times (late May, late June and mid-July) in the establishment year is enough to maintain the production and persistence of perennial grass mixtures in the following growing seasons. Extra weeding three times in the second growing year makes only a slight improvement in productivity.

Effect of microwave treatment on chemical composition and in sacco digestibility of wheat straw in yak cow

Wheat straw was treated with microwave for 4 min and 8 min at a power of 750 W and frequency of 2,450 MHz. Chemical compositions of untreated, 4 min treated and 8 min treated Straws were analyzed and in sacco degradabilities of all these straws in yak rumens were measured. Microwave treatment didn't significantly (p > 0.05) affect the chemical composition of the straw. In sacco dry matter (DM) degradability of the straw after 18 h incubation in rumen was significantly (p < 0.01) improved by microwave treatment. In sacco crude protein (CP) degradability of the straw was not (p > 0.05) affected by microwave treatment. In sacco organic matter (OM) degradability of the straw was increased (p < 0.01) by around 20% for both the 4 min and 8 min microwave treatment, that of acid detergent fibre (ADF) was increased (p < 0.01) by 61.6% and 62.8%, and that of ash free ADF was enhanced by 72.1% and 69.6% for the 4 min and 8 min microwave treatment respectively. No significant difference was observed between the 4 min and 8 min microwave treatment on the degradability of DM, OM, CP, ADF and ash-free ADF of the straw.

Digestibility, nutrient balance and urinary purine derivative excretion in dry yak cows fed oat hay at different levels of intake

A feeding trial A as conducted at the farm of Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining, China during 1996 - 1997 with three dry yak cows (initial body weight 163 - 197 kg, age 5 - 6 years) by using 3 x 3 Latin Square Design to determine the effect of levels of feed intake on digestion, nitrogen balance and purine derivative excretion in urine of yak cows. The animals were fed oat hay (nitrogen 13.5 g/kg dry matter (DM), metabolisable energy 8.3 MJ/kg DM), i.e., 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 of voluntary intake (VI). Each intake treatment lasted for 17 days and the samples (feeds, faeces and urine) were collected during last 7 days of each period. The results indicate that digestibility of dietary DM, OM, NDF and ash declined when intake levels increased from 0.3 to 0.9 VI [DM, from 66.1% to 59.1% (P < 0.05); OM, from 68.1% to 59.9% (P < 0.05); NDF, from 62.1% to 54.3% (P < 0.05); and ash, from 33.9% to 11.8% (P < 0.05)]. Around 0.10 g N/kg W-0.75 was deficient daily in yak cows at 0.3 VI, and positive N balances were observed at 0.6 and 0.9 VI. Intake levels significantly (P < 0.05) affected total PD excretion in yak urine. The proportion of allantoin increased (P < 0.05) and uric acid decreased (P < 0.05) as intake level of feed increased. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of grazing intensity on performance of perennial grass mixtures in the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau

Effects of grazing intensity on leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn), specific leaf area (SLA), individual tiller density, sward leaf area index (LAI), harvested herbage DM, and species composition in grass mixtures (Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis, Elymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum and Elymus nutans + Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum) were studied in the alpine region of the Tibetan Plateau. Four grazing intensities (GI), expressed as feed utilisation rates (UR) by Tibetan lambs were imposed as follows: (1) no grazing; (2) 30% UR as light grazing; (3) 50% UR as medium grazing; and (4) 70% UR as high grazing. Leaf Pn rate and tiller density of grasses increased (P < 0.05), while sward LAI and harvested herbage DM declined (P < 0.05) with the increments of GI, although no effect of GI on SLA was observed. With increasing GI, Elymus nutans and Clinelymus nutans increased but Bromus inermis and Agropyron cristatum decreased in swards, LAI and DM contribution. Whether being grazed or not, Elymus nutans + Clinelymus nutans + Bromus inermis + Agropyron cristatum was the most productive sward among the grass mixtures. Thus, two well-performed grass species (Elymus nutans and Clinelymus nutans) and the most productive mixture of four species should be investigated further as the new feed resources in the alpine grazing system of the Tibetan Plateau. Light grazing intensity of 30% UR was recommended for these grass mixtures when swards, LAI, herbage DM harvested, and species compatibility were taken into account.

