Left preference for sport tasks does not necessarily indicate left-handedness

In the elite domain of interactive sports, athletes who demonstrate a left preference (e.g., holding a weapon with the left hand in fencing or boxing in a ‘southpaw’ stance) seem overrepresented. Such excess indicates a performance advantage and was also interpreted as evidence in favour of frequency-dependent selection mechanisms to explain the maintenance of left-handedness in humans. To test for an overrepresentation, the incidence of athletes’ lateral preferences is typically compared with an expected ratio of left- to right-handedness in the normal population. However, the normal population reference values did not always relate to the sport-specific tasks of interest, which may limit the validity of reports of an excess of ‘left-oriented’ athletes. Here we sought to determine lateral preferences for various sport-specific tasks (e.g., baseball batting, boxing) in the normal population and to examine the relationship between these preferences and handedness. To this end, we asked 903 participants to indicate their lateral preferences for sport-specific and common tasks using a paper-based questionnaire. Lateral preferences varied considerably across the different sport tasks and we found high variation in the relationship between those preferences and handedness. In contrast to unimanual tasks (e.g., fencing or throwing), for bimanually controlled actions such as baseball batting, shooting in ice hockey or boxing the incidence of left preferences was considerably higher than expected from the proportion of left-handedness in the normal population and the relationship with handedness was relatively low. We conclude that (i) task-specific reference values are mandatory for reliably testing for an excess of athletes with a left preference, (ii) the term ‘handedness’ should be more cautiously used within the context of sport-related laterality research and (iii) observation of lateral preferences in sports may be of limited suitability for the verification of evolutionary theories of handedness.

Accuracy of outcome anticipation, but not gaze behavior, differs against left- and right-handed penalties in team-handball goalkeeping

Low perceptual familiarity with relatively rarer left-handed as opposed to more common right-handed individuals may result in athletes' poorer ability to anticipate the former's action intentions. Part of such left-right asymmetry in visual anticipation could be due to an inefficient gaze strategy during confrontation with left-handed individuals. To exemplify, observers may not mirror their gaze when viewing left- vs. right-handed actions but preferentially fixate on an opponent's right body side, irrespective of an opponent's handedness, owing to the predominant exposure to right-handed actions. So far empirical verification of such assumption, however, is lacking. Here we report on an experiment where team-handball goalkeepers' and non-goalkeepers' gaze behavior was recorded while they predicted throw direction of left- and right-handed 7-m penalties shown as videos on a computer monitor. As expected, goalkeepers were considerably more accurate than non-goalkeepers and prediction was better against right- than left-handed penalties. However, there was no indication of differences in gaze measures (i.e., number of fixations, overall and final fixation duration, time-course of horizontal or vertical fixation deviation) as a function of skill group or the penalty-takers' handedness. Findings suggest that inferior anticipation of left-handed compared to right-handed individuals' action intentions may not be associated with misalignment in gaze behavior. Rather, albeit looking similarly, accuracy differences could be due to observers' differential ability of picking up and interpreting the visual information provided by left- vs. right-handed movements.

Characterisation of low temperature and semi-insulating GaAs lateral photo-Dember THz Emitters

Poster for IRMMW-THz conference in Mainz, Germany 2013

Big Data or Right Data?

