Control of wettability of carbon nanotube array by reversible dry oxidation for superhydrophobic coating and supercapacitor applications

In this thesis, dry chemical modification methods involving UV/ozone, oxygen plasma, and vacuum annealing treatments are explored to precisely control the wettability of CNT arrays. By varying the exposure time of these treatments the surface concentration of oxygenated groups adsorbed on the CNT arrays can be controlled. CNT arrays with very low amount of oxygenated groups exhibit a superhydrophobic behavior. In addition to their extremely high static contact angle, they cannot be dispersed in DI water and their impedance in aqueous electrolytes is extremely high. These arrays have an extreme water repellency capability such that a water droplet will bounce off of their surface upon impact and a thin film of air is formed on their surface as they are immersed in a deep pool of water. In contrast, CNT arrays with very high surface concentration of oxygenated functional groups exhibit an extreme hydrophilic behavior. In addition to their extremely low static contact angle, they can be dispersed easily in DI water and their impedance in aqueous electrolytes is tremendously low. Since the bulk structure of the CNT arrays are preserved during the UV/ozone, oxygen plasma, and vacuum annealing treatments, all CNT arrays can be repeatedly switched between superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic, as long as their O/C ratio is kept below 18%.

The effect of oxidation using UV/ozone and oxygen plasma treatments is highly reversible as long as the O/C ratio of the CNT arrays is kept below 18%. At O/C ratios higher than 18%, the effect of oxidation is no longer reversible. This irreversible oxidation is caused by irreversible changes to the CNT atomic structure during the oxidation process. During the oxidation process, CNT arrays undergo three different processes. For CNT arrays with O/C ratios lower than 40%, the oxidation process results in the functionalization of CNT outer walls by oxygenated groups. Although this functionalization process introduces defects, vacancies and micropores opening, the graphitic structure of the CNT is still largely intact. For CNT arrays with O/C ratios between 40% and 45%, the oxidation process results in the etching of CNT outer walls. This etching process introduces large scale defects and holes that can be obviously seen under TEM at high magnification. Most of these holes are found to be several layers deep and, in some cases, a large portion of the CNT side walls are cut open. For CNT arrays with O/C ratios higher than 45%, the oxidation process results in the exfoliation of the CNT walls and amorphization of the remaining CNT structure. This amorphization process can be implied from the disappearance of C-C sp2 peak in the XPS spectra associated with the pi-bond network.

The impact behavior of water droplet impinging on superhydrophobic CNT arrays in a low viscosity regime is investigated for the first time. Here, the experimental data are presented in the form of several important impact behavior characteristics including critical Weber number, volume ratio, restitution coefficient, and maximum spreading diameter. As observed experimentally, three different impact regimes are identified while another impact regime is proposed. These regimes are partitioned by three critical Weber numbers, two of which are experimentally observed. The volume ratio between the primary and the secondary droplets is found to decrease with the increase of Weber number in all impact regimes other than the first one. In the first impact regime, this is found to be independent of Weber number since the droplet remains intact during and subsequent to the impingement. Experimental data show that the coefficient of restitution decreases with the increase of Weber number in all impact regimes. The rate of decrease of the coefficient of restitution in the high Weber number regime is found to be higher than that in the low and moderate Weber number. Experimental data also show that the maximum spreading factor increases with the increase of Weber number in all impact regimes. The rate of increase of the maximum spreading factor in the high Weber number regime is found to be higher than that in the low and moderate Weber number. Phenomenological approximations and interpretations of the experimental data, as well as brief comparisons to the previously proposed scaling laws, are shown here.

Dry oxidation methods are used for the first time to characterize the influence of oxidation on the capacitive behavior of CNT array EDLCs. The capacitive behavior of CNT array EDLCs can be tailored by varying their oxygen content, represented by their O/C ratio. The specific capacitance of these CNT arrays increases with the increase of their oxygen content in both KOH and Et4NBF4/PC electrolytes. As a result, their gravimetric energy density increases with the increase of their oxygen content. However, their gravimetric power density decreases with the increase of their oxygen content. The optimally oxidized CNT arrays are able to withstand more than 35,000 charge/discharge cycles in Et4NBF4/PC at a current density of 5 A/g while only losing 10% of their original capacitance.

