Preservación de la anchoveta a bordo de las embarcaciones pesqueras, con fines industriales de reducción (nivel de laboratorio)

Describe el estudio de preservación de la anchoveta a nivel de laboratorio, a bordo de las embarcaciones pesqueras, empleando diferentes reactivos químicos (nitrito de sodio, INH-100, benzoato de sodio), en comparación con los métodos de refrigeración con hielo y con agua de mar refrigerada. Así mismo, también se indican las recomendaciones para el desarrollo de la etapa a nivel industrial que comprende: estudios para determinar los remanentes de los reactivos preservadores en la harina y los compuestos tóxicos que pudieron formarse durante el procesamiento; el rendimiento y calidad de los productos (harina y aceite) y los estudios de nutrición y toxicología.

Distribución de abundancia de los recursos pelágicos a fines de otoño 1998. Crucero BIC José Olaya Balandra 9805-06 de Tacna a Máncora

Se describe la distribución de abundancia por concentración de los principales recursos pelágicos: anchoveta, sardina, jurel y caballa; y adicionalmente de la samasa por el incremento en su distribución en los meses de febrero a mayo de 1998. Para la distribución de abundancia se utilizó una ecosonda científica SIMRAD EK 500 con frecuencias de 38 y 120 kHz en un rango de detección de 3,5 a 250 m de profundidad, distribuidos en nueve capas de integración. Para el muestreo acústico se utilizó una grilla sistemática paralela con una separación de 15 mn entre cada transecto; se realizaron en total 135 lances de pesca para la comprobación de eco-registros (BIC José Olaya Balandra y lancha). Las áreas de distribución de cada recurso se determinaron mediante un programa de software de interpolación de datos.

Distribución de los recursos pesqueros de mayor abundancia a fines del invierno 1998. Crucero BIC Humboldt y BIC Jose Olaya Balandra 9808-09 de Paita a Tacna

Describe la distribución de abundancia de diversos recursos pelágicos y demersales: anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), sardina (Sardinops sagax), jurel (Trachurus picturatus murphyi), caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanus), samasa (Anchoa nasus), Vinciguerria lucetia, falso volador (Prionotus stephanophrys), bagre (Galeichthys peruvianus), pez cinta (Trichiurus lepturus) y múnida (Pleuroncodes monodon). Como plataformas de muestreo en el Cr. 9808-09, se utilizaron: para la zona Paita al Callao: el BIC Humboldt y la lancha IMARPE IV; y para la zona Los Palos (Tacna) al Callao, el BIC José Olaya Balandra y la lancha IMARPE V. Para la distribución de abundancia se utilizaron las ecosondas científicas SIMRAD EK 500 con frecuencias de 38 y 120 kHz de ambos buques, en un rango de detección de 3,5 a 400 m de profundidad, distribuidos en nueve capas de integración. Para el muestreo acústico se utilizó una grilla sistemática paralela con una separación de 12 mn entre cada transecto; se realizaron en total 352 laces de pesca. Las áreas de distribución de cada recurso se determinaron mediante un programa de software de interpolación de datos.

Situación de la anchoveta y otros recursos pelágicos en el mar peruano a fines de 1998. Crucero BIC José Olaya Balandra 9811-12

Durante noviembre y diciembre de 1998 se realizó el crucero de evaluación de recursos pelágicos en la costa peruana que permitió observar cambios en la distribución, estructura por tamaños y estructura de la biomasa de los principales recursos pelágicos. La biomasa de anchoveta se incrementó 120% respecto al crucero de setiembre, con una presencia continua de anchoveta y mayores concentraciones en una amplia área que comprende hasta las 40 millas de la costa. Otros recursos mesopelágicos y demersales, como vinciguerria, falso volador y bagre han disminuido sus biomasas, observándose el incremento en la biomasa de múnida o camaroncito rojo y medusas. El porcentaje de juveniles de la mayoría de recursos pesqueros continua siendo alto, indicándonos que sigue desarrollándose el proceso de renovación de sus poblaciones. Las tallas de anchoveta mostraron un cambio significativo respecto al crucero de setiembre, con predominio en número de ejemplares pequeños de talla modal en 5,0 y 6,5 cm, y con la reaparición de ejemplares adultos con moda en 14,0 cm no detectados en cruceros anteriores. En sardina, jurel y caballa persiste la incidencia de ejemplares juveniles. En el aspecto reproductivo, durante el periodo Post Niño, destaca la continuidad del proceso reproductivo de anchoveta iniciado en el otoño de 1998, y la mayor proporción de desovantes en ejemplares mayores de 14,0 cm. Así mismo, se incluyen algunas notas sobre distribución de cefalópodos

Estimación hidroacústica de la biomasa de merluza peruana a fines de invierno e inicios de la primavera 2001

Para el siguiente estudio se utilizó la econsonda científica EK60de 38 khz de frecuencia con transductores tipo Split vean. Se encontraron concentraciones aisladas de merluza, de sde Chérrepe a Puerto Pizarro.

