Lacan, Gödel, a ciência e a verdade

Jaques Lacan, the thinker who proposes a return to the fundamentals of psychoanalysis in Freud states that the math would face as a privileged way of transmission of knowledge by the science. Although he was a follower of the mathematization of nature as the foundation of modern science, for him this principle does not imply eliminating the subject that produces it. That would be equivalent to saying that there can not be a language, whatever, even the math, that may "erases" the subject assumption in science. In the text The science and the truth we will try to introduce the idea, not so simple, by the way, the truth as the cause. Citing the framework of the causes in Aristotle, Lacan will speak of a homology between the truth as formal cause, in the case of science, and the truth as material cause, on the side of psychoanalysis. Among its aims with this text, he wants to establish that the unconscious of the subject would be none other than the subject of science. The famous incompleteness theorems of logical-mathematical Kurt Gödel enter here as a chapter of this issue. Recognized as true watershed, these theorems have to be remembered as revealing even outside the mathematical environment, and Lacan himself is not indifferent to this. He makes mention of Gödel's name and draws some observations apparently modest support for his own theory. Since some technical sophisticated knowledges awaits the reader who intends understand this supposed corroboration that Gödel provides to psychoanalysis, introduce the student of Lacan in the use he makes of the incompleteness theorems is the objective of this work. In The science and the truth, which fits us to locate the name of Gödel, one must question how seize such an idea without incurring the extrapolation and abuse of mathematical knowledge, almost trivial in this case. Thus, this paper aims to introduce the reader to the reasoning behind the theorems of Gödel, acquaint him about the Lacan’s mathematical claims, and indicate how to proceed using this implicit math in the text The science and the truth.

Buraco negros, correspondência AdS/BCFT e fluido/gravidade

Einstein’s equations with negative cosmological constant possess the so-called anti de Sitter space, AdSd+1, as one of its solutions. We will later refer to this space as to the "bulk". The holographic principle states that quantum gravity in the AdSd+1 space can be encoded by a d−dimensional quantum field theory on the boundary of AdSd+1 space, invariant under conformal transformations, a CFTd. In the most famous example, the precise statement is the duality of the type IIB string theory in the space AdS5 × S 5 and the 4−dimensional N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. Another example is provided by a relation between Einstein’s equations in the bulk and hydrodynamic equations describing the effective theory on the boundary, the so-called fluid/gravity correspondence. An extension of the "AdS/CFT duality"for the CFT’s with boundary was proposed by Takayanagi, which was dubbed the AdS/BCFT correspondence. The boundary of a CFT extends to the bulk and restricts a region of the AdSd+1. Neumann conditions imposed on the extension of the boundary yield a dynamic equation that determines the shape of the extension. From the perspective of fluid/gravity correspondence, the shape of the Neumann boundary, and the geometry of the bulk is sourced by the energy-momentum tensor Tµν of a fluid residing on this boundary. Clarifying the relation of the Takayanagi’s proposal to the fluid/gravity correspondence, we will study the consistence of the AdS/BCFT with finite temperature CFT’s, or equivalently black hole geometries in the bulk.

Merleau-Ponty: uma ontologia do visível

This work discusses the ontology of the visible at the thought of Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961), which points to a depth and opacity of the perceived world that oppose transparency of geometric world thought by René Descartes (1596-1650). At first we approached the Cartesian discourse developed in Dioptrics Descartes, the first of three scientific discourses published in 1637, being introduced by the famous Discourse method. In this sense, this research discusses the mechanistic explanation that the modern philosopher has the vision, process comprising the formation of images on the retina and its communication to the brain, and the subsequent reading performed by an immaterial mind. Discusses the notion of image as a result of the interpretation of the spirit because, for Descartes, is not the eye that sees, but the spirit that reads and decodes the signals that the body receives the world. At another point, reflected on the criticism of the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty at the thought of overflight present in Dioptrics Descartes. Therefore, it takes as its reference the third part of the book The Eye and the Spirit (1961), in which the intellectualist approach of vision is considered a failed attempt to move away from the visible to rebuild it from anywhere . In this sense, it reflects on a new ontology proposed by Merleau-Ponty thinking being without departing from the puzzles of the body and vision. Puzzles that show a promiscuity between the seer and the seen, between sentient and sensitive. Thus, this paper discusses how visibility was treated by the contemporary philosopher, not as something to be judged by the spirit to get a real nature of things, but as a manifestation of the same things. Finally, this research explores the ontology of the visible in merleaupontiano thought, an ontology that does not rebuild or appropriates visible by a thought of overflight, but what you do from your own visibility as compared original and constant with depth in the world.

