Influência da superfície do titânio nitretado a plasma em diferentes atmosferas na ativação de plaquetas sanguíneas

This study aimed to analyze the biological response of titanium surfaces modified by plasma Ar + N2 + H2. Titanium disks grade II received different surface treatments Ar + N2 + H2 plasma, constituting seven groups including only polished samples used as standard. Before and after treatment the samples were evaluated in terms of topography, crystal structure and wettability, using atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and testing of the sessile drop, respectively. Rich plasma (PRP) was applied to the surfaces modified in culture plates. Images obtained by scanning electron microscopy of the adhered platelets were analyzed to verify the behavior of platelets in the different experimental conditions. We verified that the adition of H2 on plasma atmosphere resulted in more rough surfaces, with round tops. These surfaces, in contrast to that surfaces treated with high concentration of N2, are less propense to platelet aggregation and, consequently, to the formation of thrombus when applied in biomedical devices.

Projeto de absorvedores de micro-ondas integrados com superfícies seletivas em frequência

Considering the fact that, the use of wireless communication systems has grown too fast, investigations concerning absorbers of electromagnetic waves has called closer attention of researchers. It is applicable from indoor systems to military applications. Paralleling with this growth, some extremely relevant investigations through Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) allows its filter property to be applicable in several systems, for example: reflector antennas, band-pass radomes, and absorbers, which are the main objective of this work. Therefore, the main goal of this work concerns to design micro-waves absorbers through FSS. Thus, the methodology consists basically in two steps: the first step concerns a theoretical and numerical analysis of the structures involved in the process of absorption, the second step, the analysis of the cascaded structures. In order to carry out the analysis, the Equivalent Circuit Method will be used. This method provides characteristics of transmission from the structure, for a plane wave incidence and it requires an extremely limited computing resource in relation if compared to full wave analyses method. Hence, it is useful to allow fast predictions of the development of the structures. Furthermore, a spreading matrix will be used in order to cascade the conductive FSS and the resistive FSS achieving absorption characteristics in the designed band. The experimental results used for the analysis are found in the literature due to the difficulty of building soon, given that it is not a simple construction technique. To conclude, a mathematical development through the Equivalent Circuit Method of a FSS modeling with cross-dipole geometry and a resistive FSS will be presented, as well as the cascading involving the two structures. The same setting is used with a square loop geometry. Besides it, the next steps will be discussed in the conclusion.

Estrutura crustal e mantélica da província Borborema através de funções do receptor e dispersão de ondas superficiais