La anchoveta y otros recursos pelágicos en el mar peruano a fines de 1999. Crucero BICs José Olaya Balandra y SNP-2 9911-12

Se observaron los cambios en la distribución, estructura poblacional y biomasa de los principales recursos pelágicos.

Estructura comunitaria bentodemersal peruana a fines de invierno de la primavera austral 2001

Analiza las 54 operaciones de pesca con captura total realizadas por el crucero BIC desde el puerto Huarmey hasta Puerto Pizarro.

Biomasa de seis recursos pesqueros del stock norte-centro a fines del invierno 2000

Se estimaron las biomasas de las especies: anchoveta, jurel, caballa, vinciguerra, bagre y múnida.

Iron deficiency in infancy: is an immigrant more at risk?

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: Iron deficiency with or without anaemia is the most common deficiency in the world. Its prevalence is higher in developing countries and in low socioeconomic populations. We aimed at determining and comparing the prevalence of iron deficiency in an immigrant and non-immigrant population. METHODS: Every child scheduled for a routine check-up at 12 months of age was allowed to participate in the study. Haemoglobin, ferritin, anthropometric data, familial and nutritional status were measured. RESULTS: 586 infants were eligible and 463 were included in the study as they had assessment data at 12 months. Children were divided into two groups: immigrants' children and non-immigrants' children. The global prevalence of iron deficiency was 5.7% at 12 months. A significant difference for iron deficiency was noticed between the groups at 12 months (p = 0.01). Among risk factors, immigration (odds ratio 2.91; 95% CI 1.05-8.04) and unemployment (odds ratio 6.08; 95% CI 1.18-31.30) had the higher odds in the multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of iron deficiency in the immigrant population is higher than in non-immigrants. Immigration and the category of employment are risk factors for iron deficiency, as starting baby cereals before 9 months is a protective factor. Good socioeconomic conditions in Switzerland, the quality of food for pregnant women and young infants may be the explanation. A study up to five years of age is necessary before drawing general conclusions on infancy.

Genesis and distribution of Mississippi Valley-type ore assemblages in Middle Silurian strata, Niagara Peninsula, Ontario /

Presently non-commercial occurrences of Mississippi Valley-type ore assemblages in the Middle Silurian strata of the Niagara Peninsula have been studied. Based on this detailed study, a new poly-stage genetic model is proposed which relates ore mineralization in carbonate environments to the evolution of the sedimentary basin. Sulphide ore mineralization occurred during two episodes: 1. During the late diagenesis stage, which is characterized by compaction-maturation of the sediments, the initial mineralization took place by upward and outward movement of connate waters. Metals were probably supplied from all the sediments regardless of their specific lithologies. However, clay minerals were possibly the main contributors. The possible source of sulphur was from petroleum-type hydrocarbons presently mixed with the sediments at the site of ore deposition. Evidence for this is the fact that the greatest abundance of ore minerals is in petroliferous carbonates. The hydrocarbons probably represent liquids remaining after upward migration to the overlying Guelph-Salina reservoirs. The majority of sphalerite and galena formed during this period, as well as accessory pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, arsenopyrite, and pyrrhotite; and secondary dolomite, calcite, celestite, and gypsum. 2. During the presently ongoing surface erosion and weathering phase, which is marked by the downward movement of groundwater, preexisting sulphides were probably remobilized, and trace amounts of lead and zinc were leached from the host material, by groundwaters. Metal sulphides precipitated at, or below, the water table, or where atmospheric oxygen could raise the Eh of groundwaters to the point where soluble metal complexes are unstable and native sulphur co-precipitates with sphalerite and galena. This process, which can be observed today, also results in the transport and deposition of the host rock material. Breakdown of pre-existing sulphide and sulphate, as well as hydrocarbon present in the host rock, provided sulphur necessary for sulphide precipitation. The galena and sphalerite are accompanied by dolomite, calcite, gypsum, anglesite, native sulphur and possibly zincite.

Effect of iron on reactivity of vanillin in wine models /

Phenolic compounds are important components of grapes and wines. They have been found to have important roles in grape and wine systems and properties that are beneficial for human health. Vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) is a phenolic compound coming from the oxidative degradation of lignin in oak-barrels during the aging of wine. Vanillin is an important flavour component of wine and its concentration in wine influences significantly the aroma and flavour of wine. The concentration of vanillin in wine is affected by various factors including the presence of metal ions. In this work, by using HPLC, HPLC-MS, and MS technologies, iron (III) cations were found to affect the oxidation of vanillin in a model system of wine, and the product of the oxidation was identified as divanillin. The mechanism of the redox reaction between vanillin and Fe^"^ is thought to follow that of other phenol oxidations. Increasing the concentration of Fe ^ in the model system accelerates divanillin production. The best pH condition for the divanillin production in the system is the range of 3.0 ~ 3.5. Increasing temperature from 20°C to 40°C accelerates the divanillin production. Divanillin was found to exist in three commercial red wines in this work. Keeping the storage temperature cool and decreasing the contact of grapes and wines with iron are two major measures suggested by this work in order to decrease the oxidation of vanillin during the making and aging of wine.

