Active and passive shoulder range of motion in healthy older people

This study was conducted to determine the effect of increasing age on four shoulder movements and to explore the need for normative data for shoulder range of motion (ROM) in people aged 50 years and older. Forty-one participants were conveniently recruited according to four age categories: 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years and 80 years and over. Goniometric measurement of bilateral active and passive ROM for flexion, abduction, internal rotation and external rotation was analysed using paired sample t-tests and compared with the norms of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) using one sample t-tests. Passive ROM was greater than active ROM for all movements (p

Caveolin interacts with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor during exocytic transport but not at the plasma membrane

The mechanisms involved in angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)-R) trafficking and membrane localization are largely unknown. In this study, we examined the role of caveolin in these processes. Electron microscopy of plasma membrane sheets shows that the AT(1)-R is not concentrated in caveolae but is clustered in cholesterol-independent microdomains; upon activation, it partially redistributes to lipid rafts. Despite the lack of AT(1)-R in caveolae, AT(1)-R. caveolin complexes are readily detectable in cells co-expressing both proteins. This interaction requires an intact caveolin scaffolding domain because mutant caveolins that lack a functional caveolin scaffolding domain do not interact with AT(1)-R. Expression of an N-terminally truncated caveolin-3, CavDGV, that localizes to lipid bodies, or a point mutant, Cav3-P104L, that accumulates in the Golgi mislocalizes AT(1)-R to lipid bodies and Golgi, respectively. Mislocalization results in aberrant maturation and surface expression of AT(1)-R, effects that are not reversed by supplementing cells with cholesterol. Similarly mutation of aromatic residues in the caveolin-binding site abrogates AT(1)-R cell surface expression. In cells lacking caveolin-1 or caveolin-3, AT(1)-R does not traffic to the cell surface unless caveolin is ectopically expressed. This observation is recapitulated in caveolin-1 null mice that have a 55% reduction in renal AT(1)-R levels compared with controls. Taken together our results indicate that a direct interaction with caveolin is required to traffic the AT(1)-R through the exocytic pathway, but this does not result in AT(1)-R sequestration in caveolae. Caveolin therefore acts as a molecular chaperone rather than a plasma membrane scaffold for AT(1)-R.

5-Hydroxytryptamine and platelets: uptake and aggregation in hypoxic pulmonary hypertensive rats

Pulmonary hypertension is associated with various alterations in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) physiology. In this study in platelets from hypoxic pulmonary hypertensive rats (10% O-2; 1 week) and normoxic rats (room air), (i) initial rates of specific [H-3]5-HT uptake were measured and (ii) potentiation of collagen- and ADP-induced aggregation by 5-HT was quantified. The platelet count was almost halved in hypoxic rats. In uptake experiments, there was a decrease in 5-HT uptake in platelets from hypoxic compared with normoxic rats, due to a 36% reduction in the maximal initial rate of uptake. The aggregation experiments showed that 5-HT (1-100 muM) increased the magnitude of responses to collagen and the duration of responses to ADP, but there was no difference between hypoxic and normoxic rats. Abnormalities in platelet function may conceivably lead to increases in plasma 5-HT levels in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, but are unlikely to aggravate pulmonary thromboembolism. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Potentiation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) responses by a 5-HT uptake inhibitor in pulmonary and systemic vessels: effects of exposing rats to hypoxia

The aim was to determine whether uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by the 5-HT transporter (SERT) modulates contractile responses to 5-HT in rat pulmonary arteries and whether this modulation is altered by exposure of rats to chronic hypoxia (10% oxygen; 8 h/day; 5 days). The effects of the SERT inhibitor, citalopram (100 nM), on contractions to 5-HT were determined in isolated ring preparations of pulmonary artery (intralobar and main) and compared with data obtained in systemic arteries. In intralobar pulmonary arteries citalopram produced a potentiation (viz. an increase in potency, pEC(50)) of 5-HT. The potentiation was endothelium-dependent in preparations from normoxic rats but endothelium-independent in preparations from hypoxic rats. In main pulmonary artery endothelium-independent potentiation was seen in preparations from hypoxic rats but no potentiation occurred in preparations from normoxic rats. In systemic arteries, citalopram caused endothelium-independent potentiation in aorta but no potentiation in mesenteric arteries; there were no differences between hypoxic and normoxic rats. It is concluded that SERT can influence the concentration of 5-HT in the vicinity of the vasoconstrictor receptors in pulmonary arteries. The data suggest that in pulmonary arteries from hypoxic rats, unlike normoxic rats, the SERT responsible for this effect is not in the endothelium and, hence, is probably in the smooth muscle. The data are compatible with reports that, in the pulmonary circulation, hypoxia induces/up-regulates SERT, and hence increases 5-HT uptake, in vascular smooth muscle. The findings may have implications in relation to the suggested use of SERT inhibitors in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.