The Borborema Province, located in northeastern Brazil, has a basement of Precambrian age and a tectonic framework structured at the Neoproterozoic (740-560 Ma). After separation between South America and Africa during the Mesozoic, a rift system was formed, giving rise to a number of marginal and inland basins in the Province. After continental breakup, episodes of volcanism and uplift characterized the evolution of the Province. Plateau uplift was initially related to magmatic underplating of mafic material at the base of the crust, perhaps related to the generation of young continental plugs (45-7 Ma) along the Macau-Queimadas Alignment (MQA), due to a small-scale convection at the continental edge. The goal of this study is to investigate the causes of intra-plate uplift and its relationship to MQA volcanism, by using broadband seismology and integrating our results with independent geophysical and geological studies in the Borborema Province. The investigation of the deep structure of the Province with broadband seismic data includes receiver functions and surface-wave dispersion tomography. Both the receiver functions and surface-wave dispersion tomography are methods that use teleseismic events and allow to develop estimates of crustal parameters such as crustal thickness, Vp/Vs ratio, and S-velocity structure. The seismograms used for the receiver function work were obtained from 52 stations in Northeast Brazil: 16 broadband stations from the RSISNE network (Rede Sismográfica do Nordeste do Brasil), and 21 short-period and 6 broadband stations from the INCT-ET network (Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia – Estudos Tectônicos). These results add signifi- cantly to previous datasets collected at individual stations in the Province, which include station RCBR (GSN - Global Seismic Network), stations CAUB and AGBL (Brazilian Lithosphere Seismic Project IAG/USP), and 6 other broadband stations that were part of the Projeto Milênio - Estudos geofísicos e tectônicos na Província Borborema/CNPq. For the surface-wave vii tomography, seismograms recorde at 22 broadband stations were utilized: 16 broadband stations from the RSISNE network and 6 broadband stations from the Milênio project. The new constraints developed in this work include: (i) estimates of crustal thickness and bulk Vp/Vs ratio for each station using receiver functions; (ii) new measurements of surfassewave group velocity, which were integrated to existing measurementes from a continental-scale tomography for South America, and (iii) S-wave velocity models (1D) at various locations in the Borborema Province, developed through the simultaneous inversion of receiver functions and surface-wave dispersion velocities. The results display S-wave velocity structure down to the base of the crust that are consistent with the presence of a 5-7.5 km thick mafic layer. The mafic layer was observed only in the southern portion of the Plateau and absent in its northern portion. Another important observation is that our models divide the plateau into a region of thin crust (northern Plateau) and a region of thick crust (southern Plateau), confirming results from independent refraction surveys and receiver function analyses. Existing models of plateau uplift, nonetheless, cannot explain all the new observations. It is proposed that during the Brazilian orogeny a layer of preexisting mafic material was delaminated, as a whole or in part, from the original Brasiliano crust. Partial delamination would have happened in the southern portion of the plateau, where independent studies found evidence of a more resistant rheology. During Mesozoic rifting, thinning of the crust around the southern Plateau would have formed the marginal basins and the Sertaneja depression, which would have included the northern part of the Plateau. In the Cenozoic, uplift of the northern Plateau would have occurred, resulting in a northern Plateau without mafic material at the base of the crust and a southern Plateau with partially delaminated mafic layer.

Normalização de eletromiografia de superfície dos músculos respiratórios em sujeitos saudáveis: contração voluntária máxima máxima isométrica versus pressões respiratórias máximas

Aim : To evaluate and to standardize surface electromyography (sEMG) normalization procedures for respiratory muscles by comparing muscle activation during Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC) and Maximal Respiratory Pressures (MIP, MEP and sniff test). Methods: Healthy subjects were evalua ted regarding demographics, spirometry and sEMG during the five maneuvers: sniff test, MIP , MEP and Maximal Voluntary Isometric C ontraction (MVIC) of RA, SCM and SC A . For electrode placement, skin was prepared with abrasion, followed by shaving in the foll owing regions for acquisition of el ectromyographic signals: (1) SC M: lower third of the distance between the mastoid process and t he sternoclavicular joint; (2) SC A : 5 cm to the right from the sternoclavicular joint and at this point, up to 2 cm; and (3 ) RA: the level of umbilicus, 4 cm to the right. In electromyographic variables analysis , the data normality was assessed by Shapiro - Wilk test. Comparisons among studied maneuvers were performed by Friedman Test and Dunn’s post - hoc for multiple comparisons a mong inspiratory maneuvers, and Mann Whitney test for expiratory maneuvers. Subgroups differences between genders were performed by Student's t test or Mann - Whitney test according to data normality. Results: 35 subjects participated in the study, b ut 5 we re excluded (BMI> 25 kg/ m²). Sample consisted of 30 subjects (1 5 women), mean age 27.3±7.43 years, BMI 22.2 ± 1.69 kg/m² and spirometric indices within normal limits. Specific MVIC for SCM, SCA and RA showed the highest RMS. When we grouped sample into gender we found no difference among RMS values for the studied SCM maneuvers, while for SCA, MVIC SCM / SCA was the one with the highest RMS and for RA, MVIC RA in men. Once considering women, MVIC SCM/SCA showed the highest RMS for SCM, SCA and MVIC RA showed t he highest value for RA. Conclusion: MVIC for SCM, SCA and RA muscles showed the highest RMS values. When comparing RMS between the studied groups, there was no significant difference between men and women.