Abstract Big data nowadays is a fashionable topic, independently of what people mean when they use this term. But being big is just a matter of volume, although there is no clear agreement in the size threshold. On the other hand, it is easy to capture large amounts of data using a brute force approach. So the real goal should not be big data but to ask ourselves, for a given problem, what is the right data and how much of it is needed. For some problems this would imply big data, but for the majority of the problems much less data will and is needed. In this talk we explore the trade-offs involved and the main problems that come with big data using the Web as case study: scalability, redundancy, bias, noise, spam, and privacy. Speaker Biography Ricardo Baeza-Yates Ricardo Baeza-Yates is VP of Research for Yahoo Labs leading teams in United States, Europe and Latin America since 2006 and based in Sunnyvale, California, since August 2014. During this time he has lead the labs in Barcelona and Santiago de Chile. Between 2008 and 2012 he also oversaw the Haifa lab. He is also part time Professor at the Dept. of Information and Communication Technologies of the Universitat Pompeu Fabra, in Barcelona, Spain. During 2005 he was an ICREA research professor at the same university. Until 2004 he was Professor and before founder and Director of the Center for Web Research at the Dept. of Computing Science of the University of Chile (in leave of absence until today). He obtained a Ph.D. in CS from the University of Waterloo, Canada, in 1989. Before he obtained two masters (M.Sc. CS & M.Eng. EE) and the electronics engineer degree from the University of Chile in Santiago. He is co-author of the best-seller Modern Information Retrieval textbook, published in 1999 by Addison-Wesley with a second enlarged edition in 2011, that won the ASIST 2012 Book of the Year award. He is also co-author of the 2nd edition of the Handbook of Algorithms and Data Structures, Addison-Wesley, 1991; and co-editor of Information Retrieval: Algorithms and Data Structures, Prentice-Hall, 1992, among more than 500 other publications. From 2002 to 2004 he was elected to the board of governors of the IEEE Computer Society and in 2012 he was elected for the ACM Council. He has received the Organization of American States award for young researchers in exact sciences (1993), the Graham Medal for innovation in computing given by the University of Waterloo to distinguished ex-alumni (2007), the CLEI Latin American distinction for contributions to CS in the region (2009), and the National Award of the Chilean Association of Engineers (2010), among other distinctions. In 2003 he was the first computer scientist to be elected to the Chilean Academy of Sciences and since 2010 is a founding member of the Chilean Academy of Engineering. In 2009 he was named ACM Fellow and in 2011 IEEE Fellow.

The Right to Water in the Case-Law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

The human right to water is nowadays more broadly recognised, mainly due to the essential societal function that this resource plays; likewise, because of the present water scarcity is generating conflicts between its different uses. Thus, this right aims at protecting human beings by guaranteeing access to clean water that is essential to satisfy vital human needs. Similarly, access to clean water is an important element to guarantee other rights including the right to life and health. The recognition of the right to water is mainly achieved in two ways: as a new and independent right and as a subordinate or derivative right. Concerning the latter, the right to water can emanate from civil and political rights, such as the right to life; or can be derived from economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to health, the right to an adequate standard of living, and the right to housing. This contribution explores the position of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights regarding the right to water, and analyses whether the Court has recognised the right to water and, if so, in which manner.

Sustainable Development and the Right to Water in Colombia

Water, considered as an environmental resource and as an economic and social good, should be part of the Colombian public agenda, not only not only in terms of the use and preservation of hydro resources, but also in terms of the social implications of its possession and use. The world wide preoccupation with the diminution of natural resources, species extinction and water shortage has its origins in the seventies. One of the results was the establishment of international conventions and agreements to achieve responsible management of natural resources. Regarding water as a resource, it is intrinsically bound to the Earth’s natural processes and ecosystems. As regards the Colombian case, the “right to water in Colombia” is analyzed taking into account: water as an integral part of sustainable development, the right to water as a global debate and, finally, the right to water in the Colombian context within the explanatory framework of the Water Referendum.

Delimitation of the Right to Life by Healthcare Professionals: Up to what point should the right to life be protected?

This article explores the medical care standard required by law for terminally illpatients and the possibility of limiting therapeutic efforts while respecting the duediligence expected from doctors. To this end, circumstances are identified in whichthe doctor is forced to choose between two possible actions: to guarantee the right tolife by continuing treatment, or to limit the right to healthcare by limiting therapeuticefforts. Two cases taken from English Common Law were reviewed that decided onthe factual problem at hand. In our country, the Constitutional Court established aline of jurisprudence on the role of the doctor in deciding whether or not to continuetreatment for a terminally ill person. Lastly, jurisprudence precedents are presentedalong with a comparative analysis of the solutions given in Great Britain andin Colombia.

Fundamental Right to Freedom of Conscience without Objection? Some Notes for its Recognition as a Fundamental Guarantee

Conscientious objection is defined as the ability to depart from statutory mandates because of intimate convictions based on ethical or religious convictions. A discussion of this issue presents the conflict between the idea of a State concerned with the promotion of individual rights or the protection of general interests and an idea of law based on the maintenance of order and against a view of the law as a means to claim the protection of minimum conditions of the person. From this conflict is drawn the possibility to argue whether conscientious objection should be guaranteed as a fundamental right of freedom of conscience or as a statutory authority legislatively conferred upon persons. This paper sets out a discussion around the two views so as to develop a position that is more consistent with the context of social and constitutional law.

La preferencia lateral de la rata en el laberinto en t : efecto de la práctica, diferencias sexuales y relaciones con los sistemas catecolaminérgicos.