Merleau-Ponty: uma ontologia do visível

This work discusses the ontology of the visible at the thought of Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961), which points to a depth and opacity of the perceived world that oppose transparency of geometric world thought by René Descartes (1596-1650). At first we approached the Cartesian discourse developed in Dioptrics Descartes, the first of three scientific discourses published in 1637, being introduced by the famous Discourse method. In this sense, this research discusses the mechanistic explanation that the modern philosopher has the vision, process comprising the formation of images on the retina and its communication to the brain, and the subsequent reading performed by an immaterial mind. Discusses the notion of image as a result of the interpretation of the spirit because, for Descartes, is not the eye that sees, but the spirit that reads and decodes the signals that the body receives the world. At another point, reflected on the criticism of the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty at the thought of overflight present in Dioptrics Descartes. Therefore, it takes as its reference the third part of the book The Eye and the Spirit (1961), in which the intellectualist approach of vision is considered a failed attempt to move away from the visible to rebuild it from anywhere . In this sense, it reflects on a new ontology proposed by Merleau-Ponty thinking being without departing from the puzzles of the body and vision. Puzzles that show a promiscuity between the seer and the seen, between sentient and sensitive. Thus, this paper discusses how visibility was treated by the contemporary philosopher, not as something to be judged by the spirit to get a real nature of things, but as a manifestation of the same things. Finally, this research explores the ontology of the visible in merleaupontiano thought, an ontology that does not rebuild or appropriates visible by a thought of overflight, but what you do from your own visibility as compared original and constant with depth in the world.

Sustentabilidade de destinos turísticos em unidades de conservação: o caso da Praia de Jenipabu

Environmental Sustainability is a very important factor for the Tourist Development of the localities, which should be protected and preserved so many other generations goers enjoy the experiences in their paradisiacal landscapes. The objective of the present study is to analyze the sustainability of the tourist destination of Jenipabu Beach, situated in a conservation area on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, in the city of Extremoz, 20 km from the center of the Capital Natal, being of great state tourist importance for having the most famous Dunes park in the region. There are several regulars and their proper groups in a tourist area, and the differences in these perceptions about the relationship of certain factors occurring on site, can determine how sustainable the same or its sustainability index is. This research used an Ecotourism Sustainability Indicator System (SEIS) to Tsaur, et al (2006), to assist in the verification of this index, in use methods of exploratory and descriptive research, where the data were collected through a questionnaire applied close to 151 attendees divided among residents, traders and visitors, directly by the author in Jenipabu in August and September 2015. The tabulation, analysis and interpretation of data were taken from the assistance of the technical factor analysis of statistics and ONEWAY ANOVA, which conducted by IBM SPSS software STATISTICS 20. The main findings were, identifying 14 relevant sustainability factors, of which 6 coincide with the indicator model used and 8 are new, as well as verification that Jenipabu is a destination with strong economic dependence of the Tourism, with various impacts of this community, which does not recognize the benefits that the Environmental Protection Area (APA) can bring to this and to the locality tourism. In conclusion on differences in perceptions of the regulars that the studied region Beach has low Sustainability and requires the development of various projects and actions for improvement.

Salt springs from Romania exploited during early archaeological times : a new candidate for World Heritage

