Incarnate Subjectivity : The Constitutive Significance of Embodiment in Husserlian Phenomenology

This work offers a systematic phenomenological investigation of the constitutive significance of embodiment. It provides detailed analyses of subjectivity in relation to itself, to others, and to objective reality, and it argues that these basic structures cannot be made intelligible unless one takes into account how they are correlated with an embodied subject. The methodological and conceptual starting point of the treatise is the philosophy of Edmund Husserl. The investigation employs the phenomenological method and uses the descriptions and analyses provided by Husserl and his successors. The treatise is motivated and outlined systematically, and textual exegesis serves as a means for the systematic phenomenological investigation. The structure of the work conforms to the basic relations of subjectivity. The first part of the thesis explores the intimate relation between lived-body and selfhood, analyzes the phenomena of localization, and argues that self-awareness is necessarily and fundamentally embodied self-awareness. The second part examines the intersubjective dimensions of embodiment, investigates the corporal foundations of empathy, and unravels the bodily aspects of transcendental intersubjectivity. The third part scrutinizes the role of embodiment in the constitution of the surrounding objective reality: it focuses on the complex relationship between transcendental subjectivity and transcendental intersubjectivity, carefully examines the normative aspects of genetic and generative self-constitution, and argues eventually that what Husserl calls the paradox of subjectivity originates in a tension between primordial and intersubjective normativity. The work thus reinterprets the paradox of subjectivity in terms of a normative tension, and claims that the paradox is ultimately rooted in the structures of embodiment. In this manner, as a whole, the work discloses the constitutive significance of embodiment, and argues that transcendental subjectivity must be fundamentally embodied.

Synthesis, characterization and X-ray structure of hexahydrazinium diuranyl pentaoxalate dihydrate, (N2H5)6(UO2)2(C2O4)5·2H2O

A new hydrazinium uranyl oxalate complex (N2H5)6[(UO2)2(C2O4)5]·2H2O has been prepared and characterized by chemical analysis, infrared, visible spectra and TG-DTA. The single crystal X-ray structure of the complex shows the presence of discrete N2H5+ cations, water molecules and [(UO2)2(C2O4)5]6− anions. In the anion, the linear uranyl groups are coordinated by two chelating bidentate oxalates and one bridging oxalate which lies on the center of symmetry between the two uranyl groups. The coordination polyhedron around each uranium atom is approximately a pentagonal bipyramid.

Testing threshold functions using implied minterm structure

A geometrical structure called the implied minterm structure (IMS) has been developed from the properties of minterms of a threshold function. The IMS is useful for the manual testing of linear separability of switching functions of up to six variables. This testing is done just by inspection of the plot of the function on the IMS.

Structure of 5-Bromo-2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine, C12H15BrN206

Mr= 363.17, orthorhombic, P21212 ~, a= 5.251(4), b=14.962(5), c=19.112(5)A, U= 1501.41/k 3, Z=4, Dx=1.61Mgm -3, /t(CuKa)= 3.02 mm -1, 2(Cu Ka)= 1.5418/~, final R = 7.0% for 1091 reflections with Fo> 2e(Fo). The glycosidic torsion angle ZCN is 13"1 (12) °. The ribose has a C (3')-exo,C (4)-endo twist geometry. The dioxolane ring assumes an envelope conformation with 0(3') displaced by 0.453 (10)/k from the plane of the other four atoms. The conformation about the C(4')-C(5') bond is gauche-gauche. The structure is stabilized by two hydrogen bonds between screw-axis-related molecules. The crystal packing and the conformation of the molecule are very similar to those found in the structure of 2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine which lacks the Br atom at the 5-position.

Structure of 2',3'-O-Isopropylidene-5'-O-tosyluridine, C19H22N 2Oas

M r = 438.45, trigonal, P32, a = b = 13.385 (4), c = 9.900 (5) A,, V = 1536.0 A 3, Z = 3, D x = 1.42, D m = 1.42 Mg m -3, 2(Cu Ka) = 1.5418 A,,g(CuKa) = .800mm -], T=290K, F(000)=690, R=6.0% for 1222 unique reflections with F o>_2o(Fo). This is the first 2',3'-O-isopropylidene pyrimidine nucleoside with the base in a syn orientation with respect to the ribose [Xcy= 116.0(7)°]. The ribose has a C(3')-endo conformation with the phase angle of pseudorotation P = 16.36 (2) °. The dioxolane ring assumes an envelope conformation with 0(2') displaced from the best four-atom plane by 0.50 (1) k. The crystal structure is possibly stabilized by a bifurcated hydrogen bond between N(3) and the 0(2) and 0(4) atoms of screw-related molecules.