A molecular marker that is specific to medicinal rhubarb based on chloroplast trnL/trnF sequences

"Da-Huang" (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, medicinal rhubarb), a famous and important Traditional Chinese Medicine, has often been confused with the adulterant species in the same genus, Rheum. Through sequencing the trnL (UAA)/trnF (GAA) regions of chloroplast DNA of thirteen species of Rheum (three medicinal rhubarb species and ten adulterant ones), a molecular marker of the medicinal species was found. A pair of PCR primers based on the sequences, was thus designed, which amplified a highly specific DNA fragment in medicinal rhubarb exclusively, and absent in the adulterants at all under an optimized PCR condition.

企业生产经营决策支持系统及技术的发展

】本文给出一种新型的企业生产经营决策支持系统，说明其优势，并综述相应支持技术—数据仓库、在线分析处理与数据挖掘的发展志势

鞍钢冷轧厂LZ--CIMS经营决策支持系统的实现

进入90 年代，随着计算机硬件技术和网络技术的巨大进步，数据仓库( DW) ，联机分析处理( OLAP) ，数据挖掘技术应运而生。三者的结合构成了DSS 的新框架，使传统DSS 从根本上摆脱了技术上的困境，为它的发展带来了一线生机。本论文的课题背景是国家863/CIMS 鞍钢冷轧厂示范工程中经营决策子系统，目的建造一个实用的DSS 系统，辅助领导决策。具体内容包括综合信息查询、辅助决策两个部分:.综合信息查询它是辅助决策的信息、基础。我们将DW 与OLAP 的思想运用到此部分的实施中，构造了虚拟数据仓库机制，实现对数据库面向主题的多维、多粒度的查询与分析，此外还提供了一种随意查询方式，作为对虚拟数据仓库机制的补充，以满足决策者对新信息的需求。•辅助决策实现对产品结构的优化和产品质量评估两方面的辅助决策。产品结构优化的实施中，采用线性规划的方法，并将面向对象的思想用于模型的建造和实现中;产品质量评估是构造一个专家系统，找出产生废品的原因.实施中，以产生式规则作为知识的表达方式，采用反向推理作为主要的推理手段。本DSS 的实现利用了DW十OLAP十DM 的新框架的部分思想，为新框架走向实用化、成熟化做了一定的尝试和探索。

乍得西南部中新生代火山作用与盆地演化

Located in the Central and West African, Chad, which is not well geological explored, is characterized by Mesozoic- Cenozoic intra-continental rift basins. The boreholes exposed that, during Mesozoic-Cenozoic times, volcanic activities were intense in these basins, but study on volcanic rocks is very weak, especially on those embedded in rift basins, and so far systematic and detailed work has still no carried out. Based on the project of China National Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Corporation, “The analysis of reservoir condition and the evaluation of exploration targets of seven basins in block H in Chad”, and the cooperative project between Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS and CNPC International (Chad) Co. Ltd., “Chronology and geochemistry studies on Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks from southwestern Chad Basins”, systematic geochronology, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry studies on volcanic rocks from southwestern Chad basins have been done in the thesis for the first time. Detailed geochronological study using whole-rock K-Ar and Ar-Ar methods shows the mainly eruption ages of these volcanic rocks are Late Cretaceous- Paleogene. Volcanic rocks in the well Nere-1 and Figuier-1 from Doba basin are products of the Late Cretaceous which majority of the K-Ar (Ar-Ar) ages fall in the interval 95-75 Ma, whereas volcanic rocks in the well Ronier-1 from Bongor Basin and the Well Acacia-1 from Lake Chad Basin formed in the Paleogene which the ages concentrated in 66-52Ma. Two main periods of volcanic activity can be recognized in the study area, namely, the Late Cretaceous period and the Paleogene period. Volcanic activities have a general trend of south to north migration, but this may be only a local expression, and farther future studies should be carried on. Petrology study exhibits these volcanic rocks from southwestern Chad basins are mainly tholeiitic basalt. Major- and trace elements as well as Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry studies show that the late Cretaceous and the Paleogene basalts have a definitely genetic relationship, and magmas which the basalts in southwestern Chad basins derived from were produced by fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene and had not do suffered from crustal contamination. These basalts are prominently enriched light rare earth elements (LREE), large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) and depleted compatible elements. They have positive Ba, Pb, Sr, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf anomalies and negative Th, U, P,Y anomalies. It is possible that the basalts from southwestern Chad basins mainly formed by mixing of depleted mantle (DM) and enriched mantle (EMⅡ) sources. The late Cretaceous basalts have higher (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios than the Paleogene basalts’, whereas have lower (143Nd/144Nd)i ratios than the latter, showing a significant temporal evolution. The mantle sources of the Late Cretaceous basalts may have more enriched mantle(EMⅡ) compositions, whereas those of the Paleogene basalts are relatively more asthenospheric mantle (DM) components. The mantle components with temporal change observed in basalts from Chad basins were probably correlated with the asthenospheric mantle upwelling and lithospheric thinning in Central and Western Africa since Mesozoic. Mesozoic- Cenozoic Volcanism in Chad basins probably is a product of intra- plate extensional stress regime, corresponded to the tectonic setting of the whole West and Central African during Cretaceous. Volcanism is closely correlated with rifting. As time passed from early period to late, the basaltic magma of Chad basins, characterized with shallower genetic depth, higher density and smaller viscosity, probably indicates the gradual strengthening evolution of the rifting. In the initial rife stage, volcanic activities are absent in the study area. Volcanic activities are basiccally corresponded with the strong extensional period of Chad basins, and the eruption of basalts was slightly lagged behind the extensional period. In the post-rift stage (30-0Ma), these basins shifted to the thermal sag phase, volcanic activities in the study area significantly decreased and then terminated.

