Descalcifica����o em microondas com ��cido n��trico a 5% e RDO

A descalcifica����o �� um processo longo que requer dias ou mesmo meses, no entanto, com o recurso a microondas (MW), este processo pode ser dim��nuido. O principal objectivo desta investiga����o foi diminuir a dura����o do processo de descalcifica����o recorrendo �� utiliza����o de MW, mantendo a qualidade morfol��gica do tecido. Efectuou-se a compara����o do m��todo convencional com o protocolo com recurso a MW. Foram testadas duas solu����es descalcificadoras, RDO e ��cido n��trico a 5%. Testou-se a ac����o destes descalcificadores em osso compacto e osso esponjoso de su��no, uma vez que estes se assemelham na sua constitui����o histol��gica ��s amostras humanas. As amostras foram fixadas em formalina tamponada a 10%, descalcificadas, processadas e inclu��das em parafina. Foram efectuados cortes em micr��tomo de corredi��a e corados com Hematoxilina-Eosina. As l��minas histol��gicas obtidas foram avaliadas por 4 observadores independentes com recurso a uma grelha de avalia����o de acordo com os seguintes par��metros: preserva����o tecidular, intensidade de colora����o e contraste. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram n��o haver diferen��as significativas entre os protocolos em estudo, e que a utiliza����o de MW acelera o processo de descalcifica����o. Verificou-se que a descalcifica����o em MW de osso esponjoso com RDO (30,167) possui o score mais elevado e que o menor score foi obtido na descalcifica����o de rotina de osso compacto com RDO (6,750). A descalcifica����o em MW permite a obten����o de l��minas histol��gicas de qualidade compar��vel ��s obtidas com o m��todo convencional e permite reduzir a dura����o do processo de descalcifica����o, podendo ser aplicado �� rotina do laborat��rio de anatomia patol��gica.

Influence of tobacco smoke on carcinogenic PAH composition in indoor PM10 and PM2.5

Because of the mutagenic and/or carcinogenic properties, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), have a direct impact on human population. Consequently, there is a widespread interest in analysing and evaluating the exposure to PAH in different indoor environments, influenced by different emission sources. The information on indoor PAH is still limited, mainly in terms of PAH distribution in indoor particles of different sizes; thus, this study evaluated the influence of tobacco smoke on PM10 and PM2.5 characteristics, namely on their PAH compositions, with further aim to understand the negative impact of tobacco smoke on human health. Samples were collected at one site influenced by tobacco smoke and at one reference (non-smoking) site using low-volume samplers; the analyses of 17 PAH were performed by Microwave Assisted Extraction combined with Liquid Chromatography (MAE���LC). At the site influenced by tobacco smoke PM concentrations were higher 650% for PM10, and 720% for PM2.5. When influenced by smoking, 4 ring PAH (fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene) were the most abundant PAH, with concentrations 4600���21 000% and 5100���20 800% higher than at the reference site for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, accounting for 49% of total PAH (SPAH). Higher molecular weight PAH (5���6 rings) reached concentrations 300���1300% and 140���1700% higher for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, at the site influenced by tobacco smoke. Considering 9 carcinogenic PAH this increase was 780% and 760% in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, indicating the strong potential risk for human health. As different composition profiles of PAH in indoor PM were obtained for reference and smoking sites, those 9 carcinogens represented at the reference site 84% and 86% of SPAH in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, and at the smoking site 56% and 55% of SPAH in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. All PAH (including the carcinogenic ones) were mainly present in fine particles, which corresponds to a strong risk for cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer; thus, these conclusions are relevant for the development of strategies to protect public health.

Pr��tica de ensino supervisionado no 1.�� e 2.�� ciclo do ensino b��sico: a evolu����o das conce����es sobre o ciclo da ��gua de alunos do 5�� ano de escolaridade

Relat��rio final apresentado �� Escola Superior de Educa����o de Lisboa para obten����o de grau de mestre em Ensino do 1�� e 2�� Ciclos do Ensino B��sico

