Anàlisi legal del projecte Google books des de la perspectiva dels drets de propietat intel·lectual

Objectiu. Descriure el projecte Google books i analitzar-lo des de la perspectiva legal, tenint en compte els tres agents principals implicats: Google, els titulars de drets de propietat intel·lectual i les biblioteques. Metodologia. Anàlisi legal comparada (legislacions dels Estats Units, de França i d'Espanya) de les implicacions del projecte Google books sobre els drets de propietat intel·lectual i el dret de la competència. Estudi de les demandes plantejades contra Google als Estats Units i a Europa, aixícom les possibles conseqüències de l'acord de conciliació adoptat per Google i les associacionsd'autors i editors als Estats Units. Resultats. Google books ha suposat una infracció massiva de drets de propietat intel·lectual. Per determinar si els llibres d'una biblioteca han entrat en el domini públic o no, cal determinar prèviament quina llei nacional resulta aplicable a cada llibre. La posada a disposició a Google books d'obres descatalogades i tan sols fragments de llibres que es troben a la venda no pot dursea terme sense l'autorització dels titulars. En el cas de les obres òrfenes, l'explotació exigeixl'adopció de certes mesures prèvies per garantir els drets dels titulars, en cas que aquests arribina conèixer-se. L'acord de conciliació adoptat als Estats Units entre Google i les associacionsd'autors i editors pot implicar una posició de monopoli per part de Google en relació amb la venda dels llibres descatalogats i les obres òrfenes.

Análisis legal del proyecto Google books desde la perspectiva de los derechos de propiedad intelectual

Objetivos: Describir el proyecto Google books y analizarlo desde la perspectiva legal, teniendo en cuenta los tres agentes principales implicados en el mismo: Google, los titulares de derechos de propiedad intelectual y las bibliotecas. Metodología: Análisis legal comparado (legislaciones de Estados Unidos, Francia y España) de las implicaciones del proyecto Google books sobre los derechos de propiedad intelectual y el derecho de la competencia. Estudio de las demandas planteadas contra Google en Estados Unidos y en Europa, así como las posibles consecuencias del acuerdo de conciliación adoptado por Google y las asociaciones de autores y editores en Estados Unidos. Resultados: Google books ha supuesto una infracción masiva de derechos de propiedad intelectual. Para determinar si los libros que se encuentran en una biblioteca han entrado o no el dominio público, es preciso determinar previamente qué ley nacional resulta aplicable a cada libro. La puesta a disposición en Google books de obras descatalogadas y únicamente de fragmentos de libros que se encuentran a la venta no puede llevarse a cabo sin laautorización de los titulares. En el caso de las obras huérfanas, su explotación exige la adopción de ciertas medidas previas para garantizar los derechos de los titulares, en el caso de que estos lleguen a conocerse. El acuerdo de conciliación adoptado en Estados Unidos entre Google y las asociaciones de autores y editores puede implicar una posición de monopolio por parte de Google en relación a la venta de los libros descatalogados y de las obras huérfanas.

A gated single-photon avalanche diode array fabricated in a conventional CMOS process for triggered systems

A bidimensional array based on single-photon avalanche diodes for triggered imaging systems is presented. The diodes are operated in the gated mode of acquisition to reduce the probability to detect noise counts interfering with photon arrival events. In addition, low reverse bias overvoltages are used to lessen the dark count rate. Experimental results demonstrate that the prototype fabricated with a standard HV-CMOS process gets rid of afterpulses and offers a reduced dark count probability by applying the proposed modes of operation. The detector exhibits a dynamic range of 15 bits with short gated"on" periods of 10ns and a reverse bias overvoltage of 1.0V.

Avoiding sensor blindness in Geiger mode avalanche photodiode arrays fabricated in a conventional CMOS process

The need to move forward in the knowledge of the subatomic world has stimulated the development of new particle colliders. However, the objectives of the next generation of colliders sets unprecedented challenges to the detector performance. The purpose of this contribution is to present a bidimensional array based on avalanche photodiodes operated in the Geiger mode to track high energy particles in future linear colliders. The bidimensional array can function in a gated mode to reduce the probability to detect noise counts interfering with real events. Low reverse overvoltages are used to lessen the dark count rate. Experimental results demonstrate that the prototype fabricated with a standard HV-CMOS process presents an increased efficiency and avoids sensor blindness by applying the proposed techniques.

Relocation Assistance and Advisory Services, November 4, 2010

This brochure provides general information about relocation assistance provided by the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) for those individuals who may be required to move as a result of a highway project. It is not intended to be a legal document that comprehensively explains every right or obligation you have as established by Chapter 316, Code of Iowa; Federal Public Laws 91-646 and 100-17; and 49 CFR. Your relocation advisor will provide the assistance you need to successfully relocate to a suitable replacement property. Your first contact with your relocation advisor will usually occur during the early stages of the appraisal process, and he or she will continue to work with you until you have moved and become established at a new location. Do not hesitate to ask questions so you are sure you understand the process, your rights and the benefits available to you. Please let your DOT relocation advisor know your needs and preferences. If your relocation advisor is unable to help you with a specific problem or concern, he or she may know of another person or an organization that can help you.