Our approach emphasizes on the importance of the first forms of salt springs exploitation meant to obtain recrystallized salt for the development of prehistoric human communities within the continental inlands of Europe. Although it does not compare with the monumental dimension of World Heritage, the exploitation of some salt springs in Eastern Romania goes back around 8 millennia; they may be the oldest such exploitations in the world, as proven by 14C calibrated data. What differentiates Romanian salt springs from other famous similar areas in Europe is the continuity of exploitation and utilization of natural brine. Actually, these resilient behaviours explain the creation of a whole and complex universe of salt, which also represents a unique point of reference within the intangible World Heritage. It is through this association in variable proportions between tangible (non-monumental) and intangible that these salt springs comprising the oldest traces of salt exploitation can be considered elements of World Heritage. Today, important personalities in the fields of archaeology, anthropology and history posit that salt is a major reference for the development of the entire umanity. Obviously, the breakthrough of this idea requires awareness efforts targeting, on one hand, local communities in those areas wand, on the other, national and international scientific and cultural environments concerned with the World Heritage. In this context, a proper motivation is the fact that the last two decades have witnessed an intensification of research on salt, which turned this topic one of the major themes within European archaeology and ethno-archaeology. In terms of local community awareness concerning the importance of salt springs in the economic development of a (micro) area over time, it is worth underlining mostly the specialists’ efforts of presenting this topic in the media. Moreover, the impact of a recent initiative of the two museums in the area (Piatra Neamț and Târgu Neamț)—establishing distinct sections that represent, by using museum-inspired means, both archaeological vestiges and traditional practices of natural brine exploitation and utilization—will prove its extent in time. Certain local authorities and private entrepreneurs have pinpointed that valorising tourist areas comprising the oldest traces of salt exploitation in Romania is an imminent issue. The greatest challenge is finding a balance between the civilization improvements (upgraded access roads, upgrading operating areas, etc.) and thep rotection of still-alive traditional practices of salt exploitation and use, within rural areas. Certain local authorities and private entrepreneurs have pinpointed that valorising tourist areas comprising the oldest traces of salt exploitation in Romania will become, sooner or later, an imminent issue. The greatest challenge is finding a balance between the civilization improvements (upgraded access roads, upgrading operating areas, etc.) and the protection of still-alive traditional practices of salt exploitation and use, within rural areas.

Periodic nonlinear Fourier transform for fiber-optic communications, Part II:eigenvalue communication

In this paper we propose the design of communication systems based on using periodic nonlinear Fourier transform (PNFT), following the introduction of the method in the Part I. We show that the famous "eigenvalue communication" idea [A. Hasegawa and T. Nyu, J. Lightwave Technol. 11, 395 (1993)] can also be generalized for the PNFT application: In this case, the main spectrum attributed to the PNFT signal decomposition remains constant with the propagation down the optical fiber link. Therefore, the main PNFT spectrum can be encoded with data in the same way as soliton eigenvalues in the original proposal. The results are presented in terms of the bit-error rate (BER) values for different modulation techniques and different constellation sizes vs. the propagation distance, showing a good potential of the technique.

Using Bird Distributions to Assess Extinction Risk and Identify Conservation Priorities in Biodiversity Hotspots

Habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation threaten the World’s ecosystems and species. These, and other threats, will likely be exacerbated by climate change. Due to a limited budget for conservation, we are forced to prioritize a few areas over others. These places are selected based on their uniqueness and vulnerability. One of the most famous examples is the biodiversity hotspots: areas where large quantities of endemic species meet alarming rates of habitat loss. Most of these places are in the tropics, where species have smaller ranges, diversity is higher, and ecosystems are most threatened.

Species distributions are useful to understand ecological theory and evaluate extinction risk. Small-ranged species, or those endemic to one place, are more vulnerable to extinction than widely distributed species. However, current range maps often overestimate the distribution of species, including areas that are not within the suitable elevation or habitat for a species. Consequently, assessment of extinction risk using these maps could underestimate vulnerability.

In order to be effective in our quest to conserve the World’s most important places we must: 1) Translate global and national priorities into practical local actions, 2) Find synergies between biodiversity conservation and human welfare, 3) Evaluate the different dimensions of threats, in order to design effective conservation measures and prepare for future threats, and 4) Improve the methods used to evaluate species’ extinction risk and prioritize areas for conservation. The purpose of this dissertation is to address these points in Colombia and other global biodiversity hotspots.

In Chapter 2, I identified the global, strategic conservation priorities and then downscaled to practical local actions within the selected priorities in Colombia. I used existing range maps of 171 bird species to identify priority conservation areas that would protect the greatest number of species at risk in Colombia (endemic and small-ranged species). The Western Andes had the highest concentrations of such species—100 in total—but the lowest densities of national parks. I then adjusted the priorities for this region by refining these species ranges by selecting only areas of suitable elevation and remaining habitat. The estimated ranges of these species shrank by 18–100% after accounting for habitat and suitable elevation. Setting conservation priorities on the basis of currently available range maps excluded priority areas in the Western Andes and, by extension, likely elsewhere and for other taxa. By incorporating detailed maps of remaining natural habitats, I made practical recommendations for conservation actions. One recommendation was to restore forest connections to a patch of cloud forest about to become isolated from the main Andes.