塔里木地块奥陶纪古地磁新结果及其构造意义

The Tarim Block is located between the Tianshan Mountains in the north and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the south and is one of three major Precambrian cratonic blocks of China. Obviously, the Paleozoic paleogeographic position and tectonic evolution for the Tarim Block are very important not only for the study of the formation and evolution of the Altaids, but also for the investigation of the distributions of Paleozoic marine oil and gas in the Tarim Basin. According to the distributions of Paleozoic strata and suface outcrops in the Tarim Block, the Aksu-Keping-Bachu area in the northwestern part of the Tarim Block were selected for Ordovician paleomagnetic studies. A total of 432 drill-core samples form 44 sampling sites were collected and the samples comprise mainly limestones, argillaceous limestones and argillaceous sandstones Based on systematic study of rock magnetism and paleomagnetism, all the samples could be divided into two types: the predominant magnetic minerals of the first type are hematite and subordinate magnetite. For the specimens from this type, characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) could generally be isolated by demagnetization temperatures larger than 600℃; we assigned this ChRM as component A; whilst magnetite is the predominant magnetic mineral of the second type; progressive demagnetization yielded another ChRM (component B) with unblocking temperatures of 550-570℃. The component A obtained from the majority of Ordovician specimens has dual polarity and a negative fold test result; we interpreted it as a remagnetization component acquired during the Cenozoic period. The component B can only be isolated from some Middle-Late Ordovician specimens with unique normal polarity, and has a positive fold test result at 95% confidence. The corresponding paleomagnetic pole of this characteristic component is at 40.7°S, 183.3°E with dp/dm = 4.8°/6.9° and is in great difference with the available post-Late Paleozoic paleopoles for the Tarim Block, indicating that the characteristic component B could be primary magnetization acquired in the formation of the rocks. The new Ordovician paleomagnetic result shows that the Tarim Block was located in the low- to intermediate- latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere during the Middle-Late Ordovician period, and is very likely to situate, together with the South China Block, in the western margin of the Australian-Antarctic continents of East Gondwana. However, it may have experienced a large northward drift and clockwise rotation after the Middle-Late Ordovician period, which resulted in the separation of the Tarim Block from the East Gondwanaland and subsequent crossing of the paleo-equator; by the Late Carboniferous period the Tarim Block may have accreted to the southern margin of the Altaids.

内蒙古白云鄂博矿区元古代非造山岩浆岩及其对成矿的制约

白云鄂博矿区广泛分布着元古代非造山岩浆岩.主要岩性是粗面岩、镁铁钠闪石-长石岩、钾质流纹岩、英安岩、流纹岩、石英斑岩和中长玄武岩,并有大量高钾辉绿岩脉(墙)出露.这些非造山岩浆岩来源于地幔,它们的ε_(Sr)(t)值都较低,ε_(Nd)(t)主要集中在4.52～5.88,钕模式年龄T_(DM)~(Nd)集中在1.54～1.92 Ga.它们的Nd同位素组成和钕模式年龄都与矿石一致,意味着成矿物质来源于这些岩浆岩.这些岩浆岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为1.8 Ga年左右.各种研究结果表明矿床是与非造山岩浆岩有关的热液交代白云鄂博群的产物.