Análise da influência do efeito esteira de aerogeradores no microclima na superfície do solo: o caso do parque eólico piloto de Macau/RN

This study aimed to evaluate the microclimate changes surrounding the wind farm Macau Pilot / RN, present in the municipality of the same name. To achieve this goal made use of remote sensing techniques using Landsat - 5 TM and 7 ETM +, from which made it possible evaluation of temperature changes on the surface, this around the park in periods prior to its implementation, to the today. For evaluation of the temperature data that has been generated by applying a template was performed its correlation with field data collection and evaluated the degree of correlation, in order to confirm the validity of the data acquired by satellite. Also held was a characterization of the climate of the region based on the data of this climatological station in Macau. Once collected this data made possible the evaluation of climate change policy in the study region. After validation of the temperature models, an analysis of the generated temperature histograms was performed visually could not identify any significant change. However when analyzing the temperature data at a higher level of detail, a data pattern of behavior was detected for both periods evaluated, yet could not see a distinction between the periods of pre-operation of the park, and post-operation . From this result was levantas hypotheses to explain the behavior of the data, the first of which is the presence of moisture in the soil, and the second to the soil composition. In order to validate the hypotheses were applied PDI techniques, involving a combination of different RGB bands of Landsat 5 and the implementation of Reason bands procedure that might show the elements present on the soil surface.

Utilização de sismos regionais para a determinação de um modelo 1D de velocidades da onda P na Província Borborema - NE do Brasil

In this work it was performed a study to obtain parameters for an 1D regional velocity model for the Borborema Province, NE Brazil. It was used earthquakes occurred between 2001 and 2013 with magnitude greater than 2.9 mb either from epicentres determined from local seismic networks or by back azimuth determination, when possible. We chose seven events which occurred in the main seismic areas in the Borborema Province. The selected events were recorded in up to 74 seismic stations from the following networks: RSISNE, INCT-ET, João Câmara – RN, São Rafael – RN, Caruaru - PE, São Caetano - PE, Castanhão - CE, Santana do Acarau - CE, Taipu – RN e Sobral – CE, and the RCBR (IRIS/USGS—GSN). For the determination of the model parameters were inverted via a travel-time table and its fit. These model parameters were compared with other known model (global and regional) and have improved the epicentral determination. This final set of parameters model, we called MBB is laterally homogeneous with an upper crust at 11,45 km depth and total crustal thickness of 33,9 km. The P-wave velocity in the upper crust was estimated at 6.0 km/s and 6.64 km/s for it lower part. The P-wave velocity in the upper mantle we estimated at 8.21 km/s with an VP/VS ratio of approximately 1.74.

Utilização de sismos regionais para a determinação de um modelo 1D de velocidades da onda P na Província Borborema - NE do Brasil

In this work it was performed a study to obtain parameters for an 1D regional velocity model for the Borborema Province, NE Brazil. It was used earthquakes occurred between 2001 and 2013 with magnitude greater than 2.9 mb either from epicentres determined from local seismic networks or by back azimuth determination, when possible. We chose seven events which occurred in the main seismic areas in the Borborema Province. The selected events were recorded in up to 74 seismic stations from the following networks: RSISNE, INCT-ET, João Câmara – RN, São Rafael – RN, Caruaru - PE, São Caetano - PE, Castanhão - CE, Santana do Acarau - CE, Taipu – RN e Sobral – CE, and the RCBR (IRIS/USGS—GSN). For the determination of the model parameters were inverted via a travel-time table and its fit. These model parameters were compared with other known model (global and regional) and have improved the epicentral determination. This final set of parameters model, we called MBB is laterally homogeneous with an upper crust at 11,45 km depth and total crustal thickness of 33,9 km. The P-wave velocity in the upper crust was estimated at 6.0 km/s and 6.64 km/s for it lower part. The P-wave velocity in the upper mantle we estimated at 8.21 km/s with an VP/VS ratio of approximately 1.74.