Methodology for in-game certification in serious games

Serious games are starting to attain a higher role as tools for learning in various contexts, but in particular in areas such as education and training. Due to its characteristics, such as rules, behavior simulation and feedback to the player's actions, serious games provide a favorable learning environment where errors can occur without real life penalty and students get instant feedback from challenges. These challenges are in accordance with the intended objectives and will self-adapt and repeat according to the student���s difficulty level. Through motivating and engaging environments, which serve as base for problem solving and simulation of different situations and contexts, serious games have a great potential to aid players developing professional skills. But, how do we certify the acquired knowledge and skills? With this work we intend to propose a methodology to establish a relationship between the game mechanics of serious games and an array of competences for certification, evaluating the applicability of various aspects in the design and development of games such as the user interfaces and the gameplay, obtaining learning outcomes within the game itself. Through the definition of game mechanics combined with the necessary pedagogical elements, the game will ensure the certification. This paper will present a matrix of generic skills, based on the European Framework of Qualifications, and the definition of the game mechanics necessary for certification on tour guide training context. The certification matrix has as reference axes: skills, knowledge and competencies, which describe what the students should learn, understand and be able to do after they complete the learning process. The guides-interpreters welcome and accompany tourists on trips and visits to places of tourist interest and cultural heritage such as museums, palaces and national monuments, where they provide various information. Tour guide certification requirements include skills and specific knowledge about foreign languages and in the areas of History, Ethnology, Politics, Religion, Geography and Art of the territory where it is inserted. These skills are communication, interpersonal relationships, motivation, organization and management. This certification process aims to validate the skills to plan and conduct guided tours on the territory, demonstrate knowledge appropriate to the context and finally match a good group leader. After defining which competences are to be certified, the next step is to delineate the expected learning outcomes, as well as identify the game mechanics associated with it. The game mechanics, as methods invoked by agents for interaction with the game world, in combination with game elements/objects allows multiple paths through which to explore the game environment and its educational process. Mechanics as achievements, appointments, progression, reward schedules or status, describe how game can be designed to affect players in unprecedented ways. In order for the game to be able to certify tour guides, the design of the training game will incorporate a set of theoretical and practical tasks to acquire skills and knowledge of various transversal themes. For this end, patterns of skills and abilities in acquiring different knowledge will be identified.

Cultural organizations and communication in portuguese decentralization policy

This paper intends to show the Portuguese municipalities��� commitment, since the first decade of this century, in cultural facilities of municipal management and how it provided 12 of the 18 district capitals of mainland Portugal with cultural equipment, but after all we want to know if this effort resulted in a regular, diverse, and innovative schedule. Investing in urban regeneration, local governments have tried to convert cities��� demographic changes (strengthening of the most educated and professionally qualified groups) in effective cultural demands that consolidate the three axes of development competitiveness-innovation-creativity. What the empirical study to the programming and communication proposals of those equipment shows is that it is not enough to provide cities with facilities; to escape to a utilitarian conception of culture, there is a whole work to be done so that such equipment be experienced and felt as new public sphere. Equipment in which proposals go through a fluid bind, constructed through space and discourse with local community, devoted a diversified and innovative bet full filling development axis. This paper presents in a systematic way what contributes to this binding on the analyzed equipment.

O di��rio de grupo como instrumento mediador na resolu����o de conflitos entre pares

Relat��rio da Pr��tica Profissional Supervisionada Mestrado em Educa����o Pr��-Escolar

How new online communication tools and the availability of content influence the audiences and the creative process

We live in a changing world. At an impressive speed, every day new technological resources appear. We increasingly use the Internet to obtain and share information, and new online communication tools are emerging. Each of them encompasses new potential and creates new audiences. In recent years, we witnessed the emergence of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and other media platforms. They have provided us with an even greater interactivity between sender and receiver, as well as generated a new sense of community. At the same time we also see the availability of content like it never happened before. We are increasingly sharing texts, videos, photos, etc. This poster intends to explore the potential of using these new online communication tools in the cultural sphere to create new audiences, to develop of a new kind of community, to provide information as well as different ways of building organizations��� memory. The transience of performing arts is accompanied by the need to counter that transience by means of documentation. This desire to ���save��� events reaches its expression with the information archive of the different production moments as well as the opportunity to record the event and present it through, for instance, digital platforms. In this poster we intend to answer the following questions: which online communication tools are being used to engage audiences in the cultural sphere (specifically between theater companies in Lisbon)? Is there a new relationship with the public? Are online communication tools creating a new kind of community? What changes are these tools introducing in the creative process? In what way the availability of content and its archive contribute to the organization memory? Among several references, we will approach the two-way communication model that James E. Grunig & Todd T. Hunt (1984) already presented and the concept of mass self-communication of Manuel Castells (2010). Castells also tells us that we have moved from traditional media to a system of communication networks. For Scott Kirsner (2010), we have entered an era of digital creativity, where artists have the tools to do what they imagined and the public no longer wants to just consume cultural goods, but instead to have a voice and participate. The creativity process is now depending on the public choice as they wander through the screen. It is the receiver who owns an object which can be exchanged. Virtual reality has encouraged the receiver to abandon its position of passive observer and to become a participant agent, which implies a challenge to organizations: inventing new forms of interfaces. Therefore, we intend to find new and effective online tools that can be used by cultural organizations; the best way to manage them; to show how organizations can create a community with the public and how the availability of online content and its archive can contribute to the organizations��� memory.

