Cultura de embrião e indução de brotos in vitro para micropropagação do pinhão-manso

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência da intensidade de aeração na formação do floco de lodo ativado e na eficiência de remoção de matéria orgânica

In wastewater treatment, activated sludge systems have been a technology widely applied as secondary treatment. During this step, which has a strong biological aspect, it is necessary to introduce oxygen supply for the maintenance of metabolic activity of the bacteria through the aerators. Aeration devices are responsible for most of the energy consumption in this stage. In this background, the influence of three aeration intensities (atmospheric air flow 3.5, 7.0 and 10.5 L.min-1) and the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) on the dimension of activated sludge flocs as well as on the efficiency of organic matter removal were assessed using a traditional activated sludge system which was fed with synthetic domestic wastewater. Samples were taken weekly from the three units that make up the system feed, aeration and storage tank in order to verify the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). It was established the process efficiency through a comparison between the initial and final COD. Besides the parameters already mentioned, this monitoring work on activated sludge batch system was also observed by Mixed Liquor Suspend Solids (MLSS), Volatile Suspend Solids (VSS), pH and temperature measures. The results have showed a maximum removal efficiency around 75% in the first aeration sequence and approximately 85% for the second and third one. For the first aeration, the DO concentration remained higher than 3.0 mg.L-1 and a diameter range from 10 to 60 μm was observed. In the second e third sequence, the DO concentration remained higher than 4.0 mg.L-1 with a diameter range of 10 until 200 μm. Although the sequence 1 and 2 have presented similar performances for organic matter removal, the sequence 2 promoted a regular floc size distribution and with lower values of Sludge Volumetric Index (SVI) meaning a better flocculating ability. In addition, the results reaffirmed what the literature has reported: higher DO concentrations produce flocs with greater dimensions

Obtenção de Propriedades Físico-Químicas de Misturas de Hidrocarbonetos em Baixa e Alta Pressão Visando a Caracterização e a Modelagem

The composition of petroleum may change from well to well and its resulting characteristics influence significantly the refine products. Therefore, it is important to characterize the oil in order to know its properties and send it adequately for processing. Since petroleum is a multicomponent mixture, the use of synthetic mixtures that are representative of oil fractions provides a better understand of the real mixture behavior. One way for characterization is usually obtained through correlation of physico-chemical properties of easy measurement, such as density, specific gravity, viscosity, and refractive index. In this work new measurements were obtained for density, specific gravity, viscosity, and refractive index of the following binary mixtures: n-heptane + hexadecane, cyclohexane + hexadecane, and benzene + hexadecane. These measurements were accomplished at low pressure and temperatures in the range 288.15 K to 310.95 K. These data were applied in the development of a new method of oil characterization. Furthermore, a series of measurements of density at high pressure and temperature of the binary mixture cyclohexane + n-hexadecane were performed. The ranges of pressure and temperature were 6.895 to 62.053 MPa and 318.15 to 413.15 K, respectively. Based on these experimental data of compressed liquid mixtures, a thermodynamic modeling was proposed using the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS). The EOS was modified with scaling of volume and a relatively reduced number of parameters were employed. The results were satisfactory demonstrating accuracy not only for density data, but also for isobaric thermal expansion and isothermal compressibility coefficients. This thesis aims to contribute in a scientific manner to the technological problem of refining heavy fractions of oil. This problem was treated in two steps, i.e., characterization and search of the processes that can produce streams with economical interest, such as solvent extraction at high pressure and temperature. In order to determine phase equilibrium data in these conditions, conceptual projects of two new experimental apparatus were developed. These devices consist of cells of variable volume together with a analytical static device. Therefore, this thesis contributed with the subject of characterization of hydrocarbons mixtures and with development of equilibrium cells operating at high pressure and temperature. These contributions are focused on the technological problem of refining heavy oil fractions

Extração de metais pesados de efluentes da indústria do petróleo utilizando derivados de óleos vegetais como extratantes

