Relaxor ferroelectricity and electric-field-driven structural transformation in the giant lead-free piezoelectric (Ba,Ca)(Ti, Zr)O-3

There is great interest in lead-free (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Ti0.90Zr0.10)O-3 (15/10BCTZ) because of its exceptionally large piezoelectric response Liu and Ren, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 257602 (2009)]. In this paper, we have analyzed the nature of: (i) crystallographic phase coexistence at room temperature, (ii) temperature-and field-induced phase transformation to throw light on the atomistic mechanisms associated with the large piezoelectric response of this system. A detailed temperature-dependent dielectric and lattice thermal expansion study proved that the system exhibits a weak dielectric relaxation, characteristic of a relaxor ferroelectric material on the verge of exhibiting a normal ferroelectric-paraelectric transformation. Careful structural analysis revealed that a ferroelectric state at room temperature is composed of three phase coexistences, tetragonal (P4mm)+ orthorhombic (Amm2) + rhombohedral (R3m). We also demonstrate that the giant piezoresponse is associated with a significant fraction of the tetragonal phase transforming to rhombohedral. It is argued that the polar nanoregions associated with relaxor ferroelectricity amplify the piezoresponse by providing an additional degree of intrinsic structural inhomogeneity to the system.

Electric field and temperature dependence of the local structural disorder in the lead-free ferroelectric Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3: An EXAFS study

The complex nature of the structural disorder in the lead-free ferroelectric Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 has a profound impact on the perceived global structure and polar properties. In this paper, we have investigated the effect of electric field and temperature on the local structure around theBi and Ti atoms using extended x-ray absorption fine structure. Detailed analysis revealed that poling brings about a noticeable change in the bond distances associated with the Bi-coordination sphere, whereas the Ti coordination remains unaffected. We also observed discontinuity in the Bi-O bond lengths across the depolarization temperature of the poled specimen. These results establish that the disappearance of the monoclinic-like (Cc) global distortion, along with the drastic suppression of the short-ranged in-phase octahedral tilt after poling B. N. Rao et al., Phys. Rev. B 88, 224103 (2013)] is a result of the readjustment of theA-O bonds by the electric field, so as to be in conformity with the rhombohedral R3c structure.

Optimization of bus allocation to depots by minimizing dead kilometers

In metropolitan cities, public transportation service plays a vital role in mobility of people, and it has to introduce new routes more frequently due to the fast development of the city in terms of population growth and city size. Whenever there is introduction of new route or increase in frequency of buses, the nonrevenue kilometers covered by the buses increases as depot and route starting/ending points are at different places. This non-revenue kilometers or dead kilometers depends on the distance between depot and route starting point/ending point. The dead kilometers not only results in revenue loss but also results in an increase in the operating cost because of the extra kilometers covered by buses. Reduction of dead kilometers is necessary for the economic growth of the public transportation system. Therefore, in this study, the attention is focused on minimizing dead kilometers by optimizing allocation of buses to depots depending upon the shortest distance between depot and route starting/ending points. We consider also depot capacity and time period of operation during allocation of buses to ensure parking safety and proper maintenance of buses. Mathematical model is developed considering the aforementioned parameters, which is a mixed integer program, and applied to Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) routes operating presently in order to obtain optimal bus allocation to depots. Database for dead kilometers of depots in BMTC for all the schedules are generated using the Form-4 (trip sheet) of each schedule to analyze depot-wise and division-wise dead kilometers. This study also suggests alternative locations where depots can be located to reduce dead kilometers. Copyright (C) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Measuring the magnetic-field-dependent chemical potential of a low-density three-dimensional electron gas in n-GaAs and extracting its magnetic susceptibility

We report the magnetic-field-dependent shift of the electron chemical potential in bulk, n-type GaAs at room temperature. A transient voltage of similar to 100 mu V was measured across a Au-Al2O3-GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor in a pulsed magnetic field of similar to 6 T. Several spurious voltages larger than the signal that had plagued earlier researchers performing similar experiments were carefully eliminated. The itinerant magnetic susceptibility of GaAs is extracted from the experimentally measured data for four different doping densities, including one as low as 5 x 10(15) cm(-3). Though the susceptibility in GaAs is dominated by Landau-Peierls diamagnetism, the experimental technique demonstrated can be a powerful tool for extracting the total free carrier magnetization of any electron system. The method is also virtually independent of the carrier concentration and is expected to work better in the nondegenerate limit. Such experiments had been successfully performed in two-dimensional electron gases at cryogenic temperatures. However, an unambiguous report on having observed this effect in any three-dimensional electron gas has been lacking. We highlight the 50 year old literature of various trials and discuss the key details of our experiment that were essential for its success. The technique can be used to unambiguously yield only the itinerant part of the magnetic susceptibility of complex materials such as magnetic semiconductors and hexaborides, and thus shed light on the origin of ferromagnetism in such systems.