峨眉山大火成岩省的地球化学特征及其动力学指纹

峨眉山大陆溢流玄武岩省（ECFB）是中国国内唯一被国际学术界认可的大火成岩省，其独特的地球化学特征和完整的岩浆演化序列，日渐引起了地学界的关注。但总体研究程度还很低，随着研究的推进，需要探讨以下问题：（1）对比ELIP各岩区的地球化学特征；（2）探讨ELIP岩浆岩演化趋势及其地球化学特征；（3）寻找更多地幔柱成因证据；（4）研究其化学储库特征及其地球动力学指纹。本文从岩石地球化学、PGE地球化学、同位素地球化学和动力地球化学等方面作了较系统的探讨。 本文除了对峨眉山玄武岩活动时段、S不饱和特征、三大趋势及其氧逸度、两大序列、高镁玄武岩等作了探讨外，还建立了一些新的微量元素、PGE和热动力熔融模拟图解，系统对REE、蛛网配分模式图进行了孔隙度动力熔融模拟，通过Sr－Nd－Pb同位素混合模拟较细致的研究了ELIP源区DM与EM组份比例。首次对ECFB的PGE含量作了定量模拟，表明ELIP起源于0.3－1％的外核物质+50％亏损上地幔+50－49.7％下部原始地幔的混合源区。 模拟还表明ELIP西岩区熔融源区在Gt橄榄岩到Sp二辉橄榄岩地幔内（熔融压力3.0～1.8GPa），部分熔融度2－8%，部分小于<2%；中岩区熔融源区在Gt－Sp二辉橄榄岩地幔内（熔融压力3.0－2.5GPa），熔融度主要<2％；东岩区熔融源区在Gt－Sp二辉橄榄岩内（熔融压力2.9～2.4GPa），部分熔融小于1％。笔者认为从西到东，上覆岩石圈从薄的特提斯大洋盖层变为厚的扬子克拉通盖层环境，这导致熔融压力／深度的增加而平均熔融度降低，这与根据EFB中的La/Yb比值推测的岩石圈下熔融面地图基本一致。 通过Sr-Nd同位素动力学模式探讨了ELIP的组份异质性，认为亏损的镁铁质大洋板片携带泛古陆上地壳陆源沉积物，俯冲脱水后长期（约1Ga）储积在热边界层，沉积物与亏损古洋壳发生交代混合形成富集地幔（EM2），并被峨眉山地幔柱捕获夹带入头部，并在P/Tr冲击登陆于扬子克拉通西缘，从而产出含有UCC（或TS或GLOSS）组份特征的ECFB。

Alkaline treatment of the cellulose fiber affecting membrane column behaviour for high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography

The original cellulose fibers and those treated by alkaline solution were both used to prepare the acrylic membranes. The two kinds of membranes were packed into the columns for high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography by the immobilization of protein A on them. It was observed that the alkaline treatment of the cellulose fiber decreased the pressure resistance of the membrane to the mobile phases and greatly increased the accessible volume to the proteins, but affected the adsorption capacity of human IgG on the protein A membrane columns less. There is little difference between those two kinds of membranes on the adsorption capacities of HIgG, which means that the alkaline treatment of the cellulose fiber only significantly changes the void volume inter-membrane, and the porosity and surface area of membrane less. Alkaline treatment of the cellulose fiber reduced the membrane-column efficiency significantly. Some typical examples for the immunoaffinity analysis of IgG from human and dog plasma on the protein A membrane columns are illustrated. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Optimization and parameter study for chiral separation by capillary electrophoresis

Orthogonal design and uniform design were used for the optimization of separation of enantiomers using 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CD) as a chiral selector by capillary zone electrophoresis, The concentration of DM-beta-CD, buffer pH, running voltage, and capillary temperature were selected as variable parameters, their different effects on peak resolution were studied by the design methods. It was concluded that orthogonal design offers a rapid and efficient means for testing the importance of individual parameters and for determining the optimum operating conditions. However, for a large number of both factors and levels, uniform design is more efficient, The effect of addition of methanol and citric acid buffer on the separation of enantiomers was also examined.

Wet air oxidation of nitrobenzene enhanced by phenol

Simultaneous nitrobenzene and phenol wet air oxidation was investigated in a stainless autoclave at temperature range of 180-220 &DEG; C and 1.0 MPa oxygen partial pressure. Compared with the single oxidation of nitrobenzene under the same conditions, the presence of phenol in the reaction media greatly improved the removal efficiency of nitrobenzene. The effect of temperature on the reaction was studied. Phenol was considered as a type of initiator in the nitrobenzene oxidation. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.