1000 resultados para Epistolary material
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Topics in education are changing with an ever faster pace. E-Learning resources tend to be more and more decentralised. Users need increasingly to be able to use the resources of the web. For this, they should have tools for finding and organizing information in a decentral way. In this, paper, we show how an ontology-based tool suite allows to make the most of the resources available on the web.
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Lasers play an important role for medical, sensoric and data storage devices. This thesis is focused on design, technology development, fabrication and characterization of hybrid ultraviolet Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (UV VCSEL) with organic laser-active material and inorganic distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR). Multilayer structures with different layer thicknesses, refractive indices and absorption coefficients of the inorganic materials were studied using theoretical model calculations. During the simulations the structure parameters such as materials and thicknesses have been varied. This procedure was repeated several times during the design optimization process including also the feedback from technology and characterization. Two types of VCSEL devices were investigated. The first is an index coupled structure consisting of bottom and top DBR dielectric mirrors. In the space in between them is the cavity, which includes active region and defines the spectral gain profile. In this configuration the maximum electrical field is concentrated in the cavity and can destroy the chemical structure of the active material. The second type of laser is a so called complex coupled VCSEL. In this structure the active material is placed not only in the cavity but also in parts of the DBR structure. The simulations show that such a distribution of the active material reduces the required pumping power for reaching lasing threshold. High efficiency is achieved by substituting the dielectric material with high refractive index for the periods closer to the cavity. The inorganic materials for the DBR mirrors have been deposited by Plasma- Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) and Dual Ion Beam Sputtering (DIBS) machines. Extended optimizations of the technological processes have been performed. All the processes are carried out in a clean room Class 1 and Class 10000. The optical properties and the thicknesses of the layers are measured in-situ by spectroscopic ellipsometry and spectroscopic reflectometry. The surface roughness is analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and images of the devices are taken with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) layers deposited by the PECVD machine show defects of the material structure and have higher absorption in the ultra violet range compared to ion beam deposition (IBD). This results in low reflectivity of the DBR mirrors and also reduces the optical properties of the VCSEL devices. However PECVD has the advantage that the stress in the layers can be tuned and compensated, in contrast to IBD at the moment. A sputtering machine Ionsys 1000 produced by Roth&Rau company, is used for the deposition of silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). The chamber is equipped with main (sputter) and assisted ion sources. The dielectric materials were optimized by introducing additional oxygen and nitrogen into the chamber. DBR mirrors with different material combinations were deposited. The measured optical properties of the fabricated multilayer structures show an excellent agreement with the results of theoretical model calculations. The layers deposited by puttering show high compressive stress. As an active region a novel organic material with spiro-linked molecules is used. Two different materials have been evaporated by utilizing a dye evaporation machine in the clean room of the department Makromolekulare Chemie und Molekulare Materialien (mmCmm). The Spiro-Octopus-1 organic material has a maximum emission at the wavelength λemission = 395 nm and the Spiro-Pphenal has a maximum emission at the wavelength λemission = 418 nm. Both of them have high refractive index and can be combined with low refractive index materials like silicon dioxide (SiO2). The sputtering method shows excellent optical quality of the deposited materials and high reflection of the multilayer structures. The bottom DBR mirrors for all VCSEL devices were deposited by the DIBS machine, whereas the top DBR mirror deposited either by PECVD or by combination of PECVD and DIBS. The fabricated VCSEL structures were optically pumped by nitrogen laser at wavelength λpumping = 337 nm. The emission was measured by spectrometer. A radiation of the VCSEL structure at wavelength 392 nm and 420 nm is observed.