Alterations in pulmonary vascular function in rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia

Vasoactive agents were examined in arteries from control rats and rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia (10% oxygen; 8 h/day) for 3, 5 or 20 days. Hypoxic rats developed right ventricular hypertrophy after 5 days, but became pulmonary hypertensive (elevated right ventricular systolic pressure; RVSP) only after 20 days. In pulmonary arteries (main and intralobar), responses to acetylcholine and ionomycin (endothelium-dependent vasodilators) were reduced after 20 and 5 days of intermittent hypoxia, whereas contractions to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were enhanced (potency increase >10-fold) after 20, 5 and 3 days. Contractions to endothelin-1 and a thromboxane-mimetic, but not Ca-2divided by, were also increased. No changes in vascular function occurred in aorta. Since changes in pulmonary vascular function preceded the increase in RVSP they do not result from, but may contribute to, the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. If similar changes occur in humans, they may be important in conditions characterised by intermittent, as opposed to continuous, hypoxia. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Biaxial failure model for fiber reinforced concrete

Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is widely applied in the construction industry. Numerical elastoplastic analysis of the macroscopic behavior is complex. This typically involves a piecewise linear failure curve including corner singularities. This paper presents a single smooth biaxial failure curve for SFRC based on a semianalytical approximation. Convexity of the proposed model is guaranteed so that numerical problems are avoided. The model has sufficient flexibility to closely match experimental results. The failure curve is also suitable for modeling plain concrete under biaxial loading. Since this model is capable of simulating the failure states in all stress regimes with a single envelope, the elastoplastic formulation is very concise and simple. The finite element implementation is developed to demonstrate the conciseness and the effectiveness of the model. The computed results display good agreement with published experimental data.

Identification and characterization of the hepatic stellate cell transferrin receptor

Activated hepatic stellate cells have been implicated in the fibrogenic process associated with iron overload, both in animal models and in human hemochromatosis. Previous studies have evaluated the role of ferritin/ferritin receptor interactions in the activation of stellate cells and subsequent fibrogenesis; however, the role of transferrin in hepatic stellate cell biology is unknown. This study was designed to identify and characterize the stellate cell transferrin receptor and to evaluate the influence of transferrin on stellate cell activation. Identification and characterization of the stellate cell transferrin receptor was determined by competitive displacement assays. The effect of transferrin on stellate cell activation was assessed using western blot analysis for alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, [H-3]Thymidine incorporation, and real-time RT-PCR for procollagen 1(I) mRNA expression. A specific receptor for rat transferrin was observed on activated but not quiescent stellate cells. Transferrin significantly increased the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, but caused a decrease in proliferation. Transferrin induced a significant increase in procollagen alpha1(I) mRNA expression. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated for the first time a specific, high affinity receptor for rat transferrin on activated hepatic stellate cells, which via interaction with transferrin regulates stellate cell activation. This suggests that transferrin may be an important factor in the activation of hepatic stellate cells in conditions of iron overload.

Expression of hNP22 is altered in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of the alcoholic human brain

Background: Human neuronal protein (hNP22) is a gene with elevated messenger RNA expression in the prefrontal cortex of the human alcoholic brain. hNP22 has high homology with a rat protein (rNP22). These proteins also share homology with a number of cytoskeleton-interacting proteins. Methods: A rabbit polyclonal antibody to an 18-amino acid epitope was produced for use in Western and immunohistochemical analysis. Samples from the human frontal and motor cortices were used for Western blots (n = 10), whereas a different group of frontal cortex and hippocampal samples were obtained for immunohistochemistry (n = 12). Results: The hNP22 antibody detected a single protein in both rat and human brain. Western blots revealed a significant increase in hNP22 protein levels in the frontal cortex but not the motor cortex of alcoholic cases. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed the increased hNP22 protein expression in all cortical layers. This is consistent with results previously obtained using Northern analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed a significant increase of hNP22 immunoreactivity in the CA3 and CA4 but not other regions of the hippocampus. Conclusions: It is possible that this protein may play a role in the morphological or plastic changes observed after chronic alcohol exposure and withdrawal, either as a cytoskeleton-interacting protein or as a signaling molecule.