The study of a promising alternative for the treatment of produced water from the oil industry envisaging its reuse was the focus of this work. Millions of liters of water are generated per day, containing heavy metals in low concentrations (< 0,15 mg/L for Pb, <0,04 mg/L for Cd, <0,04 mg/L for Ni). The technology applied to extract these metals from aqueous phase was the solvent extraction and the extratants used were vegetable oils originated from coconut oil. They can be used in natural form or as derivatives, known as MAC - Mixture of Carboxílics Acids. The determination of the heavy metal con¬centrations in a complex matrix was made by using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique (AAS). On the bench tests using synthetics aqueous solutions containing metals, vegetable oils showed no power to extract the metals studied. The extractant MAC was selective for the Pb> Cd> Ni, in the concentration of 8% in the same organic phase. In this condition, the lower efficiency of extraction obtained was 92% for the Pb, 69% for the Cd, in the range of pH ranging from 6 to 8. An experimental planning was conducted for continuous tests. The device used was called MDIF Misturador-Decantador à Inversão de Fases and the aqueous phase was produced water from Pólo Indutrial de Guamaré/RN . No correlation between the studied variables (concentration of metal, concentration of extratant and agitation in the mixing chamer) could be obtained, because of possible factors which occurred as: variation in the composition of the studied sample, phenomena of precipitation and complexation of metals in the reservoir of feed, solubility of extratant

Utilização da medida do clorofilômetro no manejo da adubação nitrogenada em plantas de pimentão

O adequado manejo da adubação nitrogenada ao longo do ciclo da cultura do pimentão é complicado pela falta de um índice do N disponível no solo e por ser a análise química de folhas um método de diagnose demorado. Foi realizado um experimento em vasos, em um túnel de plástico pertencente ao Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciência do Solo, da FCA/UNESP, Botucatu (SP), com o objetivo de avaliar o índice de suficiência de nitrogênio (ISN), calculado com base nas medidas do clorofilômetro, como ferramenta auxiliar no manejo da adubação nitrogenada em plantas de pimentão. O experimento foi composto de doses de N (4,9; 9,8; 14,7; 19,6; e 24,5 g de N 50 kg-1 de solo - uma planta) aplicadas de modo convencional ou pela fertirrigação e um tratamento em que as plantas não receberam apenas a adubação nitrogenada, com sete repetições. As medidas do clorofilômetro foram realizadas a cada 15 dias em cinco folhas recém-maduras por planta. O ISN foi calculado pela relação entre a média das medidas do clorofilômetro nas plantas dos tratamentos (MCT) e a média das medidas do clorofilômetro nas plantas que receberam a maior dose (MCR), na área de referência (ISN = MCT/MCR x 100). O ISN pode ser um bom indicador do momento de aplicação do adubo nitrogenado e auxiliar no ajuste da dose de N de acordo com a exigência das plantas de pimentão, com a finalidade de aumentar a eficiência de utilização do N aplicado.

Alterações nos teores nutricionais foliares de bananeira 'prata-anã' adubada com composto orgânico em cinco ciclos de produção

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional da bananeira-'Prata-anã' durante cinco ciclos de cultivo com adubação orgânica, no município de Botucatu-SP. As plantas foram adubadas com composto orgânico produzido a partir de serragem de madeira e esterco bovino, em que os tratamentos foram constituídos de doses desse composto (0; 98,5; 197,0; 290,5 e 394,0 g de K2O/planta). Empregou-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. No florescimento das plantas em cada ciclo, foram retiradas amostras foliares de duas plantas por parcela para serem analisados os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, boro, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco. A maior parte dos macronutrientes presentes nas folhas não foi influenciada pelo incremento de doses de composto orgânico. No decorrer dos ciclos avaliados, os teores foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, enxofre, boro, ferro e manganês diminuíram, enquanto o cálcio e o magnésio se acumularam nas plantas. Os teores de potássio estavam abaixo dos padrões para a cultura no Estado de São Paulo, em todos os anos avaliados, mesmo assim as plantas não apresentaram sintomas de deficiência ou queda de produção, inferindo-se que a faixa considerada como adequada para a cultivar pode ser inferior aos padrões atualmente adotados.