Estudo dos agentes causais de diarreia em crian��as menores de 5 anos no Hospital Geral do Bengo

A diarreia pode ser causada por v��rus, parasitas e bact��rias e constitui uma das principais causas de doen��a e morte em crian��as menores de cinco anos em Angola. O presente estude assume como principal objectivo identificar os agentes patog��nicos causadores de diarreia em crian��as admitidas no Hospital Geral do Bengo.

Avalia����o da cultura de seguran��a num servi��o de medicina nuclear

Mestrado em Gest��o e Avalia����o de Tecnologias em Sa��de

Modelo de compet��ncias dos enfermeiros com fun����es de gest��o em Portugal: estudo explorat��rio

Nas ��ltimas d��cadas assistimos a transforma����es econ��micas, tecnol��gicas, pol��ticas e sociais, que influenciaram diretamente o modo de pensar e agir nas organiza����es. O conceito de compet��ncias, com uma valoriza����o crescente, surge como uma alternativa �� abordagem da gest��o de recursos humanos por fun����es, respondendo aos desafios atuais do mercado: necessidade de flexibilidade, de adapta����o a mudan��as cont��nuas, exig��ncias crescentes do mercado e competitividade das organiza����es nesse mercado. A ��rea da sa��de, e concretamente a profiss��o de Enfermagem tamb��m tem evolu��do, surgindo em 2009, uma nova forma de operacionalizar a carreira destes profissionais. No que diz respeito aos enfermeiros com fun����es de gest��o, o conte��do funcional est�� descrito, contudo, n��o existe uma defini����o clara das compet��ncias requeridas para estes profissionais. Este trabalho de investiga����o, de cariz explorat��rio, utilizando uma metodologia qualitativa, pretendeu propor uma estrat��gia de defini����o de um modelo de compet��ncias para os enfermeiros com fun����es de gest��o em Portugal. Para isso, definimos categorias de compet��ncias, atrav��s da an��lise da literatura e da legisla����o. Seguiu-se a realiza����o de entrevistas a um painel de doze peritos, e uma an��lise de conte��do dos dados (categoriza����o do tipo misto). Procedemos a uma compara����o da recolha emp��rica de compet��ncias com as da recolha te��rica, e definimos uma lista de 10 compet��ncias para as fun����es de gest��o dos enfermeiros: Compet��ncias T��cnicas de Gest��o; Compet��ncias Interpessoais; Comunica����o; Gest��o de Recursos Humanos; Pensamento Cr��tico; Conhecimento de Pol��ticas de Sa��de; Compet��ncias T��cnicas de Enfermagem; Organiza����o e Planeamento; Trabalho de Equipa; Preocupa����o pela Qualidade. De forma a complementar o estudo, pretendemos identificar a perce����o das lacunas de compet��ncias nos enfermeiros com fun����es de gest��o, e identificar os processos de desenvolvimento de compet��ncias considerados mais relevantes para estes profissionais. As lacunas identificadas nas compet��ncias dos atuais enfermeiros com fun����es de gest��o, face ��s mais valorizadas, s��o reduzidas e dispersas, pelo que consideramos pouco significativas. A forma de desenvolvimento de compet��ncias mais valorizado pelo painel de peritos foi a forma����o (acad��mica e em contexto profissional). Foi tamb��m real��ada a import��ncia do empenho individual neste processo, assim como a avalia����o de compet��ncias antes dos enfermeiros assumirem fun����es de gest��o.Consideramos que esta investiga����o traz contributos quer para a literatura da Gest��o por Compet��ncias, quer para a literatura da defini����o de compet��ncias das fun����es dos enfermeiros com fun����es de gest��o, quer para a profiss��o de enfermagem, (nomeadamente, para as fun����es de gest��o dos enfermeiros), quer para o pr��prio SNS, j�� que faz algumas propostas e sugest��es para a evolu����o das pr��ticas de gest��o de pessoas.

