Influence of Molecular Dynamics on the Dielectric Properties of Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) -Based Devices

This paper uses Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) techniques to study the molecular relaxations and phase transitions in poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT), which has been extensively studied as the active thin film in organic devices. Besides the identification of the glass transition, beta relaxation and crystal-to-crystal phase transition, we correlate such phenomena with dielectric and transport mechanisms in diodes with F8BT as the active layer. The beta relaxation has been assigned to a transition at about 210 K measured by H-1 and C-13 solid state NMR, and can be attributed to local motions in the side chains. The glass transition has been detected by DSC and H-1 NMR. Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) carried out at low frequencies on diodes made from F8BT show two peaks which are coincident with the above transitions. This allowed us to correlate the electrical changes in the film with the onset of specific molecular motions. In addition, DS indicates a third peak related with a crystal-to-crystal phase transition. Finally, these transitions were correlated with changes in the carrier mobility recorded in thin films and published recently.

Uniaxial and/or Biaxial Strain Influence on MuGFET Devices

In this work, the impact of global and/or local strain engineering techniques on tri-gate p- and nMuGFETs performance is experimentally evaluated. Multiple gate structures were analyzed through basic and analog performance parameters for four different splits processed with different strain-engineering techniques (unstrained, uniaxial, biaxial and uniaxial+biaxial stress). While n-channel devices with narrow fins present a worse analog behavior, biaxial stress promotes the electron mobility for larger devices increasing the voltage gain. Besides the voltage gain, the transconductance, output conductance and Early Voltage are also evaluated. Although pMuGFETs are less affected by the strain engineering, they present better analog behavior for all studied devices.

An analytic method to compute the stress dependence on the dimensions and its influence in the characteristics of triple gate devices

Triple-gate devices are considered a promising solution for sub-20 nm era. Strain engineering has also been recognized as an alternative due to the increase in the carriers mobility it propitiates. The simulation of strained devices has the major drawback of the stress non-uniformity, which cannot be easily considered in a device TCAD simulation without the coupled process simulation that is time consuming and cumbersome task. However, it is mandatory to have accurate device simulation, with good correlation with experimental results of strained devices, allowing for in-depth physical insight as well as prediction on the stress impact on the device electrical characteristics. This work proposes the use of an analytic function, based on the literature, to describe accurately the strain dependence on both channel length and fin width in order to simulate adequately strained triple-gate devices. The maximum transconductance and the threshold voltage are used as the key parameters to compare simulated and experimental data. The results show the agreement of the proposed analytic function with the experimental results. Also, an analysis on the threshold voltage variation is carried out, showing that the stress affects the dependence of the threshold voltage on the temperature. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Solid electrolytes for electrochromic devices based on reversible metal electrodeposition

Air conditioning and lighting costs can be reduced substantially by changing the optical properties of "intelligent windows." The electrochromic devices studied to date have used copper as an additive. Copper, used here as an electrochromic material, was dissolved in an aqueous animal protein-derived gel electrolyte. This combination constitutes the electrochromic system for reversible electrodeposition. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometric and chromogenic analyses indicated that were obtained good conditions of transparency (initial transmittance of 70%), optical reversibility, small potential window (2.1 V), variation of transmittance in visible light (63.6%) and near infrared (20%) spectral regions. Permanence in the darkened state was achieved by maintaining a lower pulse potential (-0.16 V) than the deposition potential (-1.0 V). Increasing the number of deposition and dissolution cycles favored the transmittance and photoelectrochemical reversibility of the device. The conductivity of the electrolyte (10(-3) S/cm) at several concentrations of CuCl2 was determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the good thermal stability of the electrolyte, since the mass loss detected up to 100 degrees C corresponded to water evaporation and decomposition of the gel started only at 200 degrees C. Micrographic and small angle X-ray scattering analyses indicated the formation of a persistent deposit of copper particles on the ITO. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrical characterization of poly(amide-imide) for application in organic field effect devices

The admittance spectra and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics are reported of metal-insulator-metal (MIM) and metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors employing cross-linked poly(amide-imide) (c-PAI) as the insulator and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the active semiconductor. The capacitance of the MIM devices are constant in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 kHz, with tan delta values as low as 7 x 10(-3) over most of the range. Except at the lowest voltages, the I-V characteristics are well-described by the Schottky equation for thermal emission of electrons from the electrodes into the insulator. The admittance spectra of the MIS devices displayed a classic Maxwell-Wagner frequency response from which the transverse bulk hole mobility was estimated to be similar to 2 x 10(-5) cm(2) V(-1)s(-1) or similar to 5 x 10(-8) cm(2) V(-1)s(-1) depending on whether or not the surface of the insulator had been treated with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) prior to deposition of the P3HT. From the maximum loss observed in admittance-voltage plots, the interface trap density was estimated to be similar to 5 x 10(10) cm(-2) eV(-1) or similar to 9 x 10(10) cm(-2) eV(-1) again depending whether or not the insulator was treated with HMDS. We conclude, therefore, that HMDS plays a useful role in promoting order in the P3HT film as well as reducing the density of interface trap states. Although interposing the P3HT layer between the insulator and the gold electrode degrades the insulating properties of the c-PAI, nevertheless, they remain sufficiently good for use in organic electronic devices. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

