Taxonomia das espécies brasileiras de Lauraceae coletadas por Carl Friedrich Philipp Von Martius de 1817 a 1820

CARL FRIEDRICH PHILIPP VON MARTIUS foi um naturalista alemão que visitou diversas regiões brasileiras, sobretudo a região da Amazônia. Este veio ao Brasil junto com a comitiva da Arquiduquesa Leopoldina da Áustria, que aqui vinha se casar com o Príncipe Herdeiro D. Pedro de Alcântara, futuro Imperador do Brasil. A sua viagem pelo Brasil teve início em 1817, no Rio de Janeiro, e término em 1820, na região amazônica. Estima-se que coletou amostras de cerca de 7.200 espécies de plantas, que foram base para a produção da Flora Brasiliensis, editada inicialmente por ele, com a colaboração e edição póstuma de AUGUST WILHELM EICHLER e IGNATZ URBAN. Esta obra monumental foi publicada entre 1840 e 1906, com a participação dos mais eminentes botânicos europeus da época, que realizaram os tratamentos taxonômicos de 22.767 espécies brasileiras, na maioria angiosperma. O tratamento das Lauraceae ficou a cargo do botânico suíço CARL DANIEL FRIEDRICH MEISSNER. Dentre as espécies de Lauraceae constam 64 táxons com indicação de coletas realizadas por MARTIUS. Tomando-se por referência o tratamento de MEISSNER, bem como as demais opera principes, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a atualização taxonômica das espécies de Lauraceae coletadas por MARTIUS no Brasil. Para tanto, foram verificadas as coleções dos principais herbários europeus e norte americanos, com base na literatura especializada e nos bancos de dados disponíveis. Através de imagens em alta resolução dos espécimes, esses foram confrontados com os protólogos e revisões dos gêneros. Desta forma, os tratamentos das espécies envolvidas foram conduzidos com a verificação do status taxonômico das mesmas, suas sinonímias, nomes atualmente aceitos como corretos, bem como sobre as tipificações relacionadas. Sempre que pertinente, foram feitos comentários sobre as coleções e sobre problemas taxonômicos e nomenclaturais detectados. Com este trabalho...

Análise do teor de compostos fenólicos e de ligninas em diferentes órgãos vegetativos de espécies arbóreas nativas de diferentes grupos sucessionais

O sucesso do desenvolvimento da dinâmica das formações vegetais depende das relações estabelecidas entre as espécies vegetais com outros organismos e com o meio físico. Tais relações estão sujeitas a situações de estresse, podendo esse ser de caráter abiótico, como condições elevadas de radiação solar e temperatura e déficit hídrico ou de caráter biótico, como a herbivoria e o ataque de patógenos. Dessa maneira, em virtude à necessidade de um sistema de defesa, as plantas utilizam compostos químicos, como compostos fenólicos e ligninas, para se desenvolverem com proteção. Os compostos fenólicos são compostos oriundos do metabolismo secundário vegetal e ocorrem na parede celular dos tecidos vegetais, constituindo assim uma rápida linha de defesa vegetal a lesões e infecções e funcionando como substrato para atuação de enzimas de defesa como peroxidases e polifenoloxidases. Junto com a atuação dos compostos fenólicos, as ligninas fornecem à planta maior resistência mecânica e impermeabilidade suficiente aos vasos condutores do xilema, proporcionando, assim, desde um fundamental auxílio aos vegetais na conquista do ambiente terrestre até o estabelecimento de uma barreira protetora eficiente contra o ataque de microorganismos. Assim, por meio da extração e análise dos teores de compostos fenólicos e de ligninas de porção de raiz, caule, ápice caulinar e folhas maduras e imaturas de indivíduos de Erythrina speciosa Andrews, Eugenia uniflora L., Hevea brasiliensis M. Arg., Hymenaea courbaril L. var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee et Lang, Joannesia princeps Vell., Lecythis pisonis Cambess, Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch, Pachira aquatica Aubl. e Psidium guajava L., classificou-se como espécies pioneiras Erythrina speciosa Andrews, Hymenaea courbaril L. var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee et Lang, Joannesia princeps Vell., Pachira aquatica Aubl... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Comunidade de formigas (Hymenoptera: formicidae) em cultivo de videiras no município de São Roque - São Paulo