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In composite agricultural materials such as grass, tee, medicinal plants; leaves and stems have a different drying time. By this behavior, after leaving the dryer, the stems may have greater moisture content than desired, while the leaves one minor, which can cause either the appearance of fungi or the collapse of the over-dried material. Taking into account that a lot of grass is dehydrated in forced air dryers, especially rotary drum dryers, this research was developed in order to establish conditions enabling to make a separation of the components during the drying process in order to provide a homogeneous product at the end. For this, a rotary dryer consisting of three concentric cylinders and a circular sieve aligned with the more internal cylinder was proposed; so that, once material enters into the dryer in the area of the inner cylinder, stems pass through sieve to the middle and then continue towards the external cylinder, while the leaves continue by the inner cylinder. For this project, a mixture of Ryegrass and White Clover was used. The characteristics of the components of a mixture were: Drying Rate in thin layer and in rotation, Bulk density, Projected Area, Terminal velocity, weight/Area Ratio, Flux through Rotary sieve. Three drying temperatures; 40°C, 60° C and 80° C, and three rotation speeds; 10 rpm, 20 rpm and 40 rpm were evaluated. It was found that the differences in drying time are the less at 80 °C when the dryer rotates at 40 rpm. Above this speed, the material adheres to the walls of the dryer or sieve and does not flow. According to the measurements of terminal velocity of stems and leaves of the components of the mixture, the speed of the air should be less than 1.5 m s-1 in the inner drum for the leaves and less than 4.5 m s-1 in middle and outer drums for stems, in such way that only the rotational movement of the dryer moves the material and achieves a greater residence time. In other hand, the best rotary sieve separation efficiencies were achieved when the material is dry, but the results are good in all the moisture contents. The best rotary speed of sieve is within the critical rotational speed, i.e. 20 rpm. However, the rotational speed of the dryer, including the sieve in line with the inner cylinder should be 10 rpm or less in order to achieve the greatest residence times of the material inside the dryer and the best agitation through the use of lifting flights. With a finite element analysis of a dryer prototype, using an air flow allowing speeds of air already stated, I was found that the best performance occurs when, through a cover, air enters the dryer front of the Middle cylinder and when the inner cylinder is formed in its entirety through a sieve. This way, air flows in almost equal amounts by both the middle and external cylinders, while part of the air in the Middle cylinder passes through the sieve towards the inner cylinder. With this, leaves do not adhere to the sieve and flow along drier, thanks to the rotating movement of the drums and the showering caused by the lifting flights. In these conditions, the differences in drying time are reduced to 60 minutes, but the residence time is higher for the stems than for leaves, therefore the components of the mixture of grass run out of the dryer with the same desired moisture content.
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Se presenta experiencia educativa que propone la elaboraci??n de materiales biling??es para la ense??anza del alumnado. Se realiza en el IES Virgen de la Caridad en Loja, Granada. Los objetivos son: dar la posibilidad al profesorado de elaborar su propio material en franc??s para su posterior aplicaci??n en clase; elaborar un material propio y pr??ctico en sinton??a con lo que hemos aprendido; plantear tareas al alumnado utilizando el franc??s como medio de comunicaci??n; conocer un poco m??s la realidad franc??s a trav??s de una prueba deportiva de tal envergadura, llev??ndolas a materias tan distintas como las matem??ticas y la geograf??a e historia.
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Se presenta experiencia educativa que propone el fomento de los valores de educaci??n ambiental y cuidado de la naturaleza entre el alumnado. Se realiza en el CEIP Dolores Romero Pozo en Cenes de la Vega, Granada. Los objetivos son: transformar materiales de desecho en objetos ??tiles y adecuados para la educaci??n infantil; desarrollar la creatividad del profesorado para potenciarla en su alumnado; concienciar del provecho, utilidad e importancia del reciclado para el cuidado del medio ambiente; crear recursos y materiales de aula que puedan ser elaborados por el propio alumnado; fomentar un clima de comunicaci??n y di??logo entre el profesorado del centro.
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Se presenta experiencia educativa que propone la creación de una unidad didáctica que desarrolla competencias propias del área de conocimiento del medio y de lengua castellana mediante el uso de la lengua extranjera. Se realiza en el CEIP Profesor Tierno Galván en Granada. Los objetivos son: conocer y utilizar adecuadamente el vocabulario de la unidad; conocer y situar las grandes zonas del relieve de la comunidad y su localidad; conocer los principales ríos de la comunidad y de su localidad; conocer y describir el clima de la comunidad y el de su localidad; conocer y comprender aspectos culturales, históricos y folclóricos de su comunidad y de su localidad; identificar textos expositivos; leer textos expositivos utilizando sencillas estrategias para su comprensión; elaborar un guión sencillo para exponer un tema; comprender instrucciones escritas; expresar de forma escrita y oral textos expositivos.