GIDL behavior of p- and n-MuGFET devices with different TiN metal gate thickness and high-k gate dielectrics

This work studies the gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) in p- and n-MuGFET structures with different TiN metal gate thickness and high-k gate dielectrics. As a result of this analysis, it was observed that a thinner TiN metal gate showed a larger GIDL due to the different gate oxide thickness and a reduced metal gate work function. In addition, replacing SiON by a high-k dielectric (HfSiON) results for nMuGFETs in a decrease of the GIDL On the other hand, the impact of the gate dielectric on the GIDL for p-channel MuGFETs is marginal. The effect of the channel width was also studied, whereby narrow fin devices exhibit a reduced GIDL current in spite of the larger vertical electric field expected for these devices. Finally, comparing the effect of the channel type, an enhanced GIDL current for pMuGFET devices was observed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Natural Membranes for Application in Biomedical Devices

Polymers from natural sources are particularly useful as biomaterials for medical devices applications. In this study, the results of characterization of a gelatin network electrolyte doped with europium triflate (Eu(CF3SO3)(3)) are described. The unusual electronic properties of the trivalent lanthanide ions make them well suited as luminescent reporter groups, with many applications in biotechnology. Samples of solvent-free electrolytes were prepared with a range of guest salt concentration. Materials based on Eu(CF3SO3)(3) were obtained as mechanically robust, flexible, transparent, and completely amorphous films. Samples were characterized by thermal analysis (thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electrochemical stability, scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy.

Ion-Conducting Membranes Based on Gelatin and Containing LiI/I-2 for Electrochromic Devices

Ionic conducting membranes of gelatin plasticized with glycerol and containing LiI/I-2 have been obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction measurements, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and impedance spectroscopy. The transparent (80-90% in the visible range) membranes showed ionic conductivity value of 5 x 10(-5) S/cm at room temperature, which increased to 3 x 10(-3) S/cm at 80 degrees C. All the ionic conductivity measurements as a function of temperature showed VTF dependence and activation energy of 8 kJ/mol. These samples also showed low glass transition temperature of -76 degrees C. Moreover the samples were predominantly amorphous. The membranes applied to small electrochromic devices showed 20% of color change from colored to bleached states during more than 70 cronoamperometric cycles.

Ranking Configurations of Shading Devices by Its Thermal and Luminous Performance

This paper evaluates the thermal and luminous performance of different louver configurations on an office room model located in Maceió-AL (Brazil), ranking the alternatives in a way that leads to choices for alternatives with potential balanced performance. Parametric analyses were done, based on computer simulations on software Troplux 5 and DesignBuilder 2. The variables examined were number of slats, slat slope and slat reflectance, considering the window facing North, South, East and West and a fixed shading mask for each orientation. Results refer to internal average illuminance and solar heat gains through windows. It was observed that configurations of shading devices with the same shading mask may have different luminous and thermal performance. The alternatives were ranked, so the information here produced has the potential to support decisions on designing shading devices in practice.

Development of nanoinjector devices for electrospray ionization - tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn)

In mass spectrometric (MS) systems with electrospray ionization (ESI), the sample can be analyzed coupled to separation systems (such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis) or simply by direct infusion. The greatest benefit of the type of injection is the possibility of continuous use of small amounts of samples over a long period of time. This extended analysis time allows a complete study of fragmentation by mass spectrometry, which is critical for structure elucidation of new compounds, or when using an ion trap mass analyzer. The injector filled with the sample is placed at the ESI source inlet creating an electric field suitable for the continuous formation of a spray (solvent and sample) and consequently, the gradual and even release of the sample. For the formation of the spray, is necessary that the injector end is metalized. The formation of a bilayer of titanium and gold provided an excellent attachment of the film, resulting in a nanoinjector for ionization/spray formation in the system for MS. The nanoinjectors showed high repeatability and stability over 100 min by continuous sampling with 10 µL of sample.

Diseño de un sistema de captación de energía residual basado en el acondicionador EH300 de la empresa Advanced Linear Devices

Proyecto y presentación del Proyecto Fin de Carrera titulado "DISEÑO DE UN SISTEMA DE CAPTACIÓN DE ENERGÍA RESIDUAL BASADO EN EL ACONDICIONADOR EH300 DE LA EMPRESA ADVANCED LINEAR DEVICES"

CMoS lab-on-a-chip devices for individual cell biology

The development of microlectronic lab-on-a-chip devices (LOACs) can now be pursued thanks to the continous advances in silicon technology. LOACs are miniaturized devices whose aim is to perform in a more efficient way specific chemical or biological analysis protocols which are usually carried out with traditional laboratory equipment. In this application area, CMOS technology has the potential to integrate LOAC functionalities for cell biology applications in single chips, e.g. sensors, actuators, signal conditioning and processing circuits. In this work, after a review of the state of the art, the development of a CMOS prototype chip for individual cell manipulation and detection based on dielectrophoresis will be presented. Issues related to the embedded optical and capacitive detection of cells will be discussed together with the main experimental results obtained in manipulation and detection of living cells and microparticles.