O combate ?? viol??ncia contra a mulher: a luta entre antigos valores e novos padr??es de pol??ticas p??blicas

O caso relata uma situa????o de viol??ncia dom??stica vivenciada por uma mulher negra e os obst??culos por ela enfrentados para denunciar o agressor e fazer valer seus direitos. Mostra a contradi????o entre normas e sua efetiva aplica????o, quando o comportamento de agentes p??blicos ainda conserva padr??es e valores de um Estado autorit??rio, patriarcal e escravocrata. O caso ?? fict??cio, mas espelha situa????es reais coletadas em documentos e relat??rios da Ouvidoria da Secretaria de Pol??ticas para as Mulheres- SPM/PR. O estudo suscita discuss??es sobre a dimens??o ??tica da atividade de agentes p??blicos de um Estado democr??tico, englobando quest??es referentes aos direitos humanos, direitos e deveres do Estado e da sociedade, o papel da transpar??ncia, do controle social e da responsabiliza????o por resultados (accountability) etc. Pode ser aplicado em cursos sobre ??tica e servi??o p??blico, pol??ticas p??blicas de g??nero e ra??a e atendimento ao cidad??o

Reinven????o do governo: o caso de culturas pol??ticas e estabelecimento de pol??ticas p??blicas

Nos ??ltimos anos, a institucionaliza????o de normas de confiabilidade e planejamento pol??tico, na administra????o p??blica israelense, tem preocupado v??rios comit??s sobre a reforma do servi??o p??blico e a reorganiza????o do governo. Este trabalho discute o hist??rico da cultura de estabelecimento das pol??ticas israelenses e seu efeito sobre recomenda????es para o planejamento, a an??lise, a avalia????o e a accountability das pol??ticas. Essa confian??a ?? interessante, em parte, porque tra??a uma rea????o aos arranjos institucionais, que s??o, de muitas maneiras, similares ??queles promovidos por defensores da Nova Gest??o P??blica. Ironicamente, no entanto, ela explica os esfor??os para substitu??-los por algo mais semelhante a arranjos burocr??ticos tradicionais.

Gest??o do conhecimento como sistema de gest??o para o setor p??blico

O conhecimento e a gest??o do conhecimento t??m sido focos de uma intensa discuss??o sobre como as organiza????es privadas podem obter vantagens competitivas e atingir elevados patamares de flexibilidade, produtividade e inova????o, sem que, no entanto, esta disciplina seja devidamente debatida e/ou incorporada pelo setor p??blico brasileiro. A partir da perspectiva dos autores de maior prest??gio no assunto, este trabalho apresenta os principais conceitos e aspectos relacionados a este novo paradigma de gest??o organizacional, de modo a identificar quais seriam os principais desafios para a implanta????o de projetos de gest??o do conhecimento no ??mbito da administra????o p??blica. Adicionalmente, este trabalho prop??e a ado????o de um novo modelo de gest??o do conhecimento, mais consistente e adequado ??s organiza????es p??blicas. O modelo de gest??o apresentado prop??e-se a servir como susbs??dio para um debate te??rico e metodol??gico sobre como a gest??o do conhecimento poderia ser incorporada ?? tarefa de buscar melhores n??veis de gest??o para as organiza????es p??blicas brasileiras, de forma a torn??-las mais capacitadas a fazerem frente ??s interfer??ncias que j?? provocaram a fal??ncia das inst??ncias de planejamento e or??amento no setor p??blico, o abandono da padroniza????o e da melhoria dos procedimentos administrativos, a desestrutura????o da fun????o p??blica e das pol??ticas de recursos humanos, a persistente descontinuidade de projetos e de pol??ticas p??blicas, assim como permita resgatar a credibilidade nos mecanismos internos de repress??o e de puni????o ??queles agentes que adotam pr??ticas ou condutas que v??o de encontro aos princ??pios morais e ??s normas jur??dicas estabelecidas.

A carreira de gestor p??blico e sua forma????o

Apesar de todo investimento nos ??ltimos anos, do poder p??blico, em qualificar profissionais, criar cursos e institui????es para forma????o de gestores p??blicos, o que parece ainda vigorar s??o as indica????es, para os cargos de gestores de unidades de sa??de. A carreira do Gestor P??blico na ??rea de sa??de deve ser feita atrav??s da Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica (ENAP), criada para tal fim, nos moldes atuais da carreira de Especialistas em Pol??ticas P??blicas e Gest??o Governamental (EPPGG) ou por outras Escolas como a Escola Nacional de Sa??de P??blica (ENSP). A????es e press??es de atores internacionais interferem na gest??o governamental, levando os governantes a promoverem reformas em suas administra????es visando atender esses interesses. Reformas administrativas ocorreram, em sua maioria, n??o por vontade do governo vigente, mas sim por v??rios fatores, sejam internos ou externos ao pa??s. Devido ao processo de globaliza????o e ao ide??rio neoliberal, que defendiam menor participa????o de interven????o do Estado na economia, reformas administrativas ocorreram e vem ocorrendo. Nos anos recentes, visando responder ??s demandas de novos conhecimentos e tecnologias colocadas pelo sistema de sa??de brasileiro em r??pida transforma????o, foi criado o espa??o institucional na, Escola de Governo em Sa??de (EGS), implantada na ENSP em 1998, dedicada a mobilizar e potencializar os esfor??os institucionais especificamente dirigidos a colaborar com a amplia????o da capacidade de governo em sa??de. Faremos uma breve exposi????o da forma????o de profissionais para a carreira de gest??o p??blica em alguns pa??ses das Am??ricas, mostrando a diversidade dos modelos de Escolas de Governo.