The cultivation of grapes is one of the most traditional cultures and the world's oldest one. In Brazil, cultivars occupy an area of approximately 90 thousand hectares, covering the south, southeast and northeast, in latitudes ranging from 30 º 56 '15''S up to 5 º 11' 15''S. The culture of the vine may be the target of the attack of some diseases and pests, and currently the main concern for growers is the subterranean mealybug, Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), known as pearl-ground. This arthropod infests the roots causing a progressive languish of the vine, even causes its death. In southern Brazil it is known that some species of ants can disperse pearl-ground for short distances, however, there is no information about that in the State of Sao Paulo. Thus, it is extremely important to perform studies with this focus on wine regions in this State. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the species of underground ant community in different grape varieties found in vineyards in the town of São Roque – SP, Brazil. With that purpose, samples were collected within one year. We used underground pitfalls spread across twelve points. In each of the points were placed two traps, one containing honey and the other containing sardine as attractive. The results revealed the presence of three morphospecies of ants in Niágara Rosada and four in other grape varieties, there was no significant difference in the species richness among the cultivars (Kruskal-Wallis - 0.33, p = 0.5). In both trials, the most frequent species was Brachymyrmex sp.4, suggesting that there is no dominance of distinct species of Niágara Rosada and the other grape varieties. There was no dissimilarity in species richness of the ones visiting honey or sardines (Kruskal-Wallis - 0.08, p = 0.7) and the analysis of variance indicated a great similarity in species richness between the rainy and dry seasons (Kruskal-Wallis - 0.09, p = 0.7)

Análise da atividade de peroxidases e polifenoloxidases em diferentes órgãos vegetativos de espécies arbóreas nativas de diferentes grupos sucessionais

As formações vegetais são altamente dinâmicas e dependem principalmente da taxa de crescimento das espécies vegetais, entretanto, esta está intimamente relacionada e suscetível a estresses abióticos, como elevada ou baixa radiação solar, temperaturas extremas, e bióticos, como taque de patógenos e de herbívoros, o que faz com que as plantas necessitem de um sistema de defesa altamente eficiente o qual consiste na atuação de compostos secundários, e de enzimas como por exemplo peroxidases e polifenoloxidases. A atividade das peroxidases constitui a mais importante via do sistema de defesa vegetal a patógenos no que se refere a cicatrização de ferimentos e à herbivoria, propiciando um aumento da lignificação nos tecidos lesados, o que aumenta a resistência dos mesmos, dificultando assim a ocorrência de novas lesões. Quanto às polifenoloxidases, também pertencentes ao grupo das oxidorredutases, são enzimas que também atuam diretamente na via de defesa das plantas ao ataque de patógenos e na cicatrização de ferimentos e processos de senescência. Por meio da extração e análise da atividade de Peroxidases e Polifenoloxidases em porção de raiz, caule, ápice e em folhas de indivíduos de Erythrina speciosa Andrews, Eugenia uniflora L., Hevea brasiliensis M. Arg., Hymenaea courbaril L. var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee et Lang, Joannesia princeps Vell., Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch, Pachira aquatica Aubl. e Psidium guajava L., obteve-se comportamento pioneiro para as espécies Eugenia uniflora L., Hymenaea courbaril L. var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) Lee et Lang, Joannesia princeps Vell. e Psidium guajava L., e comportamento não-pioneiro para as espécies Erythrina speciosa Andrews, Hevea brasiliensis M. Arg., Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch e Pachira aquatica Aubl.. Dessa maneira foi possível verificar que a análise da atividade peroxidásica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Classificação do grupo sucessional de espécies nativas por análise do processo de estiolamento de plântulas

As plantas apresentam moléculas que detectam a luz, entre elas estão os fitocromos que detectam mudanças na qualidade da luz nas regiões de vermelho (V) e vermelho-extremo (VE). O fitocromo age no crescimento das plantas possibilitando-as perceber o sombreamento por outras plantas, o que pode ocasionar no processo de estiolamento, ou seja, alongamento do caule. Assim, conforme aumenta o sombreamento, a razão V:VE diminui. Nas plantas de sol, quanto maior a proporção de VE, maior a taxa de estiolamento, enquanto que as plantas de sombra mostram pouca ou nenhuma redução na taxa de alongamento dos caules. Na sucessão florestal as plantas podem ser classificadas como pioneiras, sendo aquelas dependentes de luz e intolerantes à sombra, e as de transição ou clímax, que são tolerantes à sombra. Assim, este trabalho teve o intuito de analisar o processo de estiolamento de plântulas de espécies arbóreas nativas selecionadas, mantidas em condições de luz diferentes e correlacionar com a classe seral correspondente citada na literatura. As seguintes espécies foram analisadas: Bixa orellana, Caesalpinia peltophoroides, Dalbergia nigra, Erythrina speciosa, Eugenia uniflora, Hevea brasiliensis, Hymenaea courbaril, Licania tomentosa, Pachira aquatica, Piptadenia gonoacantha, Psidium guajava, Schizolobium parahyba. Todos os experimentos foram desenvolvidos no jardim experimental da UNESP de Rio Claro. As espécies foram expostas a seis condições luminosas diferentes, com razão V:VE de: 0,1; 0,19; 0,21; 0,35; 1,15 e 1,17. E radiação solar incidente de: 3,16UM; 44,78UM; 27,7UM; 73,54UM; 1987,00UM; 1453,00UM. Foram tiradas medidas do comprimento dos hipocótilos e epicótilos. Posteriormente foram realizadas análises estatísticas com nível de significância de 5%. As espécies consideradas pioneiras foram D. nigra e S. parahyba. E as espécies classificadas como não pioneiras foram:... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Influência de Cecropia pachystachya na incidência de ácaros (Arachnida, Acari) e de Leptopharsa heveae (Insecta, Hemiptera) em cultivo de seringueira

