Avaliação espectrofotométrica do manchamento de resinas odontológicas contendo nanopartículas

Composite resins have been subjected to structural modifications aiming at improved optical and mechanical properties. The present study consisted in an in vitro evaluation of the staining behavior of two nanohybrid resins (NH1 and NH2), a nanoparticulated resin (NP) and a microhybrid resin (MH). Samples of these materials were prepared and immersed in commonly ingested drinks, i.e., coffee, red wine and acai berry for periods of time varying from 1 to 60 days. Cylindrical samples of each resin were shaped using a metallic die and polymerized during 30 s both on the bottom and top of its disk. All samples were polished and immersed in the staining solutions. After 24 hours, three samples of each resin immersed in each solution were removed and placed in a spectrofotome ter for analysis. To that end, the samples were previously diluted in HCl at 50%. Tukey tests were carried out in the statistical analysis of the results. The results revealed that there was a clear difference in the staining behavior of each material. The nanoparticulated resin did not show better color stability compared to the microhybrid resin. Moreover, all resins stained with time. The degree of staining decreased in the sequence nanoparticulated, microhybrid, nanohybrid MH2 and MH1. Wine was the most aggressive drink followed by coffee and acai berry. SEM and image analysis revealed significant porosity on the surface of MH resin and relatively large pores on a NP sample. The NH2 resin was characterized by homogeneous dispersion of particles and limited porosity. Finally, the NH1 resin depicted the lowest porosity level. The results revealed that staining is likely related to the concentration of inorganic pa rticles and surface porosity

Eficiência e razão de hedge: uma análise dos mercados futuro brasileiros de boi, café, etanol, milho e soja

This research aims to investigate the Hedge Efficiency and Optimal Hedge Ratio for the future market of cattle, coffee, ethanol, corn and soybean. This paper uses the Optimal Hedge Ratio and Hedge Effectiveness through multivariate GARCH models with error correction, attempting to the possible phenomenon of Optimal Hedge Ratio differential during the crop and intercrop period. The Optimal Hedge Ratio must be bigger in the intercrop period due to the uncertainty related to a possible supply shock (LAZZARINI, 2010). Among the future contracts studied in this research, the coffee, ethanol and soybean contracts were not object of this phenomenon investigation, yet. Furthermore, the corn and ethanol contracts were not object of researches which deal with Dynamic Hedging Strategy. This paper distinguishes itself for including the GARCH model with error correction, which it was never considered when the possible Optimal Hedge Ratio differential during the crop and intercrop period were investigated. The commodities quotation were used as future price in the market future of BM&FBOVESPA and as spot market, the CEPEA index, in the period from May 2010 to June 2013 to cattle, coffee, ethanol and corn, and to August 2012 to soybean, with daily frequency. Similar results were achieved for all the commodities. There is a long term relationship among the spot market and future market, bicausality and the spot market and future market of cattle, coffee, ethanol and corn, and unicausality of the future price of soybean on spot price. The Optimal Hedge Ratio was estimated from three different strategies: linear regression by MQO, BEKK-GARCH diagonal model, and BEKK-GARCH diagonal with intercrop dummy. The MQO regression model, pointed out the Hedge inefficiency, taking into consideration that the Optimal Hedge presented was too low. The second model represents the strategy of dynamic hedge, which collected time variations in the Optimal Hedge. The last Hedge strategy did not detect Optimal Hedge Ratio differential between the crop and intercrop period, therefore, unlikely what they expected, the investor do not need increase his/her investment in the future market during the intercrop

Modelo de empresa diversificada de productos innovadores de café gourmet

El presente trabajo de grado consiste en la elaboración de un modelo de empresa diversificada de tres productos innovadores hechos a base de café gourmet: Sirup de café, botanas de semillas de café y café instantáneo gourmet. En el modelo se detalla el estudio de mercado, la factibilidad técnica y el estudio socio económico para la elaboración del modelo

Temas ambientais para análise prospectiva dos setores de produção e processamento de madeira para energia.

No setor agroindustrial florestal já existe uma mobilização para atender alguns critérios de certificação socioambiental, mas esta não é a realidade vigente na cadeia da madeira para energia. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho se propõe a levantar, de forma preliminar, alguns temas ambientais para análises prospectivas dos setores de produção e processamento de madeira para energia, na região Sudeste do Brasil. Os temas de interesse foram selecionados com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, utilizando bases de dados disponíveis, tanto em termos científicos como estatísticos. Procurou-se atender a grandes questionamentos, levantados atualmente, para a expansão da agroenergia no mundo, que envolvem o possível desmatamento, a competição com alimentos e as mudanças climáticas. Seguindo outros estudos de biomassa para energia foram previamente selecionados quatro grandes temas que abrangem: Uso da terra; Recursos Naturais; Geração e uso de resíduos; Energia. Cabe considerar que a seleção é preliminar e será validada em etapa posterior, que envolverá a consulta a especialistas na cadeia produtiva da madeira para energia. Entretanto, como consideração final fica a idéia de que o agronegócio, de forma geral não poderá mais ser analisado apenas quanto aos aspectos econômicos, sendo a sua competitividade fortemente ligada aos aspectos sociais e ambientais.

Chapolera recolectando café

Chapolera recolectando café. C. 1970.