Seleção de características para identificação de diferentes proporções de tipos de fibras musculares por meio da eletromiografia de superfície

Skeletal muscle consists of muscle fiber types that have different physiological and biochemical characteristics. Basically, the muscle fiber can be classified into type I and type II, presenting, among other features, contraction speed and sensitivity to fatigue different for each type of muscle fiber. These fibers coexist in the skeletal muscles and their relative proportions are modulated according to the muscle functionality and the stimulus that is submitted. To identify the different proportions of fiber types in the muscle composition, many studies use biopsy as standard procedure. As the surface electromyography (EMGs) allows to extract information about the recruitment of different motor units, this study is based on the assumption that it is possible to use the EMG to identify different proportions of fiber types in a muscle. The goal of this study was to identify the characteristics of the EMG signals which are able to distinguish, more precisely, different proportions of fiber types. Also was investigated the combination of characteristics using appropriate mathematical models. To achieve the proposed objective, simulated signals were developed with different proportions of motor units recruited and with different signal-to-noise ratios. Thirteen characteristics in function of time and the frequency were extracted from emulated signals. The results for each extracted feature of the signals were submitted to the clustering algorithm k-means to separate the different proportions of motor units recruited on the emulated signals. Mathematical techniques (confusion matrix and analysis of capability) were implemented to select the characteristics able to identify different proportions of muscle fiber types. As a result, the average frequency and median frequency were selected as able to distinguish, with more precision, the proportions of different muscle fiber types. Posteriorly, the features considered most able were analyzed in an associated way through principal component analysis. Were found two principal components of the signals emulated without noise (CP1 and CP2) and two principal components of the noisy signals (CP1 and CP2 ). The first principal components (CP1 and CP1 ) were identified as being able to distinguish different proportions of muscle fiber types. The selected characteristics (median frequency, mean frequency, CP1 and CP1 ) were used to analyze real EMGs signals, comparing sedentary people with physically active people who practice strength training (weight training). The results obtained with the different groups of volunteers show that the physically active people obtained higher values of mean frequency, median frequency and principal components compared with the sedentary people. Moreover, these values decreased with increasing power level for both groups, however, the decline was more accented for the group of physically active people. Based on these results, it is assumed that the volunteers of the physically active group have higher proportions of type II fibers than sedentary people. Finally, based on these results, we can conclude that the selected characteristics were able to distinguish different proportions of muscle fiber types, both for the emulated signals as to the real signals. These characteristics can be used in several studies, for example, to evaluate the progress of people with myopathy and neuromyopathy due to the physiotherapy, and also to analyze the development of athletes to improve their muscle capacity according to their sport. In both cases, the extraction of these characteristics from the surface electromyography signals provides a feedback to the physiotherapist and the coach physical, who can analyze the increase in the proportion of a given type of fiber, as desired in each case.

Metodologias de determinação de alturas de onda para dimensionamento de obras marítimas

O clima marítimo ao longo da costa da Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM) apresenta algumas diferenças, sendo para isso fundamental efetuar uma análise das características oceanográficas e geotécnicas do Arquipélago da Madeira. A referida análise tem como pressuposto retratar, o mais fiável possível, as diferenças, incidindo especialmente nos Portos do Funchal, Caniçal, Porto Moniz e Porto Santo. A caracterização e simulação da propagação da agitação marítima, aplicada a estruturas portuárias da RAM, representam o cerne desta dissertação, sendo os seus objetivos primordiais: a definição da onda de projeto de uma obra marítima; a descrição da metodologia de determinação de estimativas de longo prazo; a análise comparativa; a definição de metodologias de cálculo e a aplicação a registos da costa da RAM. Numa primeira fase procedeu-se à recolha de informação bibliográfica e de todos os registos informáticos disponibilizados pelas identidades responsáveis, nomeadamente a Administração dos Portos da Região Autónoma da Madeira (APRAM). Posteriormente efetuou-se um registo fotográfico das estruturas portuárias de modo a poder enquadra-las geograficamente na região. Com recurso aos dados fornecidos pela APRAM e a folhas de cálculo desenvolvidas no programa Microsoft Excel foi possível efetuar uma análise das alturas de onda significativa, do período de pico e da direção de ocorrência, por forma a poder caracterizar a agitação marítima que ocorre em cada um dos locais alvo deste estudo, sendo esta complementada pela análise das variáveis oceanográficas através do programa Carol. O passo seguinte incidiu sobre a análise da propagação da agitação marítima em cada um dos locais analisados, com recurso ao programa Mopla e à caracterização supracitada, por forma a conseguir definir a altura de onda que ocorre na estrutura portuária em causa. Como tarefa final são expostas as principais conclusões, algumas considerações finais e alguns objetivos que deveriam ser alcançados num futuro próximo.