Instability in an amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O field effect transistor upon water exposure

The instability of an amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (IGZO) field effect transistor is investigated upon water treatment. Electrical characteristics are measured before, immediately after and a few days after water treatment in ambient as well as in vacuum conditions. It is observed that after a few days of water exposure an IGZO field effect transistor (FET) shows relatively more stable behaviour as compared to before exposure. Transfer characteristics are found to shift negatively after immediate water exposure and in vacuum. More interestingly, after water exposure the off current is found to decrease by 1-2 orders of magnitude and remains stable even after 15 d of water exposure in ambient as well as in vacuum, whereas the on current more or less remains the same. An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study is carried out to investigate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of IGZO upon water exposure. The changes in the FET parameters are evaluated and attributed to the formation of excess oxygen vacancies and changes in the electronic structure of the IGZO bulk channel and at the IGZO/SiO2 interface, which can further lead to the formation of subgap states. An attempt is made to distinguish which parameters of the FET are affected by the changes in the electronic structure of the IGZO bulk channel and at the IGZO/SiO2 interface separately.

Optical-Phonon-Limited High-Field Transport in Layered Materials

An optical-phonon-limited velocity model has been employed to investigate high-field transport in a selection of layered 2-D materials for both, low-power logic switches with scaled supply voltages, and high-power, high-frequency transistors. Drain currents, effective electron velocities, and intrinsic cutoff frequencies as a function of carrier density have been predicted, thus providing a benchmark for the optical-phonon-limited high-field performance limits of these materials. The optical-phonon-limited carrier velocities for a selection of multi-layers of transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus are found to be modest compared to their n-channel silicon counterparts, questioning the utility of biasing these devices in the source-injection dominated regime. h-BN, at the other end of the spectrum, is shown to be a very promising material for high-frequency, high-power devices, subject to the experimental realization of high carrier densities, primarily due to its large optical-phonon energy. Experimentally extracted saturation velocities from few-layer MoS2 devices show reasonable qualitative and quantitative agreement with the predicted values. The temperature dependence of the measured v(sat) is discussed and compared with the theoretically predicted dependence over a range of temperatures.

Electromechanical analysis of piezoelectric bimorph actuator in static state considering the nonlinearity at high electric field

This article contains electromechanical analysis of a piezoelectric bimorph actuator at high electric field by incorporating second-order constitutive equations of piezoelectric material. Tip deflection, block force, block moment, block load, output strain energy, output energy density, input electrical energy, and energy efficiency are analytically derived for the actuator at high electric field. The analysis shows that output energy and energy density increase more rapidly at high electric field, compared to the prediction by the linear model. The analysis shows energy efficiency depends on electric field. Some analytical results are validated with the published experimental results.

Synergistic effect of polymorphism, substrate conductivity and electric field stimulation towards enhancing muscle cell growth in vitro

Poly(vinylidene difluoride), a well-known candidate for artificial muscle patch applications is a semi-crystalline polymer with a host of attributes such as piezo- and pyroelectricity, polymorphism along with low dielectric constant and stiffness. The present work explores the unique interplay among the factors (conductivity, polymorphism and electrical stimulation) towards cell proliferation on poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)-based composites. In this regard, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are introduced in the PVDF matrix (limited to 2%) through melt mixing to increase the conductivity of PVDF. The addition of MWNTs also led to an increase in the fraction of piezoelectric beta-phase, tensile strength and modulus. The melting and crystallization behaviour of PVDF-MWNT together with FT-IR confirms that the crystallization is found to be aided by the presence of MWNT. The conducting PVDF-MWNTs are used as substrates for the growth of C2C12 mouse myoblast cells and electrical stimulation with a range of field strengths (0-2 V cm(-1)) is intermittently delivered to the cells in culture. The cell viability results suggest that metabolically active cell numbers can statistically increase with electric stimulation up to 1 V cm(-1), only on the PVDF + 2% MWNT. Summarising, the current study highlights the importance of biophysical cues on cellular function at the cell-substrate interface. This study further opens up new avenues in designing conducting substrates, that can be utilized for enhancing cell viability and proliferation and also reconfirms the lack of toxicity of MWNTs, when added in a tailored manner.

Percolative switching in transition metal dichalcogenide field-effect transistors at room temperature

We have addressed the microscopic transport mechanism at the switching or `on-off' transition in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) field-effect transistors (FETs), which has been a controversial topic in TMDC electronics, especially at room temperature. With simultaneous measurement of channel conductivity and its slow time-dependent fluctuation (or noise) in ultrathin WSe2 and MoS2 FETs on insulating SiO2 substrates where noise arises from McWhorter-type carrier number fluctuations, we establish that the switching in conventional backgated TMDC FETs is a classical percolation transition in a medium of inhomogeneous carrier density distribution. From the experimentally observed exponents in the scaling of noise magnitude with conductivity, we observe unambiguous signatures of percolation in a random resistor network, particularly, in WSe2 FETs close to switching, which crosses over to continuum percolation at a higher doping level. We demonstrate a powerful experimental probe to the microscopic nature of near-threshold electrical transport in TMDC FETs, irrespective of the material detail, device geometry, or carrier mobility, which can be extended to other classes of 2D material-based devices as well.

Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of Pulsating Torque Produced by Induction Motor Drives Controlled With Advanced Bus-Clamping Pulsewidth Modulation

This paper investigates possible reduction of pulsating torque in open-loop and vector-controlled induction motor drives through deployment of certain advanced bus-clamping pulsewidth modulation (ABCPWM) method. Toward this goal, a simple and machine-independent method is proposed to analyze the torque harmonic spectrum of a voltage source inverter fed induction motor, operated with any real-time pulsewidth modulation (PWM) method. The analytically evaluated torque harmonic spectra, pertaining to conventional space vector PWM (CSVPWM), bus-clamping PWM (BCPWM), and ABCPWM, are validated through simulation and experimental results. Theoretical and experimental studies bring out the superiority of the ABCPWM in terms of torque harmonics over CSVPWM and BCPWM. The magnitude of the dominant torque harmonic with the ABCPWM scheme is shown to be significantly lower than that with CSVPWM, over a wide range of speed. The rms torque ripple (i.e., total rms value of all harmonic torques) is lower with ABCPWM than with BCPWM over the entire range of speed.

Effect of Magnetic Field on Photoresponse of Cobalt Integrated Zinc Oxide Nanorods

Cobalt integrated zinc oxide nanorod (Co-ZnO NR) array is presented as a novel heterostructure for ultraviolet (UV) photodetector (PD). Defect states in Co-ZnO NRs surface induces an enhancement in photocurrent as compared to pristine ZnO NRs PD. Presented Co-ZnO NRs PD is highly sensitive to external magnetic field that demonstrated 185.7% enhancement in response current. It is concluded that the opposite polarizations of electron and holes in the presence of external magnetic field contribute to effective separation of electron hole pairs that have drifted upon UV illumination. Moreover, Co-ZnO NRs PD shows a faster photodetection speed (1.2 s response time and 7.4 s recovery time) as compared to the pristine ZnO NRs where the response and recovery times are observed as 38 and 195 s, respectively.

Air-pollution and economics: diesel bus versus electric bus

The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) took an initiative to check the overall benefits of introducing electric buses as a suitable replacement for the diesel buses to tackle the burgeoning pollution in the city of Bengaluru, India. For a trial run of three months, an electric bus was procured from a Chinese company `Build Your Dreams' (BYD). Data were collected by BMTC on the operation and maintenance of the bus. This new initiative, if rightly guided, could have a direct impact on the lives of those in the city. An economic analysis of the running as well as maintenance of the electric buses within the city limits was performed. For comparison, the same analysis was performed for the data from the existing diesel bus operating on the same route. On the basis of the study, it can be concluded that the introduction of electric buses as a means of public transport in the city would be beneficial both economically as well as environmentally. The electric bus also makes much less noise, thereby helping reduce noise pollution and makes less vibration when compared to the diesel bus. This results in a more comfortable journey for the passengers.

Counting zero kernel pairs over a finite field

Helmke et al. have recently given a formula for the number of reachable pairs of matrices over a finite field. We give a new and elementary proof of the same formula by solving the equivalent problem of determining the number of so called zero kernel pairs over a finite field. We show that the problem is, equivalent to certain other enumeration problems and outline a connection with some recent results of Guo and Yang on the natural density of rectangular unimodular matrices over F-qx]. We also propose a new conjecture on the density of unimodular matrix polynomials. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Tuning Photoluminescence Response by Electric Field in Electrically Soft Ferroelectrics

We show that an electrically soft ferroelectric host can be used to tune the photoluminescence (PL) response of rare-earth emitter ions by external electric field. The proof of this concept is demonstrated by changing the PL response of the Eu3+ ion by electric field on a model system Eu-doped 0.94(Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3)-0.06(BaTiO3). We also show that new channels of radiative transitions, forbidden otherwise, open up due to positional disorder in the system, which can as well be tuned by electric field.

Long-period modulated structure and electric-field-induced structural transformation in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-based lead-free piezoelectrics

Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3- based lead-free piezoelectrics exhibiting giant piezostrain are technologically interesting materials for actuator applications. The lack of clarity with regard to the structure of the nonpolar phase of this system has hindered the understanding of the structural mechanism associated with the giant piezostrain and other related phenomena. In this paper, we have investigated the structure and field-induced phase transformation behavior of a model system (0.94 - x) Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.06BaTiO(3)-xK(0.5)Na(0.5)NbO(3) (0.0 <= x <= 0.025). A detailed structural analysis using neutron powder diffraction revealed that the nonpolar phase is neither cubic nor a mixture of rhombohedral (R3c) and tetragonal (P4bm) phases as commonly reported in literature but exhibits a long-period modulated structure, which is most probably of the type root 2 x root 2 x n with n = 16. Our results suggest that the giant piezoelectric strain is associated with a field-induced phase transformation of the long-period modulated structure to rhombohedral R3c structure above a critical field. We also demonstrate that the giant piezostrain is lost if the system retains a fraction of the field-induced R3c phase. A possible correlation among depolarization temperature, giant piezostrain, and its electrical fatigue behavior has also been indicated.