Numerical investigation of turbulent flow around a rotating stepped cylinder for corrosion study

Direct numerical simulation has been carried out for turbulent flow set up by a rotating cylinder with two backward-facing steps axisymmetrically mounted in the circumferential direction. This flow geometry creates a qualitatively similar flow pattern as observed near, a sudden, pipe expansion or a plane backward-facing step, characterized by flow separation and reattachment. A region of intense turbulence intensity and high wall-shear-stress fluctuations is formed in,the recirculating I region downstream of the step, where high mass-transfer capacity was also experimentally observed. Since, corrosion is frequently mass-transfer., controlled, our findings, put forward this apparatus as useful tool for future corrosion research.

Heat transfer and flow behind a step in high enthalpy superorbital flow

Heat transfer levels have been investigated behind a rearward-facing step in a superorbital expansion tube. The heat transfer was measured along a flat plate and behind 2 and 3mm steps with the same length to step height ratio. Results were obtained with air as the test gas at speeds of 6.76kms(-1) and 9-60kms(-1) corresponding to stagnation enthalpies of 26MJ/kg and 48MJ/kg respectively. A laminar boundary layer was established on the flat plate and measured heat transfer levels were consistent with classical empirical correlations. In the case of flow behind a step, the measurements showed a gradual rise in heat transfer from the rear of the step to a plateau several step heights downstream for both flow conditions. Reattachment distance was estimated to be approximately 1.6 step heights downstream of the 2mm step at the low enthalpy condition through the use of flow visualisation.

The blood volumes of the primary and secondary circulatory system in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L., using plasma bound Evans Blue and compartmental analysis

The volume of the primary (PCS) and secondary (SCS) circulatory system in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua was determined using a modified dye dilution technique. Cod (N=10) were chronically cannulated in the second afferent branchial artery with PE-50 tubing. Evans Blue dye was bound to harvested fish plasma at a concentration of 1 mg dye ml(-1) plasma, and injected at a concentration of 1 mg kg(-1) body mass. Serial sampling from the cannula produced a dye dilution curve, which could be described by a double exponential decay equation. Curve analysis enabled the calculation of the primary circulatory and total distribution volume. The difference between these volumes is assumed to be the volume of the SCS. From the dilution curve, it was also possible to calculate flow rates between and within the systems. The results of these experiments suggest a plasma volume in the PCS of 3.42+/-0.89 ml 100 g(-1) body mass, and in the SCS of 1.68+/-0.35 ml 100 g(-1) body mass (mean +/- S.D.) or approximately 50% that of the PCS. Flow rates to the SCS were calculated as 2.7% of the resting cardiac output. There was an allometric relationship between body mass and blood volumes. Increasing condition factor showed a tendency towards smaller blood volumes of the PCS, expressed as percentage body mass, but this was not evident for the volume of the SCS.

Potentiation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) responses by a 5-HT uptake inhibitor in pulmonary and systemic vessels: effects of exposing rats to hypoxia

The aim was to determine whether uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by the 5-HT transporter (SERT) modulates contractile responses to 5-HT in rat pulmonary arteries and whether this modulation is altered by exposure of rats to chronic hypoxia (10% oxygen; 8 h/day; 5 days). The effects of the SERT inhibitor, citalopram (100 nM), on contractions to 5-HT were determined in isolated ring preparations of pulmonary artery (intralobar and main) and compared with data obtained in systemic arteries. In intralobar pulmonary arteries citalopram produced a potentiation (viz. an increase in potency, pEC(50)) of 5-HT. The potentiation was endothelium-dependent in preparations from normoxic rats but endothelium-independent in preparations from hypoxic rats. In main pulmonary artery endothelium-independent potentiation was seen in preparations from hypoxic rats but no potentiation occurred in preparations from normoxic rats. In systemic arteries, citalopram caused endothelium-independent potentiation in aorta but no potentiation in mesenteric arteries; there were no differences between hypoxic and normoxic rats. It is concluded that SERT can influence the concentration of 5-HT in the vicinity of the vasoconstrictor receptors in pulmonary arteries. The data suggest that in pulmonary arteries from hypoxic rats, unlike normoxic rats, the SERT responsible for this effect is not in the endothelium and, hence, is probably in the smooth muscle. The data are compatible with reports that, in the pulmonary circulation, hypoxia induces/up-regulates SERT, and hence increases 5-HT uptake, in vascular smooth muscle. The findings may have implications in relation to the suggested use of SERT inhibitors in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.