Análisis de onda completa por el método de los momentos de estructuras microtiras eléctricamente grandes

[EN]In this paper we will present a comparison between numerical and asymptotic evaluation of Sommerfeld kind integrals when working with real microstrip problems. We have focused our atention in the time required for both methods. Asymptotic methods are less time consuming than numerical ones, but when you have to compare the time involved in the computation of the Green's function with the time required to fill the MoM matrix, the former is very little in front of the latter.

Våldets onda cirklar : En explorativ undersökning av mäns barndomsupplevelser, maskuliniteter, känslor, våld samt terapeutiska interventioner mot våld

Avhandlingens överordnade syfte är att utforska möjligheterna för ett integrerat forskningsperspektiv på mäns våld samt exemplifiera hur sådan forskning kan bedrivas. Det konkreta syftet är att öka kunskapen om hur våldsamma mäns barndomsupplevelser, socialisation, maskulinitetskonstruktion och emotioner kan relateras till deras våld mot andra män, mot sig själva och mot kvinnor samt till hur terapeutiska interventioner mot våld kan analyseras och utvecklas i korrespondens med denna kunskap. Med vetenskapsteoretiska utgångspunkter hämtade från den kritiska realismen och ekologiska metoder relaterar studien forskning från olika skolbildningar till varandra; - psykologisk: om barndomserfarenheter och socialisation, socialpsykologisk: om emotioner och interaktion samt sociologisk: om social klass, könsmaktsstrukturer och hegemonisk maskulinitet. Detta genomförs för att kunna få tillgång till kunskap om hur olika faktorer samverkar vid mäns våld. I studie I och II studerades möjligheterna att undersöka de sociala banden mellan terapeut/terapi och klient inom terapeutiska behandlingar mot våld. I studie I operationaliserades indikatorer på emotionerna stolthet och skam och i studie II testades dessa på terapeuter inom en KBT-orienterad terapi. I studie IIIundersöktes män i olika maskulinitetspositioner, där urvalet för den ena gruppen hämtades ur populationen män dömda till terapi för våld och missbruk och den andra ur populationen män som organiserat arbetade för jämlikhet och mot våld mot kvinnor. I studien jämfördes de båda gruppernas förhållningssätt till faktorer som i tidigare forskning relaterats till våld och våld mot kvinnor. I studie IVundersöktes våldsdömda mäns karriärer fram till deras nuvarande position som våldsbejakande kriminella i avsikt att öka kunskapen om det samspel mellan faktorer som i olika situationer leder fram till deras våld mot andra män, sig själva och kvinnor. Samtliga empiriska studier använde kvalitativa metoder för datainsamling och analys. I studie IV användes individuella intervjuer och biografisk analys, I studie II ochIII användes gruppintervjuer samt deduktiv innehållsanalys. I studie I, den teoretiska reviewartikeln, utgjorde sociologisk, socialpsykologisk och psykologisk teoribildning empiri. Avhandlingen visar att det finns fler fördelar är nackdelar med ett nivåövergripande perspektiv. Nivåintegrerande studier försvåras av att de kräver en komplex metodologi för att kunna hantera samverkan mellan faktorer bakom våld på olika nivåer men ger å andra sidan en mer holistisk förståelse av fenomenet i fråga. Resultaten visar att integrerande perspektiv kan minska risken för ekologiska felslut och ökar förståelsen av komplex samverkan mellan faktorer bakom mäns våld, något som kan komma att bidra till kunskapsutvecklingen inom våldsterapiområdet. Den teoretiska reviewartikeln (studie I) exemplifierade hur teoretiskt och metodologiskt driven forskning om sociala band kan göras pragmatiskt tillämpbar av terapeuter inom våldbehandlingar. Den tillämpade studien av en KBT-terapi (studie II) gav exempel på hur operationaliserade indikatorer på stolthet och skam kan användas praktiskt för att bestämma kvalitén på det sociala bandet mellan terapeut och klient. Den studerade KBT-terapin innehöll som förväntat både skam- och stolthetskapande moment vilket utgör värdefulla utgångspunkter för vidare forskning. Jämförelsen mellan män i idealtypiskt motsatta maskulinitetspositioner (studie III) visade att både gruppen av män som arbetar mot våld mot kvinnor och männen dömda till behandling mot våld, bär på ambivalenta attityder gentemot våld och våld mot kvinnor. Jämförelsen visade vidare att gruppernas maskulinitetskonstruktioner och attityder till våld korresponderar med grupperingarnas olika tillgång till ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella resurser. Den biografiskt fokuserade kvalitativa studien av män i våldsbehandling (studie IV) undersökte explorativt hur karriären fram till våldskriminell kan se ut och hur barndomsupplevelser, socialisation, maskulinitet och emotioner hos enskilda våldsverkande män kan tänkas ha samverkat med varandra när våld äger rum. Resultaten visade att de män som vittnar om utsatthet för allvarligt våld i barndomen är mer skambenägna och vid kränkningar från andra tenderar att omedvetet och utan föregående känslor av skam direkt reagera med aggressioner och våld mot båda könen. Övriga män var visserligen skambenägna men beskrev en mer kontrollerad våldsreaktion. Två män som blivit brutalt fysiskt mobbade i grundskolan, berättade om ett mer kontrollerat våld. En preliminär hypotes är att männen kan ha lärt sig att kognitivt, för att undslippa fortsatt mobbing, ta kontrollen över processen där skamkänslor ersätts med aggressioner. Föräldrarnas personliga problem tillsammans med deras bristande sociala kontroll och omsorg antogs ha ett samband med flera av männens skolproblem, deras umgänge med avvikande ungdomar, deras senare svårigheter med att kunna försörja sig med konventionella medel samt deras våldskarriärer.