Secagem de misturas de polpa de frutas tropicais em leito de jorro

Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

Síntese de Fischer-Tropsch sobre perovskitas LayCu0,4Fe0,6O3

The current natural gas production of 52 Mm3d-1 and the large projects for its expansion has been setting new boundaries for the Brazilian industry of oil and gas. So far, one of the biggest challenges regards to the logistics for gas transportation from offshore fields. Therefore, the transformation of natural gas into gasoline, diesel and/or olefins via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis would be an alternative to this matter. In this work, the production of hydrocarbons by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a slurry reactor was investigated and a perovskite-type catalyst (LayCu0,4Fe0,6O3 ± d) was used with y varying from 0 to 1 on a molar basis. In addition, Nb2O5 support was also applied in order to observe the selectivity of the produced hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch process. It is shown that the hydrogen conversion was influenced by the support as well as the different phases of the samples. The kinetic results for the CO2 production suffered great influence with the introduction of the Nb2O5 support throughout the series of samples studied. The catalysts allowed obtaining welldefined cuts of hydrocarbons in the range of C1-C6 and C17-C28, and these results were clearly influenced by the support and the lanthanum content. The higher olefin/paraffin ratio obtained was 1.8 when using a non-supported perovskite with y equal to 0.8. This would indicate the suitability of using this material for the production of olefins

Atributos físicos e químicos de substratos compostos por biossólidos e casca de arroz carbonizada

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os atributos físicos e químicos de substratos com diferentes doses de biossólido (BIO) e de casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC), com vistas em obter um meio de crescimento adequado para o desenvolvimento de mudas. Desta forma, utilizando biossólido proveniente da SABESP, estação de Franca (SP), estabeleceu-se um ensaio com os seguintes tratamentos (proporções BIO/CAC): 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, 30/70, 20/80, 10/90 e 0/100, os quais foram comparados ao substrato comercial Multiplant®. Foram realizadas análises para determinação dos atributos físicos, como: densidade aparente do substrato, macro e microporosidade, porosidade total, capacidade máxima de retenção de água, e dos atributos químicos dos substratos, como: teores totais de macro e micronutrientes, pH, relação C/N e condutividade elétrica. Com a elevação da dose de BIO no substrato houve aumento da densidade e do percentual de microporos e, conseqüentemente, da capacidade de retenção de água. O BIO apresentou teores razoáveis de nutrientes com destaque para N e P, mas baixos teores de K. Não foram detectados teores de metais pesados superiores aos limites estabelecidos pela Legislação Brasileira no biossólido usado. Comparando-se os valores considerados adequados para o desenvolvimento de mudas encontrados na literatura com os obtidos neste trabalho, encaixaram-se na faixa adequada os substratos cujas doses de biossólido variaram de 30 a 60 %. Nenhum substrato testado, incluindo o do tratamento com substrato comercial, apresentou valores ideais em todas as propriedades estudadas.

Concepção de um secador rotatório para secagem do cefalotórax do camarão

The present work has as objective the knowledge of the process of drying of the cephalothorax of shrimp to give support the industry to make possible the use of this byproduct. In this sense, the process conditions in this tray dryer and spouted bed were analyzed. With these results, it was projected and constructs a dryer with specific characteristics for the drying of the cephalothorax. The desorption isotherms were obtained by the dynamic method in the temperatures of 20, 35 and 50º C and in the interval of 10-90% of relative humidity. It was observed that the product in form of powder can be conserved with larger stability for lower relative humidity to 40%. The curves of drying of the dryer of fixed bed were adjusted for the models: single exponential, biparametric exponential and Page. The model biparametric exponential more adequately described all the drying conditions studied. The tests carry out in spouted bed showed high drying rate for the material in the paste form in beds active dynamicly-fluid, provely the necessity of a feeding in shorter intervals of time to increase the thermal efficiency of the process. The projected dryer, be considered the obtained results, it was a rotary dryer with inert bed, feed co-current, discharge in cyclone to take place the separation gas-solid, and feed carry out in intervals of 2 minutes. The optimization of the equipment projected it was accomplished used the complete factorial experimental design 24, this had as independent variables temperature velocity of the air, feed flow rate and encapsulated concentration (albumin), as variables answers the thermal efficiency, the moisture content of obtained powder, total time of test and the efficiency of production of powder in several points of processing. The results showed that the rotary dryer with inert bed can present, also, good results if applied industrially