1. Estudiar la preferencia lateral de la rata en el laberinto en t en relación con el efecto de la práctica y las diferencias sexuales. 2. Profundizar en la relación de la preferencia lateral con los sistemas catacolaminérgicos, mediante manipulaciones farmacológicas pre y postsinápticas. Exp. I: 85 ratas macho Sprague-Dawley, de tres meses de vida. Exp. II: 29 ratas hembras Sprague-Dawley, de tres meses de vida. Exp. III: 22 ratas elegidas al azar de entre las 85 del experimento I. Exp. IV: 31 ratas elegidas al azar entre las 85 del experimento I. Exp. I: diseño con medidas repetidas. Variable independiente: la práctica de diez días consecutivos. Variable dependiente: preferencia lateral de la rata en el laberinto en t. Exp. II: se utilizó el mismo diseño y las mismas variables que en el experimento I. Exp. III: diseño factorial. Grupos: preferencia derecha, preferencia izquierda y no preferencia. Días: día cero; días previos a la administración de anfetaminas; día 1, administración de anfetaminas; días 2 y 7, posteriores a la administración. Variable dependiente: preferencia lateral y rotaciones. Exp. IV: diseño factorial. Grupo: preferencia dcha. y preferencia izda. Tratamiento, con cinco niveles. Para comprobar los efectos de la dosis de 1 mg/kg utilizamos un diseño de medidas repetidas con los 5 niveles correspondientes al factor tratamiento. Laberinto en t, generador de descargas eléctricas y cajas rectangulares de cristal. Exp. I: a. La repetición de la prueba afecta a la preferencia lateral que los animales muestran en el laberinto, aumentando la consistencia de la elección y el grado de lateralidad individual y produciendo lateralización con sesgo poblacional hacia la derecha. b. El quinto día parece ser la clave para la estabilización del porcentaje de preferencia lateral. Exp. II: se evidencia la existencia de diferencias sexuales, dándose una mayor lateralización en los machos. Exp.III y IV: a. Ni la anfetamina ni la apomorfina tuvieron efectos sobre la lateralidad de la rata. b. No hay relación entre lateralidad y rotaciones, estas conductas están controladas por sistemas independientes, aunque no excluyentes. c. El control de la preferencia lateral parece estar mediado por estructuras a un nivel superior que el estriado. Futuras investigaciones podrían ir encaminadas a estudiar los efectos de variaciones sistemáticas del número de ensayos y el número de días, así como la interacción de ensayos por días y modificaciones sobre los ritmos biológicos tendrían sobre el de estabilización de los porcentajes de preferencia. También se podría estudiar la participación de otras estructuras como el hipocampo, corteza prefrontal, estriado, así como la implicación de otros neurotransmisores.

Type 2 diabetes; elderly; cognitive deficit; cognitive flexibility; executive functions Resumen

Through meditation, people become aware of what happens in the body and mind, accepting the present experiences as they are and getting a better understanding of the true nature of things. Meditation practices and its inclusion as an intervention technique, have generated great interest in identifying the brain mechanisms through which these practices operate. Different studies suggest that the practice of meditation is associated with the use of different neural networks as well as changes in brain structure and function, represented in higher concentration of gray matter structures at the hippocampus, the right anterior insula, orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and greater involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). These and other unrelated studies, shows the multiple implications of the regular practice of mindfulness in the structures and functions of the brain and its relation to certain observable and subjective states in people who practice it. Such evidence enabling the inclusion of mindfulness in psychological therapy where multiple applications have been developed to prove its effectiveness in treating affective and emotional problems, crisis management, social skills, verbal creativity, addiction and craving management, family and caregivers stress of dementia patients and others. However, neuropsychological rehabilitation has no formal proposals for intervention from these findings. The aim of this paper is to propose use of Mindfulness in neuropsychological rehabilitation process, taking the positions and theory of A.R. Luria.