Beyond methodological nationalism: The contribution of Robert E. Park to the history of intercultural communication

The legacy of nineteenth century social theory followed a ���nationalist��� model of society, assuming that analysis of social realities depends upon national boundaries, taking the nation-state as the primary unit of analysis, and developing the concept of methodological nationalism. This perspective regarded the nation-state as the natural - and even necessary - form of society in modernity. Thus, the constitution of large cities, at the end of the 19th century, through the intense flows of immigrants coming from diverse political and linguistic communities posed an enormous challenge to all social research. One of the most significant studies responding to this set of issues was The Immigrant Press and its Control, by Robert E. Park, one of the most prominent American sociologists of the first half of the 20th century. The Immigrant Press and its Control was part of a larger project entitled Americanization Studies: The Acculturation of Immigrant Group into American Society, funded by the Carnagie Corporation following World War I, taking as its goal to study the so-called ���Americanization methods��� during the 1920s. This paper revisits that particular work by Park to reveal how his detailed analysis of the role of the immigrant press overcame the limitations of methodological nationalism. By granting importance to language as a tool uniting each community and by showing how the strength of foreign languages expressed itself through the immigrant press, Park demonstrated that the latter produces a more ambivalent phenomenon than simply the assimilation of immigrants. On the one hand, the immigrant press served as a connecting force, driven by the desire to preserve the mother tongue and culture while at the same time awakening national sentiments that had, until then, remained diffuse. Yet, on the other hand, it facilitated the adjustment of immigrants to the American context. As a result, Park���s work contributes to our understanding of a particular liminal moment inherent within many intercultural contexts, the space between emigrant identity (emphasizing the country of origin) and immigrant identity (emphasizing the newly adopted country). His focus on the role played by media in the socialization of immigrant groups presaged later work on this subject by communication scholars. Focusing attention on Park���s research leads to other studies of the immigrant experience from the same period (e.g., Thomas & Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America), and also to insights on multi-presence and interculturality as significant but often overlooked phenomena in the study of immigrant socialization.

Explicit discrimination and health: development and psychometric properties of an assessment instrument

OBJECTIVE: To develop an instrument to assess discrimination effects on health outcomes and behaviors, capable of distinguishing harmful differential treatment effects from their interpretation as discriminatory events. METHODS: Successive versions of an instrument were developed based on a systematic review of instruments assessing racial discrimination, focus groups and review by a panel comprising seven experts. The instrument was refined using cognitive interviews and pilot-testing. The final version of the instrument was administered to 424 undergraduate college students in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, in 2010. Structural dimensionality, two types of reliability and construct validity were analyzed. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis corroborated the hypothesis of the instrument's unidimensionality, and seven experts verified its face and content validity. The internal consistency was 0.8, and test-retest reliability was higher than 0.5 for 14 out of 18 items. The overall score was higher among socially disadvantaged individuals and correlated with adverse health behaviors/conditions, particularly when differential treatments were attributed to discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate the validity and reliability of the instrument developed. The proposed instrument enables the investigation of novel aspects of the relationship between discrimination and health.

Utilization of different encryption schemes for securing SCADA component communication

A vital role is being played by SCADA Communication for Supervisory Control and Data acquisition (SCADA) Monitoring Ststems. Devices that are designed to operate in safety-critical environments are usually designed to failsafe, but security vulnerabilities could be exploited by an attacker to disable the fail-safe mechanisms. Thus these devices must not onlybe designed for safety but also for security. This paper presents a study of the comparison of different Encryption schemes for securing SCADA Component Communication. The encryption schemes such as Symetric Key Encrypton in Wireless SCADA Environment, Assymmetric-key Encryption to Internet SCADA, and the Cross Crypto Scheme Cipher to secure communication for SCADA are analysed and the outcome is evaluated.

The cross crypto scheme cipher integration for securing SCADA component communication

Critical Infrastructures became more vulnerable to attacks from adversaries as SCADA systems become connected to the Internet. The open standards for SCADA Communications make it very easy for attackers to gain in-depth knowledge about the working and operations of SCADA networks. A number of Intenrnet SCADA security issues were raised that have compromised the authenticity, confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation of information transfer between SCADA Components. This paper presents an integration of the Cross Crypto Scheme Cipher to secure communications for SCADA components. The proposed scheme integrates both the best features of symmetric and asymmetric encryptiontechniques. It also utilizes the MD5 hashing algorithm to ensure the integrity of information being transmitted.

Aplica����o do Balanced Scorecard no Ramo Hoteleiro : Diferen��as entre hot��is de 5 estrelas Portugueses e Espanh��is

Mestrado em Controlo de Gest��o e dos Neg��cios