An overview of the challenges and prospects in developing an aquaculture industry in Lagos State, Nigeria

Macroeconomic growth and the development of sustainable business activities are interrelated. In Lagos State, aquaculture is a marginal economic activity thriving mainly on a semi-intensive level. Notwithstanding the available potentials for the development of successful commercial aquaculture enterprises in the state, the transformation to a full-flagged industry continues to be undetermined by certain critical factors. Feasible development strategies may be sought in increasing all stakeholders' capacity in the formulation of policies, plans and regulations, a complete separation of aquaculture from the capture fisheries in administrative structure and policy; the adoption of precautionary approach; provision of economic incentives to enhance private investments and increase output,respectively

Marketing of the Spanish film industry in the entertainment market

This project analyzes the role that marketing plays at present.It is a distinctive in the film industry because of the emergence of new patterns of production, distribution and exhibition due to the unstoppable progress of digital technologies, the expansion of the internet and consumer changes in the spectator. To perform this analysis, a description of the situation of the film industry in the competitive market, Hollywood, and the evolution of digital technology in general are included. It is also essential in the project, to observe, the marketing applied to the different phases of the globalized cinema. And then introduce the potential Spanish marketing strategies.

Redução de carga orgânica recalcitrante de efluente de indústria gráfica por reação de fenton

A Casa da Moeda do Brasil (CMB) é uma empresa nacional, com mais de 300 anos de experiência na produção de valores e impressos de segurança. A produção de cédulas, realizada pelo Departamento de Cédulas (DECED), consiste de três etapas de impressão, off-set, calografia e tipografia, seguida de acabamento e embalagem semi-automatizado. A impressão calcográfica consome solução de limpeza, composta de soda cáustica e óleo sulfonado, para limpeza do cilindro de impressão, gerando um efluente líquido saturado de tinta. Este efluente apresenta baixa biodegradabilidade, apresentando uma relação DBO / DQO de aproximadamente 1:4. Em termos de tratabilidade, as estações de tratamento de efluentes (ETE) apresentam uma configuração convencional, por via biológica, demonstram pouca eficiência na degradação da matéria orgânica deste efluente. Com compostos recalcitrantes, torna-se necessária a inclusão de uma etapa terciária que permita sua degradação por via química, permitindo o descarte do efluente com características menos danosas ao ambiente. Neste trabalho, aplicou-se a reação de Fenton no efluente do DECED por sua capacidade de converter a matéria orgânica em gás carbônico e água ou, caso seja utilizado em pré-tratamentos, torna-os biodegradáveis. Foram estudadas diferentes condições para medir a influência de diferentes parâmetros na eficiência da reação. A reação de Fenton consiste na geração de radicais hidroxil (HO), por diferentes rotas, em quantidades suficientes para a degradação de matéria orgânica. Esses radicais são gerados a partir de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) em reações com diferentes precursores como ozônio (O3), luz UV (ultravioleta), ultra-som e sais de ferro. No presente trabalho restringiu-se às reações com sais de ferro. Dentre os resultados obtidos, verificou-se o tempo mínimo para reação em 10 minutos. A relação entre íons ferro e peróxido de hidrogênio é menor do que a literatura normalmente sugere, 1:2, contra 1:3. Como a solução de sulfato ferroso é muito instável, passando os íons ferrosos a férricos, utilizou-se a adição direta do sal. Em escala industrial, a solução de sulfato ferroso deve ser preparada em poucas quantidades para que tenha baixo tempo de estocagem, a fim de não ser degradada. A temperatura, na faixa estudada (de 20C à 45C), é um parâmetro que tem pouca influência, pois a redução da eficiência da reação foi pequena (de 99,0% para 94,9%). O ferro utilizado na reação não se demonstrou uma nova fonte de transtornos para o ambiente. Nas condições utilizadas, a concentração de ferro residual esteve próxima ao limite permitido pela legislação no efluente tratado, necessitando apenas de alguns ajustes para a correção do problema

A humidity-resistant highly sensitive holographic photopolymerizable dry film

A new humidity-resistant highly sensitive acrylamide-based photopolymeric holographic recording material has been developed. The photopolymer is resistant to the humidity of environment. Diffraction efficiencies near 50% are obtained with exposure energy of 60 mJ/cm(2) in materials of 150 mu m. thickness. Diphenyl iodonium chloride is added to the material and can increase the exposure sensitivity by a factor of more than 4 (to about 28 mJ/cm(2)). An image has been successfully stored in the material with a small distortion. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Maryland soft shell clam industry and its effects on Tidewater resources

This report to the Maryland General Assembly covers: design and operation of the hydraulic clam dredge; summary of knowledge of Maryland's soft shell clam resource; development and present status; Potential value of the resource; Effects of the hydraulic clam dredge; evaluation of the effects of certain proposals concerning the soft shell clam industry; summary.