A model to investigate hepatic extraction of oxygen during anaesthesia in the dog

Measurement of hepatic oxygen extraction was performed on six healthy Greyhound dogs over a two hour period. The Greyhounds were anaesthetised and a right subcostal surgical incision performed. Ultrasonic flow transducers were used to measure flow rate in the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The blood oxygen tensions in arterial blood and in the portal and hepatic veins were also measured. Hepatic oxygen extraction remained stable throughout the study, despite a steady decline in arterial blood pressure. The methodology described in this study provides a direct measure of oxygen uptake by the liver in the dog and could readily be used to investigate hepatic uptake of drugs. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Use of a thermodilution catheter to measure core body temperature, central venous pressure and cardiac output during anaesthesia and surgery in the dog

The use of thermodilution and other methods of monitoring in dogs during surgery and critical care was evaluated. Six Greyhounds were anaesthetised and then instrumented by placing a thermodilution catheter into the pulmonary artery via the jugular vein. A catheter in the dorsal pedal artery also permitted direct measurement of arterial pressures. Core body temperature (degreesC) and central venous pressure (mmHg) were measured, while cardiac output (mL/min/kg) and mean arterial pressure (mmHg) were calculated. A mid-line surgical incision was performed and the physiological parameters were monitored for a total of two hours. All physiological parameters generally declined, although significant increases (P<0.05) were noted for cardiac output following surgical incision. Central venous pressure was maintained at approximately 0mmHg by controlling an infusion of sterile saline. Core body temperature decreased from 37.1+/-0.6degreesC (once instrumented) to 36.6+/-0.60degreesC (at the end of the study), despite warming using heating pads. Physiological parameters indicative of patient viability will generally decline during surgery without intervention. This study describes an approach that can be undertaken in veterinary hospitals to accurately monitor vital signs in surgical and critical care patients.

Independent contribution of plaque complexity to myocardial ischemia during Dobutamine stress echocardiography

The influence of complex plaque morphology on the extent of demand-induced ischemia in unselected patients is not well defined. We sought to investigate the functional significance of lesion morphology in patients who underwent coronary angiography and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE).,Angiography and DSE were performed within a 6-month period (mean 1 +/- 1 month) in 196 patients. Angiographic assessments involved quantification of stenosis severity, assessment of the extent of jeopardized myocardium, and categorization of plaque morphology according to the Ambrose classification. DSE was interpreted by separate investigators with respect to wall motion score index (WMSI) and number of coronary territories involved. A general linear model was constructed to assess,the independent contribution of patient characteristics and angiographic and DSE results with respect to extent of ischemic myocardium. Complex lesion morphology was seen in 62 patients (32%). Patients with complex lesions were more likely to have had prior myocardial infarction (p < 0.001) and be current smokers (p = 0.03). During angiography, they exhibited a trend toward a greater number of diseased vessels, had a greater coronary jeopardy score (p < 0.001) and more frequent collateral flow (p = 0.03). During echocardiography, patients had a higher stress WMSI (p < 0.001) and were more likely to show ischemia in all 3 arterial territories (p < 0.01). On multivariate regression, the coronary artery jeopardy score and the presence of complex plaque morphology were independent predictors of the extent of ischemic myocardium (R 2 = 34%, p < 0.001). Thus, patients with complex plaque morphology are older, more likely to smoke, and more likely to have had prior myocardial. infarction. They exhibit more extensive disease with higher coronary jeopardy scores and a higher resting and peak stress WMSI. Despite these differences, complex plaque morphology remains an independent predictor of the extent of ischemia during stress. (C) 2003 by Excerpta Medica, Inc.

Gene flow in great bustard populations across the Strait of Gibraltar as elucidated from excremental PCR and mtDNA sequencing

Recent advances in molecular biology have made it possible to use the trace amounts of DNA in faeces to non-invasively sample endangered species for genetic studies. Here we use faeces as a source of DNA and mtDNA sequence data to elucidate the relationship among Spanish and Moroccan populations of great bustards. 834 bp of combined control region and cytochrome-b mtDNA fragments revealed four variable sites that defined seven closely related haplotypes in 54 individuals. Morocco was fixed for a single mtDNA haplotype that occurs at moderate frequency (28%) in Spain. We could not differentiate among the sampled Spanish populations of Caceres and Andalucia but these combined populations were differentiated from the Moroccan population. Estimates of gene flow (Nm = 0.82) are consistent with extensive observations on the southern Iberian peninsular indicating that few individuals fly across the Strait of Gibraltar. We demonstrate that both this sea barrier and mountain barriers in Spain limit dispersal among adjacent great bustard populations to a similar extent. The Moroccan population is of high ornithological significance as it holds the only population of great bustards in Africa. This population is critically small and genetic and observational data indicate that it is unlikely to be recolonised via immigration from Spain should it be extirpated. In light of the evidence presented here it deserves the maximum level of protection.

Sistema e-Mec:reinven????o processual da educa????o superior em tr??s dimens??es da gest??o p??blica: jur??dica, organizacional e tecnol??gica

Com o objetivo de elevar a qualidade do ensino superior do pa??s, em 2006 o Minist??rio da Educa????o (MEC) iniciou um movimento de ???reinven????o processual??? em tr??s dimens??es: i) jur??dica, com a reformula????o da legisla????o aplic??vel aos processos regulat??rios da educa????o superior; ii) organizacional, implementando mudan??as na din??mica e no desenho das rotinas de trabalho; e iii) tecnol??gica, com a implementa????o do sistema eletr??nico e-MEC de operacionaliza????o dos procedimentos de regula????o. A tr??plice iniciativa permitiu, a um s?? tempo, trazer seguran??a jur??dica, transpar??ncia, credibilidade e celeridade ao processo. Isso possibilitou a cria????o de ambiente prop??cio ao salto qualitativo que o MEC pretendia dar em rela????o tanto ao condicionamento do funcionamento de institui????es e cursos superiores quanto ?? comprova????o da excel??ncia de sua opera????o. O objetivo final??stico foi atingido de maneira satisfat??ria, podendo-se dizer que est?? em curso a institucionaliza????o de uma cultura da qualidade da educa????o superior