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Se presenta experiencia educativa que propone el fomento del reciclaje como medio para elaborar materiales de aula. Se realiza en el CEIP San Miguel en la Armilla, Granada. Los objetivos son: desarrollar el gusto por el reciclaje dentro de nuestro entorno escolar, profesorado, alumnado y familias; crear materiales nuevos y ??tiles, desarrollando nuestra imaginaci??n; adoptar una actitud de consumo razonable y aprovechamiento de recursos naturales y artificiales; concienciar a toda nuestra comunidad educativa de lo importante que es el reciclado, aplicado en este caso a las aulas de educaci??n infantil; posibilitar al alumnado la capacidad de crear sus propios juguetes y materiales de uso escolar.
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Se presenta experiencia educativa que propone la elaboraci??n de una unidad did??ctica de ingl??s para primaria. Se realiza en el CEIP Victoria en Loja, Granada.
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Se presenta experiencia educativa que propone la realizaci??n de fichas de trabajo para atender a la diversidad entre el alumnado. Se realiza en el IES Alfaguara en Loja, Granada. Los objetivos son: dar respuesta a las necesidades que se plantean en el aula teniendo en cuenta la diversidad del alumnado; adaptar los contenidos a los distintos niveles de competencia curricular; incluir a todos los discentes en el proceso de ense??anza-aprendizaje; crear materiales did??cticos que se adapten a diversos contextos y metodolog??as de trabajo; aumentar la autoestima del alumnado; desarrollar la capacidad de aprender a aprender.
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Se presenta memoria final de proyecto educativo que propone la recopilación de las producciones literarias elaboradas en el aula e intercambiarlas con otros centros como recursos educativos de interés, utilizando nuevas tecnologías informáticas. Se realiza en el CEIP La Esperanza en Cantillana, Sevilla. Los objetivos son: intercambiar experiencias entre centros educativos; utilizar las nuevas tecnologías como una herramienta al servicio de la educación y de la creación curricular; elaborar recursos didácticos contextualizados; implicar a las familias en una dinámica rica en estímulos orales y escritos en coherencia con el paradigma de lectura emergente. El proceso consta de varias fases: 1, aprendizaje y familiarización con aplicaciones de maquetación y edición; 2, reuniones con el equipo técnico de coordinación pedagógica para plantear los recursos que se iban a desarrollar.
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La guía incluye material complementario: artículo de Ana Oyñobre, de Cuadernos de Pedagogía, sobre solución de problemas y otro de Herron et al.: Philosophy of teaching chemistry-Part II, publicado en Chem News y traducido por uno de los autores
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Fichas de trabajo y de recursos para alumnos de educación primaria pensadas en forma de actividades para resolver conflictos de forma no violenta y establecer en el aula un ambiente proclive a su resolución pacífica, generando actitudes positivas, tolerantes y respetuosas. Las actividades van dirigidas separadamente a cada uno de los tres ciclos de primaria y las fichas de recursos incluyen: historias y cuentos, plástica, imágenes, documentos de trabajo y juegos.
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Unidades didácticas para alumnos de compensación educativa especialmente destinadas a aulas con niños inmigrantes y minorías étnicas que no entienden ni hablan castellano o presentan escaso vocabulario con la finalidad de acceder al currículum ordinario que están trabajando el resto de sus compañeros, partiendo de las necesidades de cada alumno. El cd contiene una guía general, once unidades didácticas y una prueba de evaluación inicial en las áreas de lenguaje y matemáticas.
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Programación de actividades dirigida a maestros especialistas en Educación Física y profesionales que realizan la tutoría del primer y segundo ciclo de Educación Primaria. Incluye fichas para trabajar dentro del aula y contempla los siguientes objetivos: dotar al alumno de un vocabulario específico de Educación Física, conectando, además, con temas transversales. Se estructura en los siguientes bloques temáticos: 1. El cuerpo: imagen y percepción; 2. El cuerpo: habilidades y destrezas; 3. El cuerpo: expresión y comunicación; 4. Higiene y salud corporal; 5. Los juegos.
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Título tomado de la cubierta. - Incluye recomendación bibliográfica para el docente (p. 13).