Recolector de café

Recolector de café. C. 1990

Recolectores de café

Recolectores de café. C. 1995

Estudo sobre o efeito dos parâmetros de processamento dos pós e sinterização do aço inox 316l reforçado com NbC

This masther dissertation presents a contribution to the study of 316L stainless steel sintering aiming to study their behavior in the milling process and the effect of isotherm temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties. The 316L stainless steel is a widely used alloy for their high corrosion resistance property. However its application is limited by the low wear resistance consequence of its low hardness. In previous work we analyzed the effect of sintering additives as NbC and TaC. This study aims at deepening the understanding of sintering, analyzing the effect of grinding on particle size and microstructure and the effect of heating rate and soaking time on the sintered microstructure and on their microhardness. Were milled 316L powders with NbC at 1, 5 and 24 hours respectively. Particulates were characterized by SEM and . Cylindrical samples height and diameter of 5.0 mm were compacted at 700 MPa. The sintering conditions were: heating rate 5, 10 and 15◦C/min, temperature 1000, 1100, 1200, 1290 and 1300◦C, and soaking times of 30 and 60min. The cooling rate was maintained at 25◦C/min. All samples were sintered in a vacuum furnace. The sintered microstructure were characterized by optical and electron microscopy as well as density and microhardness. It was observed that the milling process has an influence on sintering, as well as temperature. The major effect was caused by firing temperature, followed by the grinding and heating rate. In this case, the highest rates correspond to higher sintering.

Planta de café

Planta de café. observamos sus vivos y hermosos granos. Caicedonia. C. 1980.

PERCEPCIÓN DE LA DEMANDA EN LAS CADENAS AGROALIMENTARIAS: CASOS DE CAFÉ, CHAYOTE Y MELÓN EN COSTA RICA

Al analizar las cadenas agroindustriales encontramos que entre el consumidor final de los mercados de exportación y los  cultivadores en países en desarrollo, existen distintos agentes que componen la cadena global: comercializadores y procesadores internos, exportadores, importadores, procesadores y comercializadores externos, que modifican el producto o le incorporan valor agregado a efecto de satisfacer finalmente al consumidor final. Conocer las características del  negocio en las etapas finales de la cadena es de gran importancia porque el acceso a los mercados internacionales, la participación en los mismos y el porcentaje de apropiación de beneficios por parte de los agentes nacionales participantes en la cadena global está relacionado con dicho nivel de conocimiento y crece al aumentar el grado de satisfacción de lasnecesidades de orden superior que proporciona un producto. Este es un énfasis que metodológicamente ha sido olvidado en los estudios de las cadenas agroindustriales, que tienden a focalizar el análisis en la producción sin considerar  adecuadamente los aspectos de la demanda

Estudios sobre el café

"Bien se sabe cuán exigente es el café en todas las operaciones que con él se ejecutan: si cuando está tostándose, se retira del fuego antes de haber soltado el aceite esencial que contiene la cafeína, esto es, el principio excitante y aromático, todavía no es café; si deja tostar demasiado, ya nos es café; si se emplea agua impura o alterada por excesiva ebullición, el aroma y el sabor se pervierten; si se guarda la infusión por más de cierto tiempo, el gusto menos educado le encuentra sensibles cambios desfavorables; y así muchas otras hipótesis y reglas análogas." Rafael Uribe Uribe

ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE DOS FINCAS PRODUCTORAS DE CAFÉ ORGÁNICO UTILIZANDO LOS MÉTODOS DEL BALANCE ENERGÉTICO Y AGROECONÓMICO

En todos los procesos en que se transforma materia existe un flujo de energía, los sistemas productivos no se excluyen de esta regla, todo proceso productivo tiene una entrada (input) energía y una salida (output).La energía necesaria para la producción proviene de fuentes muy diversas, que podemos clasificar, de acuerdo con el tiempo que tarda el ciclo de formación de la materia prima, en: fuentes renovables a corto y mediano plazo, y fuentes renovables a largo plazo.Desde el descubrimiento del petróleo, la producción de energía se ha basado en fuentes renovables a muy largo plazo, de modo que el sistema no es sostenible. Las fuentes de combustibles fósiles se están agotando y los desechos producidos se acumulan porque su asimilación es más lenta que su formación.

Campesinos con cargas de café para la venta

Campesinos con cargas de café para la venta. Lugar sin identificar. C. 1980.

Cargas de café transportadas en tren

Cargas de café transportadas en tren. San Quintín. C. 1936.

Estudo do efeito da adição da escória de aciaria no processamento e propriedades finais de telhas cerâmicas

This research presents an overview of the addition steelwork dust of ceramic shingles in order to contribute to the utilization use of such residue. The ceramic industry perspective in the Brazilian State of Piauí is quite promising. Unlike other productive sectors, the ceramic industry uses basically natural raw materials. Its final products are, in short, the result of transforming clay compounds. These raw materials are composed primarily of aluminum oxide, silicon, iron, sodium, magnesium, end calcium, among others. It was verified that steelwork dust is composed primarily of these same oxides, so that its incorporation in to structural ceramics is a very reasonable idea. Both clay and steelwork powder were characterized by AG, XRF, XRD, TGA and DTA. In addition, steelwork dust samples containing (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) were extruded and burned at 800°C, 850°C, 900°C and 950°C. Then t echnological tests of linear shrinkage, water uptake, apparent porosity, apparent density and flexural strengthwere carried at. The results showed the possibility of using steelwork powder in ceramic shingles until 15% significant improvement in physical and mechanical properties. This behavior shows the possibility of burning at temperatures lower than 850ºC, thus promoting a product final cost reduction