Evolução da biodegradabilidade da matéria orgânica em um sistema de lagoas de estabilização

Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) have been widely used for sewage treatment in hot climate regions because they are economic and environmentally sustainable. In the present study a WSP complex comprising a primary facultative pond (PFP) followed by two maturation ponds (MP-1 and MP-2) was studied, in the city of Natal-RN. The main objective was to study the bio-degradability of organic matter through the determination of the kinetic constant k throughout the system. The work was carried out in two phases. In the first, the variability in BOD, COD and TOC concentrations and an analysis of the relations between these parameters, in the influent raw sewage, pond effluents and in specific areas inside the ponds was studied. In the second stage, the decay rate for organic matter (k) was determined throughout the system based on BOD tests on the influent sewage, pond effluents and water column samples taken from fixed locations within the ponds, using the mathematical methods of Least Squares and the Thomas equation. Subsequently k was estimated as a function of a hydrodynamic model determined from the dispersion number (d), using empirical methods and a Partial Hydrodynamic Evaluation (PHE), obtained from tracer studies in a section of the primary facultative pond corresponding to 10% of its total length. The concentrations of biodegradable organic matter, measured as BOD and COD, gradually reduced through the series of ponds, giving overall removal efficiencies of 71.95% for BOD and of 52.45% for COD. Determining the values for k, in the influent and effluent samples of the ponds using the mathematical method of Least Squares, gave the following values respectively: primary facultative pond (0,23 day-1 and 0,09 day-1), maturation 1 (0,04 day-1 and 0,03 day-1) and maturation 2 (0,03 day-1 and 0,08 day-1). When using the Thomas method, the values of k in the influents and effluents of the ponds were: primary facultative pond (0,17 day-1 and 0,07 day-1), maturation 1 (0,02 day-1 and 0,01 day-1) and maturation 2 (0,01 day-1 and 0,02 day-1). From the Partial Hydrodynamic Evaluation, in the first section of the facultative pond corresponding to 10% of its total length, it can be concluded from the dispersion number obtained of d = 0.04, that the hydraulic regime is one of dispersed flow with a kinetic constant value of 0.20 day-1

Incorporação de lodo de esgoto na massa cerâmica para fabricação de tijolos maciços: uma alternativa para a disposição final de resíduo

The disposal of sewage sludge is a growing problem face up to management of sanitary sevices. Otherwise, because its making process characteristic, the Ceramic Industry can tolerate the presence of this wastes as raw material. This study has as object to confirm the use of the sewage sluge in the Ceramic Industry like a sustentable alternative for its disposal. Futhermore, this study quests to evaluate the maximum proportion for incorporation of sludge wich result in technically and enviromentally suitable bricks. For found this proportion, the research consisted of (1) making of bricks in full scale, adde up 0%, 5%,10%, 15%, 20%, 25%,30%, 35% e 40% sludge, with size 220x105x45 mm, hand-molded by rammer and baked by industrial kiln; and (2) tecnical and enviromental evaluation of this bricks, according to Brazilian norms. The raw material uses were two distinct clays come from Goianinha/RN and sewage comes from a septic system tank and pumped into tank vehicle, of Natal/RN. The technical evaluation allowed to conclude the addiotion of the sludge brings about signifcant lost of mass and the water absorption grew up according to increase of sludge: every sludge-amended clay bricks absorved more water than control group. Thus, the compressive strength was signicantly decreased because the increase of sludge: bricks with 5% sludge added lost 45% of strength achieved at control group; the bricks made with 10 and 20% lost almost 70% of bigger strength. With up to 25% sludge added to the bricks, the streght decreased over 90%. Concerning heavy metal leaching, the two maximum proportion wich have tecnical approval, it means bricks sludge added with 15 and 20%, can say there is no risk of enviromental contamination using those bricks. This way, in this work context, it can to conclude the maximum proportion atends the technical and enviromental criterion is 20%