For Chapter 3, I identified areas where bird conservation met ecosystem service protection in the Central Andes of Colombia. Inspired by the November 11th (2011) landslide event near Manizales, and the current poor results of Colombia’s Article 111 of Law 99 of 1993 as a conservation measure in this country, I set out to prioritize conservation and restoration areas where landslide prevention would complement bird conservation in the Central Andes. This area is one of the most biodiverse places on Earth, but also one of the most threatened. Using the case of the Rio Blanco Reserve, near Manizales, I identified areas for conservation where endemic and small-range bird diversity was high, and where landslide risk was also high. I further prioritized restoration areas by overlapping these conservation priorities with a forest cover map. Restoring forests in bare areas of high landslide risk and important bird diversity yields benefits for both biodiversity and people. I developed a simple landslide susceptibility model using slope, forest cover, aspect, and stream proximity. Using publicly available bird range maps, refined by elevation, I mapped concentrations of endemic and small-range bird species. I identified 1.54 km2 of potential restoration areas in the Rio Blanco Reserve, and 886 km2 in the Central Andes region. By prioritizing these areas, I facilitate the application of Article 111 which requires local and regional governments to invest in land purchases for the conservation of watersheds.

Chapter 4 dealt with elevational ranges of montane birds and the impact of lowland deforestation on their ranges in the Western Andes of Colombia, an important biodiversity hotspot. Using point counts and mist-nets, I surveyed six altitudinal transects spanning 2200 to 2800m. Three transects were forested from 2200 to 2800m, and three were partially deforested with forest cover only above 2400m. I compared abundance-weighted mean elevation, minimum elevation, and elevational range width. In addition to analyzing the effect of deforestation on 134 species, I tested its impact within trophic guilds and habitat preference groups. Abundance-weighted mean and minimum elevations were not significantly different between forested and partially deforested transects. Range width was marginally different: as expected, ranges were larger in forested transects. Species in different trophic guilds and habitat preference categories showed different trends. These results suggest that deforestation may affect species’ elevational ranges, even within the forest that remains. Climate change will likely exacerbate harmful impacts of deforestation on species’ elevational distributions. Future conservation strategies need to account for this by protecting connected forest tracts across a wide range of elevations.

In Chapter 5, I refine the ranges of 726 species from six biodiversity hotspots by suitable elevation and habitat. This set of 172 bird species for the Atlantic Forest, 138 for Central America, 100 for the Western Andes of Colombia, 57 for Madagascar, 102 for Sumatra, and 157 for Southeast Asia met the criteria for range size, endemism, threat, and forest use. Of these 586 species, the Red List deems 108 to be threatened: 15 critically endangered, 29 endangered, and 64 vulnerable. When ranges are refined by elevational limits and remaining forest cover, 10 of those critically endangered species have ranges < 100km2, but then so do 2 endangered species, seven vulnerable, and eight non-threatened ones. Similarly, 4 critically endangered species, 20 endangered, and 12 vulnerable species have refined ranges < 5000km2, but so do 66 non-threatened species. A striking 89% of these species I have classified in higher threat categories have <50% of their refined ranges inside protected areas. I find that for 43% of the species I assessed, refined range sizes fall within thresholds that typically have higher threat categories than their current assignments. I recommend these species for closer inspection by those who assess risk. These assessments are not only important on a species-by-species basis, but by combining distributions of threatened species, I create maps of conservation priorities. They differ significantly from those created from unrefined ranges.

Estudio sobre la variación perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales : Marcas del contacto lingüístico

El trabajo presenta un análisis cualitativo-cuantitativo del uso variable del perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales, de acuerdo con la perspectiva Etnopragmática desarrollada por García 1990, 1995; Martínez 1995, 2000; Mauder 2000. Se considera la singularidad de una variedad en situación de contacto lingüístico: la del español en contacto con el aymara y el quechua, y se indaga sobre las transformaciones que pueden producirse cuando diferentes lenguas -diferentes visiones de mundo- entran en contacto. En relación con esto, veremos que la presencia, tanto en la lengua quechua como en la lengua aymara, de un sistema evidencial gramaticalizado podría influir en la variación del perfecto simple y compuesto en los discursos de Morales, en particular, que la presencia de la forma del perfecto compuesto podría funcionar como una marca de evidencia directa y su uso contribuiría a la estrategia discursiva del orador de mostrar ciertos hechos de la historia de Bolivia como cercanos a su vivencia y experiencia personales, marcando un mayor grado compromiso con respecto a la veracidad de lo que enuncia. De esta manera, el orador consigue aunar su voz con la de los pueblos originarios, formar parte de los grupos discriminados y excluidos de la historia de su país y así, contar con su apoyo y acompañamiento durante su mandato.