Cecropia pachystachya is a plant native to the states of Mato Grosso and São Paulo, usually found in rubber tree plantations. The goals of this study were to verify: a) whether the presence of C. pachystachya in rubber tree plantations influences the occurrence of mites in rubber trees; b) whether it can be used as a reservoir of predaceous mites; c) whether it serves as an alternative host for Leptopharsa heveae during the natural senescence of rubber trees. This study was conducted in two rubber tree plantations in São José do Rio Preto, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. One of them had numerous naturally growing individuals of C. pachystachya, while the other was free of spontaneous plants. We registered high richness of predaceous mites on C. pachystachya, but only 37.5% of them were found on rubber trees, which reveals low displacement rate of mites between the plants. Among the species that were common to both plants, only the predaceous Zetzellia agistzellia and the phytophagous mites Allonychus brasiliensis and Eutetranychus banksi were influenced by the presence of C. pachystachya. The incidence of L. heveae did not differ between the plantations under study and, moreover, C. pachystachya was not used as an alternative host by this insect, since no individuals were registered on its leaves during the natural senescence of rubber trees.

Efeito Pesticida de Ésteres de Sacarose Sobre Calacarus heveae Feres (Acari: Eriophyidae) em Dois Clones de Seringueira

Sucrose esters are biodegradable, non pollutant and safe for health; moreover, they have shown great potential in the pest control. We tested a crude mix of sucrose esters on the survivorship and oviposition of Calacarus heveae Feres (Acari: Eriophyidae) females, an important rubber tree pest mite. The females were collected from rubber leaflets of the GT 1 and RRIM 600 clones. The mites were kept on stock arenas placed in rearing chamber at 28 + 0,1°C, 80 + 10% of relative humidity and 12h of light phase about two weeks before the assays. After this period, the mites were transferred to assay arenas made with leaflets from the same clone of stock arenas. The survivorship of females sprayed with sucrose esters in the concentrations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/L and their oviposition effect with 0.5 and 1 g/L were analyzed. The mites sprayed with 4 g/L had about 80% of mortality, while those with 1 g/L around 60%. All mites that died in the treatments with sucrose ester became dark with wrinkled tegument and decreased their body volume, suggesting dehydration. We also observed the efficacy of 1 g/L concentration to decrease the female oviposition in about 50%, in the third day after spraying. No differences were observed in the mortality and oviposition between females kept on both clones.

Validação das unidades arbitrárias de teor de clorofilas obtido em folhas intactas de seringueira

The determination of foliar chlorophyll content is a characteristic that interests ecophysiologists and rural producers. With consideration for practical uses as well as scientific publications, our present work aims to establish equations, for rubber tree leaves, that can convert arbitrary units of expressing chlorophyll content to the international system. Chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), and total chlorophyll (Chltot) were obtained from intact leaves using a portable chlorophyll detecting instrument. Leaves from different positions on the plant, at various stages of maturity, and representing a large spectrum of pigment concentrations, were collected and analyzed in the field using the Clorofil OG Falkner ® instrument, through four evaluations in forty-five medium leaflets. At the laboratory, leaflets underwent a process of pigment extraction. They were incubated in a water-bath with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dosed in molecular absorption spectrophotometer, and converted into pigment content per unit of fresh weight using conventional equations. The data were evaluated according to the Pearson correlation coefficient and tested with different regression models. For all variables, the linear fit is the most adequate, with correlation coefficients (r) 0.74 for Chlb and 0.88 for Chla and Chltott.

Validação das unidades arbitrárias do teor de clorofilas obtido em folhas intactas de seringueira

The determination of foliar chlorophyll content is a characteristic that interests ecophysiologists and rural producers. With consideration for practical uses as well as scientific publications, our present work aims to establish equations, for rubber tree leaves, that can convert arbitrary units of expressing chlorophyll content to the international system. Chlorophyll a (Chla), chlorophyll b (Chlb), and total chlorophyll (Chltot) were obtained from intact leaves using a portable chlorophyll detecting instrument. Leaves from different positions on the plant, at various stages of maturity, and representing a large spectrum of pigment concentrations, were collected and analyzed in the field using the Clorofil OG Falkner ® instrument, through four evaluations in forty-five medium leaflets. At the laboratory, leaflets underwent a process of pigment extraction. They were incubated in a water-bath with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dosed in molecular absorption spectrophotometer, and converted into pigment content per unit of fresh weight using conventional equations. The data were evaluated according to the Pearson correlation coefficient and tested with different regression models. For all variables, the linear fit is the most adequate, with correlation coefficients (r) 0.74 for Chlb and 0.88 for Chla and Chltott .