Comparison between molecular dynamics abd Monte Carlo simulations of an ordering process in a binary alloy

Ordering in a binary alloy is studied by means of a molecular-dynamics (MD) algorithm which allows to reach the domain growth regime. Results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations using a realistic vacancy-atom (MC-VA) mechanism. At low temperatures fast growth with a dynamical exponent x>1/2 is found for MD and MC-VA. The study of a nonequilibrium ordering process with the two methods shows the importance of the nonhomogeneity of the excitations in the system for determining its macroscopic kinetics.

Clarifying the Quadrennial Needs Study Process, December 1993

The Quadrennial Needs Study was developed to assist in the identification of highway needs and the distribution of road funds in Iowa among the various highway entities. During the period 1978 to 1990, the process has seen large shifts in needs and associated funding distribution in individual counties with no apparent reasons. This study investigated the reasons for such shifts. The study identified program inputs that can result in major shifts in needs either up or down from minor changes in the input values. The areas of concern were identified as the condition ratings for roads and structures, traffic volume and mix counts, and the assignment of construction cost areas. Eight counties exhibiting the large shifts (greater than 30%) in needs over time were used to test the sensitivity of the variables. A ninth county was used as the base line for the study. Recommendations are identified for improvements in the process of data collection in the areas of road and structure condition--rating, traffic, and in the assignment of construction cost areas. Advice is also offered in how to account for changes in jurisdiction between successive studies. Maintenance cost area assignment and levels of maintenance service are identified as requiring additional detailed research.

Development of a Model for the Ice Scraping Process, October 1996

A laboratory study has been conducted with two aims in mind. The first goal was to develop a description of how a cutting edge scrapes ice from the road surface. The second goal was to investigate the extent, if any, to which serrated blades were better than un-serrated or "classical" blades at ice removal. The tests were conducted in the Ice Research Laboratory at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research of the University of Iowa. A specialized testing machine, with a hydraulic ram capable of attaining scraping velocities of up to 30 m.p.h. was used in the testing. In order to determine the ice scraping process, the effects of scraping velocity, ice thickness, and blade geometry on the ice scraping forces were determined. Higher ice thickness lead to greater ice chipping (as opposed to pulverization at lower thicknesses) and thus lower loads. Behavior was observed at higher velocities. The study of blade geometry included the effect of rake angle, clearance angle, and flat width. The latter were found to be particularly important in developing a clear picture of the scraping process. As clearance angle decreases and flat width increases, the scraping loads show a marked increase, due to the need to re-compress pulverized ice fragments. The effect of serrations was to decrease the scraping forces. However, for the coarsest serrated blades (with the widest teeth and gaps) the quantity of ice removed was significantly less than for a classical blade. Finer serrations appear to be able to match the ice removal of classical blades at lower scraping loads. Thus, one of the recommendations of this study is to examine the use of serrated blades in the field. Preliminary work (by Nixon and Potter, 1996) suggests such work will be fruitful. A second and perhaps more challenging result of the study is that chipping of ice is more preferable to pulverization of the ice. How such chipping can be forced to occur is at present an open question.

Spatial planning to the test of property rights in Switzerland : an innovative land management approach to coordinate spatial planning goals with property rights interests

In Switzerland, the land management regime is characterized by a liberal attitude towards the institution of property rights, which is guaranteed by the Constitution. Under the present Swiss constitutional arrangement, authorities (municipalities) are required to take into account landowners' interests when implementing their spatial planning policy. In other words, the institution of property rights cannot be restricted easily in order to implement zoning plans and planning projects. This situation causes many problems. One of them is the gap between the way land is really used by the landowners and the way land should be used based on zoning plans. In fact, zoning plans only describe how landowners should use their property. There is no sufficient provision for handling cases where the use is not in accordance with zoning plans. In particular, landowners may not be expropriated for a non-conforming use of the land. This situation often leads to the opening of new building areas in greenfields and urban sprawl, which is in contradiction with the goals set into the Federal Law on Spatial Planning. In order to identify legal strategies of intervention to solve the problem, our paper is structured into three main parts. Firstly, we make a short description of the Swiss land management regime. Then, we focus on an innovative land management approach designed to implement zoning plans in accordance with property rights. Finally, we present a case study that shows the usefulness of the presented land management approach in practice. We develop three main results. Firstly, the land management approach brings a mechanism to involve landowners in planning projects. Coordination principle between spatial planning goals and landowners' interests is the cornerstone of all the process. Secondly, the land use is improved both in terms of space and time. Finally, the institution of property rights is not challenged, since there is no expropriation and the market stays free.