Estudio sobre la variación perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales : Marcas del contacto lingüístico

El trabajo presenta un análisis cualitativo-cuantitativo del uso variable del perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales, de acuerdo con la perspectiva Etnopragmática desarrollada por García 1990, 1995; Martínez 1995, 2000; Mauder 2000. Se considera la singularidad de una variedad en situación de contacto lingüístico: la del español en contacto con el aymara y el quechua, y se indaga sobre las transformaciones que pueden producirse cuando diferentes lenguas -diferentes visiones de mundo- entran en contacto. En relación con esto, veremos que la presencia, tanto en la lengua quechua como en la lengua aymara, de un sistema evidencial gramaticalizado podría influir en la variación del perfecto simple y compuesto en los discursos de Morales, en particular, que la presencia de la forma del perfecto compuesto podría funcionar como una marca de evidencia directa y su uso contribuiría a la estrategia discursiva del orador de mostrar ciertos hechos de la historia de Bolivia como cercanos a su vivencia y experiencia personales, marcando un mayor grado compromiso con respecto a la veracidad de lo que enuncia. De esta manera, el orador consigue aunar su voz con la de los pueblos originarios, formar parte de los grupos discriminados y excluidos de la historia de su país y así, contar con su apoyo y acompañamiento durante su mandato.

Estudio sobre la variación perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales : Marcas del contacto lingüístico

El trabajo presenta un análisis cualitativo-cuantitativo del uso variable del perfecto simple y perfecto compuesto en los discursos presidenciales de Evo Morales, de acuerdo con la perspectiva Etnopragmática desarrollada por García 1990, 1995; Martínez 1995, 2000; Mauder 2000. Se considera la singularidad de una variedad en situación de contacto lingüístico: la del español en contacto con el aymara y el quechua, y se indaga sobre las transformaciones que pueden producirse cuando diferentes lenguas -diferentes visiones de mundo- entran en contacto. En relación con esto, veremos que la presencia, tanto en la lengua quechua como en la lengua aymara, de un sistema evidencial gramaticalizado podría influir en la variación del perfecto simple y compuesto en los discursos de Morales, en particular, que la presencia de la forma del perfecto compuesto podría funcionar como una marca de evidencia directa y su uso contribuiría a la estrategia discursiva del orador de mostrar ciertos hechos de la historia de Bolivia como cercanos a su vivencia y experiencia personales, marcando un mayor grado compromiso con respecto a la veracidad de lo que enuncia. De esta manera, el orador consigue aunar su voz con la de los pueblos originarios, formar parte de los grupos discriminados y excluidos de la historia de su país y así, contar con su apoyo y acompañamiento durante su mandato.

Tab. 1: Proportion of glacial quartz grains contained in the deposits

The Yari-Hotaka Mountain Range is one of the most famous formerly-glaciated areas of Japan. Many glacial landforms remain in three neighbouring U-shaped valleys, named Yarisawa, Yokoo and Migimata. Moraines and outwash terraces can be classified into four groups according to their location and to the amount of glacial quartz grains contained in the deposits. A glaciation is proved for other parts of the Northern Japanese Alps before 100 000 years B.P., but not for the Yari-Hotaka Mountain Range, because the corresponding glacial landforms cannot be found here. The oldest known Ichinomata stage before and after 60 000 years B.P. corresponds to the Yokoo glacial which is proved wirhin the whole Japanese Alps. The three younger stages, Babadaira stage (before 30 000 years B.P.), Yarisawa stage I (about 30000 years B.P.) and Yarisawa stage II (about 15000 years B.P.), belong to the Karasawa glacial. About 10 000 years B.P. the glaciers melted away. At all times the relief-influence was especially important for Ihe mass-balances of Japanese glaciers. Wind-drifted snow from the west-exposed windward slopes to the slopes in eastern (lee) exposition, and a voluminous snow accumulation by avalanches from the high rocky walls onto the glacier surfaces beneath, caused very low situated glaciers as well as low equilibrium-lines. In most cases the snow-lines were situated 100 m or more above the equilibrium-lines. During the Ichinomata stage the snow-line reached an altitude of 2400-2450 m. It rose about 100 m to the Babadaira stage, 300 m to Yarisawa stage I and about 450 m to Yarisawa stage II. At present the snow-line is situated above the Northern Japanese Alps at over 4000 m. Therefore only perennial snow-patches exist. If the snow-line would go down by a few hundred meters, this region would be highly interesting Ifor studies on the beginning of mountain glaciation.