Planejamento estrat??gico: contribui????o para o desempenho do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho

O presente estudo investiga em que medida o planejamento estrat??gico do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho contribuiu para o desempenho jurisdicional da Corte, em particular, no tocante ao n??mero de processos solucionados e ao prazo m??dio de tramita????o do processo na Corte. Para tanto, a pesquisa obedeceu ?? metodologia quantitativa, mediante a ado????o da t??cnica n??o param??trica da An??lise Envolt??ria de Dados ??? DEA. Tr??s cen??rios foram analisados, definidos de acordo com os inputs e outpts previamente eleitos. No cen??rio I, no per??odo de 2007 a 2012, o Tribunal Superior do Trabalho atingiu o score de 100% (cem por cento) nos anos de 2007, 2008, 2009 e 2012, ou seja, esses foram os anos em que a Corte alcan??ou os melhores resultados, considerados os inputs utilizados no processo produtivo (fatores de produ????o). Ressalta-se o fato de que os anos 2007, 2008 e 2009 s??o anteriores ?? implanta????o do planejamento estrat??gico no Tribunal. Por sua vez, nos cen??rios II e III, o score de 100% (cem por cento) foi atingido pela Corte nos anos de 2008, 2009 e 2012. Os cen??rios investigados revelaram que os anos anteriores ?? ado????o do planejamento estrat??gico, ?? exce????o de 2012, foram os de maior efici??ncia da Corte, sobretudo os anos de 2008 e 2009, que apresentaram score de 100% nas tr??s conjunturas. Diante desse desfecho, se, por um lado, n??o foi poss??vel relacionar a implanta????o do planejamento estrat??gico com o aumento da efici??ncia do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho, de outra parte, n??o se pode concluir, peremptoriamente, que n??o influenciou no rendimento. Prova disso, foi o ano de 2012, que se mostrou entre os de maior efici??ncia do TST, nos tr??s cen??rios. A pesquisa, portanto, resultou inconclusiva, possivelmente em virtude do pouco tempo de implanta????o do planejamento estrat??gico na Corte, que n??o permitiu a realiza????o da an??lise considerando-se um lapso temporal mais dilatado

Cria????o no Brasil de uma Escola Superior de Administra????o P??blica

O relat??rio produzido pelo embaixador Sergio Paulo Rouanet foi a base para a cria????o da Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica (ENAP) e para a carreira voltada ?? formula????o e ?? gest??o de pol??ticas p??blicas no Brasil, a dos Especialistas em Pol??ticas P??blicas e Gest??o Governamental (EPPGG). Assim, este documento constituiu-se no passo decisivo para o processo de profissionaliza????o da Administra????o P??blica Federal no Brasil

Organiza????es sociais, institui????es federais de ensino superior e autonomia universit??ria

O artigo contrap??e modelos alternativos de organiza????o das Institui????es Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) propostos pelo Minist??rio da Administra????o e Reforma do Estado (MARE), no ??mbito do Programa de Reforma do Estado, e pelo Minist??rio da Educa????o e do Desporto (MEC). Procura tamb??m avaliar de que forma as solu????es propostas enfrentam alguns problemas caracter??sticos dessas institui????es, levantando quest??es sobre a viabilidade desses modelos. Apresenta, ainda, algumas sugest??es para a abordagem dos problemas apontados.

Abono Perman??ncia em uma institui????o federal de ensino superior: aplica????o e desdobramentos

A preocupa????o principal deste artigo ?? descrever a implementa????o do Abono Perman??ncia em uma Institui????o Federal de Ensino Superior e as implica????es que o mesmo acarretou a seus servidores e ?? pr??pria institui????o. O objetivo pretendido aqui n??o est?? em exaurir o assunto ent??o tratado, mas mostrar o quanto este pode ser importante, partindo do pressuposto de seu significado intr??nseco na motiva????o para o trabalho. O principal interessado no assunto ?? o servidor p??blico e este pode usufruir desse benef??cio dado sua idade para aposentar. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, cuja coleta foi atrav??s de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e individuais com funcion??rios que trabalham diretamente com os processos de Abono Perman??ncia, e tamb??m atrav??s de an??lise de documentos e observa????o direta dos sistemas gerenciais de processos administrativos da institui????o. Este estudo contribui nas discuss??es sobre benef??cios sociais na Gest??o de Pessoas e a utiliza????o desses recursos na Administra????o P??blica. Pode-se concluir que o Abono Perman??ncia traz diversas contribui????es como, por exemplo, a motiva????o pessoal em continuar trabalhando, por??m, apresenta algumas limita????es no pr??prio incentivo ao benef??cio, que pode n??o ser interessante em determinados tetos salariais.