Influence of the lateral pterygoid muscle on the growth of the mandibular condilar cartilage

At the end of the last century, a model to explain clinical observations related to the mandibular growth was developed. According to it, the lateral pterigoid muscle (LPM) was one of the main modulators of the differentiation of mesenquimal cells inside the condyle to condroblasts or osteoblasts, and therefore of the growth of the mandibular condilar cartilage (CCM). The main components of the model were the humoral and the mechanical. Nowadays, the humoral would include growth factors such as IGF-I, FGF-2 and VEGF, which seem to be involved in mandibular growth. Since skeletal muscle can secrete these growth factors, there is a possibility that LPM modulates the growth of CCM by a paracrine or endocrine mechanism. The mechanical component derived from the observations that both the blood flow inside the temporomandibular joint (ATM) and the action of the retrodiscal pad on the growth of the CCM, depend, in part, on the contractile activity of the LPM. Despite the fact that there are some results suggesting  hat LPM is activated under conditions of mandibular protrusion, there is no full agreement on whether this can stimulate the growth of CCM. In this review, the contributions and limitations of the works related to mandibular growth are discussed and a model which integrates the available information to explain the role of the LPM in the growth of the CCM is proposed.

Socioterritorials forms of appropiation of living and right to the differencial space

The aim of this work is to recover Henri Lefèbvre's methodological contributions for (re)thinking the right to the city, based on the need to know the appropriation of space´s dialectical triad. Empirically, it refers to the urban genesis of Mar del Plata (Argentina), an intermediate Latin American city, and its heterogeneous socio-territorial forms of appropriating inhabitance, or different forms of appropriating goods of use, that lead to think about opening to the transformation of the capitalist social order, and of its urban order, naturalized after the fetischism of private property.

Investigación sobre los mecanismos de orientación lateral : el aprendizaje de los conceptos izquierda y derecha.

Resumen del autor

Importancia de la psicomotricidad en la educación preescolar : Influencia de la dominancia lateral en la discriminación de figuras perceptivas parecidas.

1) Demostrar la importancia de la psicomotricidad en la educación preescolar. 2) Comprobar si la lateralidad puede influir en la resolución del test Reversal de EDFELDT. 26 niños de cinco años de edad. Explica la importancia de la psicomotricidad en la educación preescolar y en la parte práctica, demuestra la influencia que tiene la dominancia lateral en la discriminación de figuras perceptivas parecidas. Test de Reversal y pruebas de lateralidad Golifret-Granjon de naipes y sighting. El test de Reversal consta de 84 ítems y se utiliza para medir la percepción visual y la madurez que el niño tiene para el aprendizaje de la lectura. La prueba de los naipes se emplea para ver la mano dominante en el reparto de treinta y dos naipes, y la del sighting sirve para observar el ojo dominante y consiste en que el niño mire por una cartulina perforada en el centro. 1) No se puede afirmar que un niño sea diestro con una de las pruebas, porque una actividad puede ser realizada con una mano y la escritura con la otra. Concretamente en la prueba de naipes se da que un 73 y un 74 por ciento escriben con la misma mano con la que reparten las cartas, pero no se puede tener la seguridad de que estos niños que han resultado diestros en las pruebas, lo sean en realidad. 2) Si puede afirmarse que entre los niños que resultan diestros en teoría, hay doce que por los resultados obtenidos, ya están maduros para la lectura y seis, entre los niños cruzados, puesto que se permiten de diez a quince fallos. A los cuatro diestros restantes se les podría iniciar en la lectura, pero con cautela, mientras que a los cruzados, hay dos que todavía están inmaduros y otros dos que también podrían iniciarse con cuidado. 3) Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que existen más fallos en los ítems 28, 33, 36, 47, 52, 61, 62, 70, 72, 73, 81 y 84, lo mismo en los niños diestros que cruzados y todos estos ítems son de simetría derecha-izquierda. Hay algún fallo, pero sin importancia, en simetrías dobles y en simetría simple arriba-abajo. Todo esto significa que no son capaces de discriminar bien la derecha e izquierda, no tienen clara la orientación espacial, en cuanto a estas dos direcciones. 1) La educación psicomotriz, en la etapa preescolar, no aborda directamente el aprendizaje de la lectura y escritura, sin embargo, sí se plantea como objetivo la educación de los hábitos neuro-perceptivo-motrices, puesto que constituye la base indispensable sobre la que se asienta tal aprendizaje. 2) La importancia de la educación psicomotriz viene determinada por el hecho de que los fallos o defectos en cualquiera de estos hábitos, constituyen una de las causas más frecuentes y de mayor incidencia en las alteraciones del tipo de la dislexia y de la disgrafía.

Creative teaching : getting it right.

Recurso para asesorar a los profesores cómo pueden hacer el aprendizaje más fácil y agradable para sus alumnos. Incluye ideas, ejercicios de autoevaluación y estrategias para mejorar la adaptación tanto en el aula como en toda la escuela.