The Gentleman-Scholar at Home: Domesticity, Masculinity, and Civility in Dutch Seventeenth-Century Genre Painting

This dissertation examines the gentleman-scholar depicted at home in Dutch seventeenth-century genre paintings, focusing primarily on art created in the Northern Netherlands from the 1630s through the 1670s. The methodological approach is art historical but also pertains to history of architecture, history of dress, and gender studies. Employing the framework of the 'Ages of Man', this thesis investigates three related pictorial themes: the student, the scholar in his prime, and the aged scholar. Variations of male scholarly figures and the accoutrements of the study have a long history in Europe. Prototypical sources include religious history paintings of learned hermit-saints; artistic interest in the allegorical Saturnine persona; portraits of famous scholars; and the iconography of scholarly melancholy implied through vanitas allusions in portraiture and genre paintings. While the majority of Dutch genre paintings pertain to themes of women, male domestic routines form a small but important subset of this imagery and have not been studied. By the 1640s, this subject is readily identified by his setting, clothing, and actions. The ubiquity of scholarly attributes, such as books and globes, paired with the wearing of scholarly robes suggest the merits of intellectual curiosity and the privileges of studying as a pastime and designating a room as a study (studeerkamer). Distinct themes in genre also imply the challenges and rewards of scholarly activity pursued in concert with masculine civic and familial duty. Central to the development of this pictorial theme were: the innovative treatment of learned men by Rembrandt and his circle; the fijnschilder subjects of Dou; and the practice of amateur study by elite men, as suggested by the art of Vermeer. As this dissertation reveals, this convention did not grow to be consistent across the Northern Netherlands, nor was artistic interest limited to university towns. Rather, the larger relevance of scholars in Dutch society is evident in visual and literary sources. The domesticity of this figure in genre painting suggests that scholars mediated between an active and a contemplative life. Societal respect was garnered for scholars through their balance of familial and social duties with the honorable pastime of scholarly leisure.

Ariane et la Clef d'Or

L’œuvre de Paul Dukas ne peut pas être réduite à son œuvre la plus célèbre, L’Apprenti sorcier. Ayant pratiqué aussi la critique, Dukas apparaît comme un auteur avec un style original et propre différencié de celui de Debussy. Dans Ariane et Barbe-Bleue, malveillamment considérée comme une simple réponse à Pelléas et Mélisande, sa préoccupation principale reste la transformation en musique du poème de Maeterlinck, d’en sortir la musique interne du langage écrit.

La historia contemporánea en relación con la memoria, los museos y los espacios de memoria Internacionales - pasado, presente y futuro

El artículo examina los conceptos de Monumentos, Sitios y Museos conmemorativos a nivel internacional. Se comienza con la terminología de historia contemporánea como un término que se desarrolló y amplió desde 1950. La historia contemporánea influye también en el campo de las Bellas Artes. Los monumentos conmemorativos o sitios de la memoria en lugares auténticos son de gran importancia para la concienciación. En combinación con los museos tienen la posibilidad de recoger diversos objetos como fuentes escritas, artefactos, fotografías y registros de la historia oral como testimonios de los antiguos acontecimientos. En cuanto a los museos, esto se refleja particularmente en las concepciones de los museos para la Guerra y la Paz, los museos de la Memoria sobre el Genocidio, y los museos de Movimientos de Resistencia. Un artefacto particular del ataque terrorista del 11 de septiembre de 2001 es la Karyatide del famoso artista alemán Fritz Koenig, ahora colocado en el Battery Park al sur de Manhattan. Por último, el Memorial y Museo Nacional 11 de Septiembre se explica junto con su arquitectura, la idea de “Ausencia Reflexionada” y la Misión de la Memoria para el futuro.