Impact of commercial fishing on Trindade Island and Martin Vaz Archipelago, Brazil : characteristics, conservation status of the species involved and prospects for preservation

Reportamos atividades de pesca comerciais no complexo insular mais afastado da costa brasileira: Ilha da Trindade e Arquipélago Martin Vaz. As atividades foram estudadas através de embarques e entrevistas com os mestres e pescadores das embarcações durante uma expedição cientifica realizada entre fevereiro e abril de 2007. Quatro modalidades de atividades de pesca são realizadas na região, capturando ao menos sete espécies que possuem algum risco de extinção. O estabelecimento de normas específicas de restrição para atividades que pescam sobre os recifes das ilhas é uma alternativa para a conservação das espécies ameaçadas. O monitoramento das embarcações pode ocorrer via satélite através do programa nacional de rastreamento de embarcações pesqueiras (PREPS).

Acute lead-induced vasoconstriction in the vascular beds of isolated perfused rat tails is endothelium-dependent

Chronic lead exposure induces hypertension in humans and animals, affecting endothelial function. However, studies concerning acute cardiovascular effects are lacking. We investigated the effects of acute administration of a high concentration of lead acetate (100 µΜ) on the pressor response to phenylephrine (PHE) in the tail vascular bed of male Wistar rats. Animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and heparinized. The tail artery was dissected and cannulated for drug infusion and mean perfusion pressure measurements. Endothelium and vascular smooth muscle relaxation were tested with acetylcholine (5 µg/100 µL) and sodium nitroprusside (0.1 µg/100 µL), respectively, in arteries precontracted with 0.1 µM PHE. Concentration-response curves to PHE (0.001-300 µg/100 µL) were constructed before and after perfusion for 1 h with 100 µΜ lead acetate. In the presence of endothelium (E+), lead acetate increased maximal response (Emax) (control: 364.4 ± 36, Pb2+: 480.0 ± 27 mmHg; P < 0.05) and the sensitivity (pD2; control: 1.98 ± 0.07, 2.38 ± 0.14 log mM) to PHE. In the absence of endothelium (E-) lead had no effect but increased baseline perfusion pressure (E+: 79.5 ± 2.4, E-: 118 ± 2.2 mmHg; P < 0.05). To investigate the underlying mechanisms, this protocol was repeated after treatment with 100 µM L-NAME, 10 µM indomethacin and 1 µM tempol in the presence of lead. Lead actions on Emax and pD2 were abolished in the presence of indomethacin, and partially abolished with L-NAME and tempol. Results suggest that acute lead administration affects the endothelium, releasing cyclooxygenase-derived vasoconstrictors and involving reactive oxygen species.

Eucalyptol, an essential oil, reduces contractile activity in rat cardiac muscle

Eucalyptol is an essential oil that relaxes bronchial and vascular smooth muscle although its direct actions on isolated myocardium have not been reported. We investigated a putative negative inotropic effect of the oil on left ventricular papillary muscles from male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g, as well as its effects on isometric force, rate of force development, time parameters, post-rest potentiation, positive inotropic interventions produced by Ca2+ and isoproterenol, and on tetanic tension. The effects of 0.3 mM eucalyptol on myosin ATPase activity were also investigated. Eucalyptol (0.003 to 0.3 mM) reduced isometric tension, the rate of force development and time parameters. The oil reduced the force developed by steady-state contractions (50% at 0.3 mM) but did not alter sarcoplasmic reticulum function or post-rest contractions and produced a progressive increase in relative potentiation. Increased extracellular Ca2+ concentration (0.62 to 5 mM) and isoproterenol (20 nM) administration counteracted the negative inotropic effects of the oil. The activity of the contractile machinery evaluated by tetanic force development was reduced by 30 to 50% but myosin ATPase activity was not affected by eucalyptol (0.3 mM), supporting the idea of a reduction of sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx. The present results suggest that eucalyptol depresses force development, probably acting as a calcium channel blocker.