Phytoseiidae mites associated with Hevea spp. from the Amazon region: a hidden diversity under the canopy of native trees

Despite the Amazon Forest being the largest tropical forest in the world, and cradle of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis), no studies have aimed to report the occurrence of mites associated with native trees from this ecosystem. Our survey investigates the phytoseiid mites associated with five species of native rubber trees from nine sites of the Amazon Forest, and also presents a major review of phytoseiid species from natural vegetation in Brazil. We found a total of 1305 mites, belonging to 30 species, of which seven were new to science, Amblydromalus akiri sp. nov., Amblyseius chicomendesi sp. nov., Amblyseius duckei sp. nov., Amblyseius manauara sp. nov., Iphiseiodes katukina sp. nov., Iphiseiodes raucuara sp. nov. and Typhlodromips igapo sp. nov.; beyond two new records for Brazil, Iphiseiodes kamahorae and Amblyseius martus. Our results emphasize the importance of Amazon native trees as an unexplored source of predator mites, which in turn may be further studied as biological control agents of pest mites on rubber trees. The impressive diversity, endemism and rate of new species found highlight the importance of studies on arthropod communities associated with the Amazon vegetation.

Atmospheric pollutants in São Paulo state, Brazil and effects on human health – a review

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Constituintes Químicos de Hyptidendron canum R. Harley (Lamiaceae)

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth.) R. Harley (LAMIACEAE). Chemical investigation of Hyptidendron canum stems resulted in the isolation of betulinic, ursolic and euscaphic acids. From the leaves were isolated 3β-O- β-galactopiranosilsitosterol, ursolic aldehyde, and mixtures of maslinic acid and 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, α and β-amyrin, uvaol and erythrodiol, sitosterol and stigmasterol, spathulenol and globulol. Hexane and chloroform leave fractions as well as ursolic and betulinic acids showed antifungal activities against the yeast form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

Evaluation of stryphnodendron sp. release using natural rubber latex membrane as carrier

Natural rubber latex from Hevea brasiliensis has interesting characteristics related to this work such as: it is easy to manipulate, low cost, can stimulate the natural angiogenesis, is a biocompatible material and presents high mechanical resistance. The aim of this study was to develop a novel sustained delivery system for Stryphnodendron sp. based on Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) membranes and to study the Stryphnodendron sp. delivery system behavior. Stryphnodendron sp., commonly known as barbatimao is extensively used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea, gynaecological problems and for healing wounds. The stem bark of this species is mentioned in the Brazilian Pharmacopeia with a content of at least 20% of tannins. Previous studies showed significant cicatrizant properties, anti-inflammatory activity and gastric anti-ulcerogenic effects for the stem bark crude extract. One possible way to accelerate the tissue repair process, it was incorporated the Stryphnodendron sp. extract in NRL membranes. Stryphnodendron sp extract was incorporated into the NRL, by mixing it in solution for in vitro protein delivery experiments. Results show that the NRL membrane can release Stryphnodendron sp. for up to 49.89% of its Stryphnodendron sp. content for up 400 h. The kinetics of the extract release could be fitted with double exponential function, with two characteristic times of 0.78 and 133.22 h. In this study, we demonstrated that the induced angiogenesis provided by NRL membranes combined with a controlled release of extract is relevant for biomedical applications.

Casearia sylvestris Swartz Extract Release Using Natural Rubber Latex Biomembranes as Carrier

The Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) from Hevea brasiliensis has shown promise in biomedical applications due to its low cost, easy handling, mechanical properties and biocompatibility, being used for bone regeneration and wound healing due to its natural stimulus to angiogenesis. The aim of this work was to incorporate Casearia sylvestris Sw. extract in NRL biomembranes and study its release behavior. The complex membrane-extract has as object of study a new approach of using C. sylvestris extract in the treatment of wounds, for possessing antiseptic activity, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The C. sylvestris species (Salicaceae), popularly known as "guaçatonga", presents great distribution and is used in folk medicine as antiulcer, wound healing, anti-snake venom, properties which have been proven and related to clerodane diterpenes (casearins A-X). The release rate of C. sylvestris compounds from extract-membrane complex was monitored and analyzed using the method of optical spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The release varied with temperature ranging from 14 to 33 days, releasing more than 90%, with an interesting and promising biomedical application, such as wound healing and burns.

Natural rubber latex: Study of a novel carrier for Casearia sylvestris swartz delivery

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)