Curva de aprendizaje para ecografía cardiaca en residentes de primer y segundo año de medicina crítica de la universidad del rosario en el año 2016

La ecografía básica cardiaca (ECB) es una herramienta útil en la Unidad de Cuidados intensivos al facilitar la realización de ciertas intervenciones. No se ha definido el número de repeticiones necesarias para obtener un nivel de competencia adecuado. La evidencia encontrada indica un número mínimo de cincuenta repeticiones, para alcanzar cierto grado de habilidad.

Revisión de la literatura científica sobre publicidad de medicamentos de venta libre y comportamiento del consumidor

El consumo de medicamentos es un asunto que actualmente se ha convertido en una preocupación a nivel global, ya que no todos los medicamentos están sujetos a prescripción médica, y esto implica que su consumo dependa de otras fuentes de información, como la publicidad masiva o el consejo de personas legas, entre otros. Esta revisión se basó en la publicidad y el impacto que tiene esta frente al consumidor. La presente revisión se dividió en dos categorías dado la relevancia del tema, en la primera se encuentra las características de los medicamentos de venta libre donde se evidenció cómo funciona el sector de la industria farmacéutica, las características de los medicamentos en general y los riesgos del abuso de este comportamiento. Así mismo, en la segunda categoria se habló sobre la publicidad y mercadeo de ventas libres donde se evidenció el alto impacto que tiene la publicidad en el consumidor, las restricciones que hay en el contexto nacional e internacional.

Fragmentos axiológicos e eixos de afirmação do Direito da Medicina

Existem aspectos peculiares e universais no ordenamento normativo da saúde, tal como nas relações jurídicas entre os profissionais de saúde e os pacientes. Os que ressaltam em originalidade e perpassam outras disciplinas decorrem logo da dignidade e da autonomia (vg. privacidade e autonomia: consentimento esclarecido e, radicalmente, a recusa e revogação). Neste texto vou abordar além do cuidado e da solidariedade, nesse feixe que conexiona o Digesto, alguns aspectos sobre princípios como o de respeito e reconhecimento, e entre o mais, apontar contributos para uma autonomia disciplinar que parece impor-se: a do Direito da Medicina.

Uso de análise de sobrevivência para estudos fenológicos em fruteiras.

Métodos estatísticos conhecidos como análise de sobrevivência, são comumente utilizados em medicina, ciências sociais e engenharia, em estudos onde a variável-resposta de interesse é o tempo até ocorrência de um evento (morte, divórcio, falha de um equipamento). Esses métodos permitem a estimação de curvas ditas funções de sobrevivência, que representam a probabilidade de ocorrência de um evento num tempo superior a t (Prob Y>t), para diferentes valores de t (KALBFLEISH e PRENTICE 1980; ALLISON, 1995; COLOSIMO e GIOLO, 2006). Na pesquisa agrícola, informações sobre eventos fenológicos, mensuradas em escala temporal (ex. tempo até o florescimento, tempo até a colheita), são fundamentais para o manejo eficiente da cultura. Apesar do seu uso generalizado nas áreas anteriormente citadas, a análise de sobrevivência ainda é pouco utilizada em estudos fenológicos (GIENAPP; HEMERIK; VISSER, 2005). A análise de sobrevivência apresenta uma série de vantagens em relação às abordagens tradicionais baseadas na duração média de estádios fenológicos, entre as quais: a) permite comparar o padrão de ocorrência do evento fenológico de interesse (floração, maturação) ao longo do tempo; b) possiblita estimar probabilidade de ocorrência de eventos em intervalos específicos, importantes para o planejamento de atividades de manejo ou comercialização; c) fornece informações sobre percentis (ex. data em que 50% das plantas floresceram, data em que 90% dos cachos atingiram o ponto de colheita); d) permite avaliar o efeito de tratamentos sobre as referidas medidas e e) não requerem os pressupostos de homogeneidade de variâncias nem normalidade.Neste trabalho apresentamos e discutimos o uso de métodos não paramétricos de análise de sobrevivência em estudos de fenologia de fruteiras, utilizando como exemplo, um estudo sobre o efeito de diferentes tipos de adubos minerais e orgânicos sobre aspectos fenológicos da bananeira.