Importância da rugosidade da superfície implantar

Desde 1965 em que se colocaram as primeiras próteses osteointegradas sob os princípios de Brånemark, a implantologia sofreu uma constante e notória evolução e consiste, hoje, na primeira linha de tratamento em reabilitação oral. Os mecanismos que induzem a adesão óssea ou a união entre o implante e o osso, ainda não são perfeitamente conhecidos. As conclusões que se obtiveram das pesquisas, demostraram que a taxa de osteointegração dos impantes e o índice de sucesso relacionam-se com a composição química e com a rugosidade da superfície. Os implantes com rugosidades superficiais possuem maior estabilidade primária e modificam os mecanismos de interação das células com a superfície, quando comparados com os de superfície lisa. Quanto à composição química das superfícies dos implantes, as enriquecidas com cálcio e hidroxiapatite, favorecem e promovem o processo de cicatrização e de deposição óssea. Os estudos comparativos entre as superfícies modificadas por métodos de tratamento físicos e/ou químicos, quando comparados com as superfícies maquinadas, demonstram a superioridade das superfícies rugosas em muitos aspectos biomecânicos, sendo hoje um consenso entre a comunidade científica, a superioridade das superfícies modificadas. Independentemente das evidências científicas apontarem para maiores taxas de sucesso associadas ás superfícies tratadas, ainda há um longo caminho a percorrer para colmatar todas as falhas existentes na atualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a realização de uma revisão bibliográfica, através da pesquisa de artigos da Pubmed, B-On, Science Direct, Scielo de forma a aprofundar conhecimentos das vantagens e desvantagens da rugosidade presente na superfície implantar, assim como alertar os médicos dentistas para a importância a ter com a rugosidade em excesso e tentar perceber qual a rugosidade dita ideal. Não se limitou o tempo de pesquisa mas deu-se relevância a referências científicas dos últimos 20 anos, publicados em língua portuguesa e inglesa.