A Multilevel Inverter with Hexagonal and 12-sided Polygonal Space Vector Structure for Induction Motor Drive

This paper proposes a multilevel inverter which produces hexagonal voltage space vector structure in lower modulation region and a 12-sided polygonal space vector structure in the over-modulation region. Normal conventional multilevel inverter produces 6n +/- 1 (n=odd) harmonics in the phase voltage during over-modulation and in the extreme square wave mode operation. However, this inverter produces a 12-sided polygonal space vector location leading to the elimination of 6n 1 (n=odd) harmonics in over-modulation region extending to a final 12-step mode operation. The inverter consists of three conventional cascaded two level inverters with asymmetric dc bus voltages. The switching frequency of individual inverters is kept low throughout the modulation index. In the low speed region, hexagonal space phasor based PWM scheme and in the higher modulation region, 12-sided polygonal voltage space vector structure is used. Experimental results presented in this paper shows that the proposed converter is suitable for high power applications because of low harmonic distortion and low switching losses.

Structure of Disodium Deoxyeytidine 5'-Phosphate Heptahydrate, C9H 12N30TP2-.2N a +. 7H 20

M,=477.3, orthorhombic, P2~2~2~, a= 6.719.(4), b=29.614(15), c= 9.559 (3) ~, Z=4, U-- 1902.0 A 3, D x = 1.67 Mg m -3, 2(Cu Ka) = 1.5418A, /~=l.90mm -1, T=290K. Final R for 1809 observed reflections is 0.045. The structure shows an unusual gauche-trans conformation about the C(4')-C(5') bond, while the sugar pucker [C(3')-exo] and glycosidic torsion angle [)CCN = 70.2 (5) °, anti] are normal. The two Na + ions do not interact with the molecule directly, being completely surrounded by water molecules. The cytosine bases are stacked, with a separation distance of 3.36 (5) A.

Chemical synthesis and structure elucidation of bovine K-casein (1-44)

The caseins (αs1, αs2, β, and κ) are phosphoproteins present in bovine milk that have been studied for over a century and whose structures remain obscure. Here we describe the chemical synthesis and structure elucidation of the N-terminal segment (1–44) of bovine κ-casein, the protein which maintains the micellar structure of the caseins. κ-Casein (1–44) was synthesised by highly optimised Boc solid-phase peptide chemistry and characterised by mass spectrometry. Structure elucidation was carried out by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. CD analysis demonstrated that the segment was ill defined in aqueous medium but in 30% trifluoroethanol it exhibited considerable helical structure. Further, NMR analysis showed the presence of a helical segment containing 26 residues which extends from Pro8 to Arg34. This is the first report which demonstrates extensive secondary structure within the casein class of proteins.

Patterns in tropical seagrass photosynthesis in relation to light, depth and habitat

Seagrass meadows across north-eastern Australia, survive a range of environmental conditions in coastal bays, reefs, estuarine and deepwater habitats through adaptation of a range of structural, morphological and physiological features. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of spatial features (habitat type, site and depth) and photon flux on the photosynthetic performance of 11 tropical seagrass species. Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry was used to generate rapid light curves from which measures of maximal electron transport rate (ETRmax), photosynthetic efficiency (?), saturating irradiance (Ek) and effective quantum yield (?F/Fm?) were derived. The amount of light absorbed by leaves (absorption factor) was also determined for each population. In intertidal habitats many seagrass species exhibited typical sun-type responses with a close coupling of both ETRmax and Ek with photon flux. Photosynthetic performance ranged from minima in Thalassodendron ciliatum to maxima in Syringodium isoetifolium. The absence of a coupling between photosynthetic performance and photon flux in subtidal populations was most likely due to highly variable light climates and possible light attenuation, and hence the photo-biology of estuarine and deepwater seagrasses exhibited photosynthetic responses indicative of light limitation. In contrast seagrass species from shallow reef and coastal habitats for the most part exhibited light saturation characteristics. Of all the variables examined ETRmax, Ek and ?F/Fm? were most responsive to changing light climates and provide reliable physiological indicators of real-time photosynthetic performance of tropical seagrasses under different light conditions.

Structure of the K12 capsule containing 5,7-di-N-acetylacinetaminic acid from Acinetobacter baumannii isolate D36

The repeat unit of the K12 capsular polysaccharide isolated from the Acinetobacter baumannii global clone 1 clinical isolate, D36, was elucidated by means of chemical and spectroscopical methods. The structure was shown to contain N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (D-GalpNAc), N-acetyl-D-fucosamine and N-acetyl-L-fucosamine linked together in the main chain, with the novel sugar, 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-L-altro-non-2-ulosonic acid (5,7-di-N-acetylacinetaminic acid or Aci5Ac7Ac), attached to D-GalpNAc as a side branch. This matched the sugar composition of the K12 capsule and the genetic content of the KL12 capsule gene cluster reported previously. D-FucpNAc was predicted to be the substrate for the initiating transferase, ItrB3, with the Wzy polymerase making a α-D-FucpNAc-(1 → 3)-D-GalpNAc linkage between the repeat units. The three glycosyltransferases encoded by KL12 are all retaining glycosyltransferases and were predicted to form specific linkages between the sugars in the K12 repeat unit.