Aspectos fenológicos do ajirú, Chrysobalanus icaco L. (Chrysobalanaceae).

Chrysobalanus icaco L. é um vegetal pertencente à família Chrysobalanaceae, conhecida popularmente como guajuru, guajiru, ariu, abajiru e ajirú. É utilizada na medicina popular com atividades, como o aumento da taxa glicêmica (diabetes), sendo que também está ligada a fitopatologia de doenças crônicas, infecção urinária ou pedra nos rins. O conhecimento do comportamento fenológico, no caso da floração e frutificação das plantas norteiam estudos para a utilização desse vegetal como matéria-prima para obtenção de derivados e usos medicinais. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o período de floração e frutificação do ajirú (Chrysobalanus icaco L.), visando identificar o melhor período para a coleta e utilização das folhas. Os valores de precipitação pluviométrica foram fornecidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), utilizando-se a média acumulada mensal para o período estudado. Para as observações fenológicas foram selecionados 7 indivíduos de ajirú, onde ocorreu floração e frutificação durante todos os meses do ano, exceto nos meses de maio e junho. Na floração, as menores médias de dias foram observadas nos meses de abril, junho e agosto com 3,2; 3,5 e 4 dias respectivamente, já na frutificação as maiores médias de número de dias foram verificadas nos meses de outubro, dezembro e janeiro com 14; 12,8 e 12 dias, respectivamente. O período de precipitação pluviométrica influenciou as fenofases da planta estudada.

Aspectos toxicológicos e ambientais dos agrotóxicos aplicados na cultura do melão.

2008

Sexual selection in a tropical fruit fly : role of a plant derived chemical in mate choice

The specific mechanisms by which selective pressures affect individuals are often difficult to resolve. In tephritid fruit flies, males respond strongly and positively to certain plant derived chemicals. Sexual selection by female choice has been hypothesized as the mechanism driving this behaviour in certain species, as females preferentially mate with males that have fed on these chemicals. This hypothesis is, to date, based on studies of only very few species and its generality is largely untested. We tested the hypothesis on different spatial scales (small cage and seminatural field-cage) using the monophagous fruit fly, Bactrocera cacuminata. This species is known to respond to methyl eugenol (ME), a chemical found in many plant species and one upon which previous studies have focused. Contrary to expectation, no obvious female choice was apparent in selecting ME-fed males over unfed males as measured by the number of matings achieved over time, copulation duration, or time of copulation initiation. However, the number of matings achieved by ME-fed males was significantly greater than unfed males 16 and 32 days after exposure to ME in small cages (but not in a field-cage). This delayed advantage suggests that ME may not influence the pheromone system of B. cacuminata but may have other consequences, acting on some other fitness consequence (e.g., enhancement of physiology or survival) of male exposure to these chemicals. We discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of our findings to explore alternate hypotheses to explain the patterns of response of dacine fruit flies to specific plant-derived chemicals.