Half-sandwich silane complexes of ruthenium and iron : synthesis, structure and application to catalysis

The present thesis describes syntheses, structural studies, and catalytic reactivity of new non-classical silane complexes of ruthenium and iron. The ruthenium complexes CpRu(PPri3)CI(T]2-HSiR3) (1) (SiR3 = SiCh (a), SiClzMe (b), SiCIMe2 (c), SiH2Ph (d), SiMe2Ph (e» were prepared by reactions of the new unsaturated complex CpRu(PPri3)CI with silanes. According to NMR studies and X-ray analyses, the complexes la-c exhibit unusual simultaneous Si··· H and Si··· CI-Ru interactions. The complex CpRu(PPri3)CI was also used for the preparation of the first examples of late transition metal agostic silylamido complexes CpRu(PPri3)(N(T]2-HSiMe2)R) (2) (R= Ar or But), which were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The iron complexes CpFe(PMePri2)H2(SiR3) (3) (SiR3 = SiCh (a), SiClzMe (b), SiCIMe2 (c), SiH2Ph (d), SiMe2Ph (e» were synthesized by the reaction of the new borohydride iron complex CpFe(PMePri2)(B~) with silanes in the presence NEt3. The complexes 3 exhibit unprecedented two simultaneous and equivalent Si··· H interactions, which was confirmed by X-ray analyses and DFT calculations. A series of cationic ruthenium complexes [CpRu(PR3)(CH3CN)(112-HSiR'3)]BAF (PR3 = PPri 3 (4), PPh3 (5); SiR'3 = SiCh (a), SiClzMe (b), SiClMe2 (c), SiH2Ph (d), SiMe2Ph (e» was obtained by substitution of one of the labile acetonitrile ligands in [CpRu(PR3)(CH3CNh]BAF with sHanes. Analogous complexes [TpRu(PR3)(CH3CN)(T]2 -HSiR' 3)]BAF (5) were obtained by the reaction of TpRu(PR3)(CH3CN)CI with LiBAF in the presence of silanes. The complexes 4-5 were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and the observed coupling constants J(Si-H) allowed us to estimate the extent of Si-H bond activation in these compounds. The catalytic activity in hydrosilylation reactions of all of the above complexes was examined. The most promising results were achieved with the cationic ruthenium precatalyst [CpRu(PPri3)(CH3CN)2t (6). Complex 6 shows good to excellent catalytic activity in the hydrosilylation of carbonyls, dehydrogenative coupling of silanes with alcohols, amines, acids, and reduction of acid chlorides. We also discovered very selective reduction of nitriles and pyridines into the corresponding N-silyl imines and l,4-dihydropyridines, respectively, at room temperature with the possibility of catalyst recycling. These chemoselective catalytic methods have no analogues in the literature. The reactions were proposed to proceed via an ionic mechanism with intermediate formation of the silane a-complexes 4.

Modeling short-range ballistic missile defense and Israel's Iron Dome system

This paper develops a model of short-range ballistic missile defense and uses it to study the performance of Israel’s Iron Dome system. The deterministic base model allows for inaccurate missiles, unsuccessful interceptions, and civil defense. Model enhancements consider the trade-offs in attacking the interception system, the difficulties faced by militants in assembling large salvos, and the effects of imperfect missile classification by the defender. A stochastic model is also developed. Analysis shows that system performance can be highly sensitive to the missile salvo size, and that systems with higher interception rates are more “fragile” when overloaded. The model is calibrated using publically available data about Iron Dome’s use during Operation Pillar of Defense in November 2012. If the systems performed as claimed, they saved Israel an estimated 1778 casualties and $80 million in property damage, and thereby made preemptive strikes on Gaza about 8 times less valuable to Israel. Gaza militants could have inflicted far more damage by grouping their rockets into large salvos, but this may have been difficult given Israel’s suppression efforts. Counter-battery fire by the militants is unlikely to be worthwhile unless they can obtain much more accurate missiles.

Iron Mountain Route Railway schedule: the great through line St. Louis, Arkansas and Texas to the Hot Springs of Arkansas

Iron Mountain Route Railway schedule: the great through line St. Louis, Arkansas and Texas to the Hot Springs of Arkansas.