Structure of the K6 capsular polysaccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii isolate RBH4

The structure of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from an Acinetobacter baumannii global clone 2 (GC2) clinical isolate RBH4 that carries the KL6 gene cluster was elucidated by means of chemical and spectroscopical methods. The repeating unit of K6 CPS is linear and contains N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (d-GalpNAc), two d-galactose (d-Galp) residues and 5,7-di-N-acetylpseudaminic acid (Pse5Ac7Ac). The synthesis of these sugars could be attributed to genes in the KL6 capsule biosynthesis gene cluster, and the formation of the linkages between the sugars were assigned to glycosyltransferases or the Wzy polymerase encoded in KL6.

The genetic structure of Australasian green turtles (Chelonia mydas): Exploring the geographical scale of genetic exchange

Ecological and genetic studies of marine turtles generally support the hypothesis of natal homing, but leave open the question of the geographical scale of genetic exchange and the capacity of turtles to shift breeding sites. Here we combine analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation and recapture data to assess the geographical scale of individual breeding populations and the distribution of such populations through Australasia. We conducted multiscale assessments of mtDNA variation among 714 samples from 27 green turtle rookeries and of adult female dispersal among nesting sites in eastern Australia. Many of these rookeries are on shelves that were flooded by rising sea levels less than 10 000 years (c. 450 generations) ago. Analyses of sequence variation among the mtDNA control region revealed 25 haplotypes, and their frequency distributions indicated 17 genetically distinct breeding stocks (Management Units) consisting either of individual rookeries or groups of rookeries in general that are separated by more than 500 km. The population structure inferred from mtDNA was consistent with the scale of movements observed in long-term mark-recapture studies of east Australian rookeries. Phylogenetic analysis of the haplotypes revealed five clades with significant partitioning of sequence diversity (Φ = 68.4) between Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asian/Indian Ocean rookeries. Isolation by distance was indicated for rookeries separated by up to 2000 km but explained only 12% of the genetic structure. The emerging general picture is one of dynamic population structure influenced by the capacity of females to relocate among proximal breeding sites, although this may be conditional on large population sizes as existed historically across this region.

Genetic population structure of red snappers (Lutjanus malabaricus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 and Lutjanus erythropterus Bloch, 1790) in central and eastern Indonesia and northern Australia

The genetic population structure of red snapper Lutjanus malabaricus and Lutjanus erythropterus in eastern Indonesia and northern Australia was investigated by allozyme electrophoresis and sequence variation in the control region of mtDNA. Samples were collected from eight sites in Indonesia and four sites in northern Australia for both species. A total of 13 allozyme loci were scored. More variable loci were observed in L. malabaricus than in L. erythropterus. Sequence variation in the control region (left domain) of the mitochondrial genome was assessed by RFLP and direct sequencing. MtDNA haplotype diversity was high (L. erythropterus, 0.95 and L. malabaricus, 0.97), as was intraspecific sequence divergence, (L. erythropterus, 0.0-12.5% and L. malabaricus, 0.0-9.5%). The pattern of mtDNA haplotype frequencies grouped both species into two broad fisheries stocks with a genetic boundary either between Kupang and Sape (L. malabaricus) or between Kupang and Australian Timor Sea (L. erythropertus). The allozyme analyses revealed similar boundaries for L. erythropterus. Seven allozymes stocks compared to two mtDNA stocks of L. malabaricus including Ambon, which was not sampled with mtDNA, however, were reported. Possible reasons for differences in discrimination between the methods include: i) increased power of multiple allozyme loci over the single mtDNA locus, ii) insufficient gene sampling in the mtDNA control region and iii) relative evolutionary dynamics of nuclear (allozyme loci) and mitochondrial DNA in these taxa. Allozyme and haplotype data did not distinguish separate stocks among the four Australian locations nor the central Indonesian (Bali and Sape locations) for both L. malabaricus and L. erythropterus.

Allostery in tRNA Synthetases Elucidated from MD Simulations and Protein Structure Networks

tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are enzymes crucial in the translation of genetic code. The enzyme accylates the acceptor stem of tRNA by the congnate amino acid bound at the active site, when the anti-codon is recognized by the anti-codon site of aaRS. In a typical aaRS, the distance between the anti-codon region and the amino accylation site is approximately 70 Å. We have investigated this allosteric phenomenon at molecular level by MD simulations followed by the analysis of protein structure networks (PSN) of non-covalent interactions. Specifically, we have generated conformational ensembles by performing MD simulations on different liganded states of methionyl tRNA synthetase (MetRS) from Escherichia coli and tryptophenyl tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) from Human. The correlated residues during the MD simulations are identified by cross correlation maps. We have identified the amino acids connecting the correlated residues by the shortest path between the two selected members of the PSN. The frequencies of paths have been evaluated from the MD snapshots[1]. The conformational populations in different liganded states of the protein have been beautifully captured in terms of network parameters such as hubs, cliques and communities[2]. These parameters have been associated with the rigidity and plasticity of the protein conformations and can be associated with free energy landscape. A comparison of allosteric communication in MetRS and TrpRS [3] elucidated in this study highlights diverse means adopted by different enzymes to perform a similar function. The computational method described for these two enzymes can be applied to the investigation of allostery in other systems.