New particle formation and growth at a remote, sub-tropical coastal location

A month-long intensive measurement campaign was conducted in March/April 2007 at Agnes Water, a remote coastal site just south of the Great Barrier Reef on the east coast of Australia. Particle and ion size distributions were continuously measured during the campaign. Coastal nucleation events were observed in clean, marine air masses coming from the south-east on 65% of the days. The events usually began at ~10:00 local time and lasted for 1-4 hrs. They were characterised by the appearance of a nucleation mode with a peak diameter of ~10 nm. The freshly nucleated particles grew within 1-4 hrs up to sizes of 20-50 nm. The events occurred when solar intensity was high (~1000 W m-2) and RH was low (~60%). Interestingly, the events were not related to tide height. The volatile and hygroscopic properties of freshly nucleated particles (17-22.5 nm), simultaneously measured with a volatility-hygroscopicity-tandem differential mobility analyser (VH-TDMA), were used to infer chemical composition. The majority of the volume of these particles was attributed to internally mixed sulphate and organic components. After ruling out coagulation as a source of significant particle growth, we conclude that the condensation of sulphate and/or organic vapours was most likely responsible for driving particle growth during the nucleation events. We cannot make any direct conclusions regarding the chemical species that participated in the initial particle nucleation. However, we suggest that nucleation may have resulted from the photo-oxidation products of unknown sulphur or organic vapours emitted from the waters of Hervey Bay, or from the formation of DMS-derived sulphate clusters over the open ocean that were activated to observable particles by condensable vapours emitted from the nutrient rich waters around Fraser Island or Hervey Bay. Furthermore, a unique and particularly strong nucleation event was observed during northerly wind. The event began early one morning (08:00) and lasted almost the entire day resulting in the production of a large number of ~80 nm particles (average modal concentration during the event was 3200 cm-3). The Great Barrier Reef was the most likely source of precursor vapours responsible for this event.

Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Tropical and Temperae Agriculture: The Need for a Full-Cost Accounting of Global Warming Potentials

Agriculture's contribution to radiative forcing is principally through its historical release of carbon in soil and vegetation to the atmosphere and through its contemporary release of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CHM4). The sequestration of soil carbon in soils now depleted in soil organic matter is a well-known strategy for mitigating the buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere. Less well-recognized are other mitigation potentials. A full-cost accounting of the effects of agriculture on greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to quantify the relative importance of all mitigation options. Such an analysis shows nitrogen fertilizer, agricultural liming, fuel use, N2O emissions, and CH4 fluxes to have additional significant potential for mitigation. By evaluating all sources in terms of their global warming potential it becomes possible to directly evaluate greenhouse policy options for agriculture. A comparison of temperate and tropical systems illustrates some of these options.

Green building, green neighbourhoods : a sub-tropical urban design handbook for planners

The Subtropical Design Handbook for Planners is primarily intended to provide advice in developing planning schemes to achieve the South East Queensland Regional Plan’s vision. This calls for ‘development which is sustainable and well-designed, and where the subtropical character of the region is recognised and reinforced’.

Theoretical comparison of innovative window daylighting devices for a sub-tropical climate using radiance

Daylighting in tropical and sub-tropical climates presents a unique challenge that is generally not well understood by designers. In a sub-tropical region such as Brisbane, Australia the majority of the year comprises of sunny clear skies with few overcast days and as a consequence windows can easily become sources of overheating and glare. The main strategy in dealing with this issue is extensive shading on windows. However, this in turn prevents daylight penetration into buildings often causing an interior to appear gloomy and dark even though there is more than sufficient daylight available. As a result electric lighting is the main source of light, even during the day. Innovative daylight devices which redirect light from windows offer a potential solution to this issue. These devices can potentially improve daylighting in buildings by increasing the illumination within the environment decreasing the high contrast between the window and work regions and deflecting potentially glare causing sunlight away from the observer. However, the performance of such innovative daylighting devices are generally quantified under overcast skies (i.e. daylight factors) or skies without sun, which are typical of European climates and are misleading when considering these devices for tropical or sub-tropical climates. This study sought to compare four innovative window daylighting devices in RADIANCE; light shelves, laser cut panels, micro-light guides and light redirecting blinds. These devices were simulated in RADIANCE under sub-tropical skies (for Brisbane) within the test case of a typical CBD office space. For each device the quantity of light redirected and its distribution within the space was used as the basis for comparison. In addition, glare analysis on each device was conducted using Weinold and Christoffersons evalglare. The analysis was conducted for selected hours for a day in each season. The majority of buildings that humans will occupy in their lifetime are already constructed, and extensive remodelling of most of these buildings is unlikely. Therefore the most effective way to improve daylighting in the near future will be through the alteration existing window spaces. Thus it will be important to understand the performance of daylighting systems with respect to the climate it is to be used in. This type of analysis is important to determine the applicability of a daylighting strategy so that designers can achieve energy efficiency as well the health benefits of natural daylight.