Diagnóstco geoambiental e avaliação de uso e ocupação do campo de dunas da zona especial de interesse turístco II (ZET-II) Natal/RN

The accelerated pressure of use and occupation of Rio Grande do Norte coastline in the last two decades presented the tourism as its main vector, having as a consequence a strong, articulated and growing real estate speculation of this area. In the Natal County there is a Zona Especial de Interesse Turistico II (Special Zone of Tourism Interest II) (ZET-II), consisted of urban beaches with approximately 8.5 km that is an important seashore of the city. The purpose of this research was identification, characterization and assessment of the process of use and occupation of dunes fields emphasizing the role of ZET-II, whereas the specific goals was the analysis of weather, geology and geomorphology, characterization of use and occupation of soil, and elaboration of an environmental diagnosis with identification and description of its mains consequences. The result of this work was the delineation of geologic-geomorphological map of the area with identification of principals units, determining its use and occupation, the measurement of the area already occupied by equipments, besides the description of the environmental impacts on dune fields: devastation, coastline erosion, ocean pollution by sewer and pluvial waters, contamination of groundwater, distribution inadequate of solid residues, landscape degradation, and occupation of seashore through the privatization of public areas. Concluding that the degrading changes occurred in this areas are resulting from the nature of use and urban seashore regulations, which have been diminishing the natural aspect, altering the landscape definitely, compromising the quality of hydro resources and altering its use, privatizing the areas between tides, complicating the population access and obstructing the scenery visualization of dunes and ocean. There is an urgent necessity of improvement of public politics in order to improve the strategies and organization of use and occupation of space urban-coastline

Properties of a new fungal b-galactosidase with potential application in the dairy industry

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Remoção de matéria orgânica em sistemas de lagoas de estabilização no Nordeste brasileiro

Stabilization pond is the main technology used for treatment wastewater, in northeast Brazil, due to lower cost of deployment, operation and maintenance compared to other technologies. Most systems of stabilization ponds has been in operation for some time, on average 10 years of operation, receiving high organic loads and do not have good removal efficiencies of the main parameters for which have been designed. Therefore it is necessary to work to quantify the efficiency of current systems. This study evaluated the biodegradability of organic matter in raw sewage, the removal of organic matter in reactors and determination of the kinetic constant removal of organic matter (k), both in reactors and in raw sewage, based on the analysis made in the laboratory and through mathematical methods proposed in the literature, in nine systems stabilization ponds, located in Rio Grande do Norte. In relation the degradation kinetics in stabilization ponds, it was observed that many papers published in the literature were obtained in pilot-scale systems, which often, due to the action of external factors such as wind and temperature, these can t be considered as a reference in the analysis of the kinetic constant K, so the need for more research into systems of scale. This study had three distinct phases and simultaneous, routine monitoring, study of the daily cycle and the determination of kinetic constant of degradation of organic matter (K). The monitoring showed that the removal efficiencies of organic matter on most systems were lower than suggested by the literature, the best efficiencies of around 76% (BOD) and 72% (COD) and the worst of the order of 48% (BOD) and 55% (COD). The calculation of K in raw sewage (Ke) was within the range of variation expected in the literature (0.35 to 0.60 days-1). Already for the results obtained for K in the reactors (Kr), there were well below the values recommended in the literature (0.25 to 0.40 d-1 for complete mix and from 0.13 to 0.17 d-1 for flow dispersed), in line with the overloads that organic systems are subject