Michaelson family papers, undated, 1892-1920, 1943-1944, 1965, 1992, 1994, 1999-2000.

The Michaelson family papers include early family correspondence, documents, and ephemera; genealogical research conducted by Ms. Appleby, Anna’s granddaughter; copies of New York City marriage certificates kept by Louis B. Michaelson, Rabbi, between 1906-1907; and Anna Michaelson’s copies of original birth records that she kept as midwife in the Lower East Side in New York City between 1892-1916.

Juutalaisvastaisuus suomalaisissa aikakauslehdissä ja kirjallisuudessa 1918-1944

Anti-Semitism existed in Finland during the whole period covered by this study. The immoral acts associated with Jews in the articles were mostly regarded as universal habits, qualities and/or modes of action, that is, unconnected with any particular Finnish Jew. Researchers have tried to explain anti-Semitism in several ways. The theory of Jews as outsiders has been a popular explanation as well as xenophobia, chimerical anti-Semitism and the socio-economic models. The main sources of this study have been over 400 Finnish periodicals and magazines, literature and text books published between 1918 and 1944. This vast number of magazines includes those of the army and the civil guard, religion, humour and the papers of the Finnish extreme right. One can see a distinct foreign and especially German influence in the subjects and phraseology of Finnish anti-Semitic writings between 1918 and 1944. Several known Finnish anti-Semitic writers had some kind of link with Germany. Some Finnish organisations and societies were openly anti-Semitic during this period. There had been cycles in the activity of anti-Semitic writing in Finland, obvious peaks appearing in 1918 1919, 1929 1931, 1933 1938 and 1942 1944. The reason for the 1918 1919 activity was the civil rights which were granted to the Jews in Finland, and the Russian Bolshevik revolution. The worldwide depression from 1929 to 1932 seem to be the reason for new anti-Semitic writing activity. The rise of National Socialism in Germany and the influence this phenomenon had in Finland was the reason for the peak during 1933 1938. During the continuation war 1942 1944 National Socialist Germany was fighting side-by-side with Finland and their anti-Semitic propaganda found easier access to Finland. Of the 433 magazines, journals and newspapers which were used in this study, 71 or 16.4 per cent had at least one article that can be identified as anti-Semitic; especially the magazines of national socialists and other extreme right parties were making anti-Semitic annotations. There were about 50 people known to have written anti-Semitic articles. At least half of these known writers had studied at the university, including as many as 10 priests. Over and above these, there was an even larger number of people who wrote under a pseudonym. The material used suggested that anti-Semitism was not very popular in Finland between 1918 and 1944. Anti-Semitic articles appeared mostly in the magazines of the extreme right, but their circulation was not very large. A proof of the slight influence of these extreme right anti-Semitic ideas is that, beside the tightening of policy towards Jewish immigrants in 1938 and the handing over of eight of these refugees to Germany in 1942, the official policy of Finland never became anti-Semitic. As was stated before, despite the cycles in the number of writings, there does not appear to have been any noticeable change in public opinion. One must also remember that most Finns had not at that period actually met a Jew. The material used suggests that between 1918 and 1944 the so-called Jewish question was seemingly unimportant for most Finns and their attitude to Jews and Jewishness can be described as neutral.

Kiista, eheys, unohdus : Vapaussodan muistaminen suojeluskunnan ja veteraaniliikkeen toiminnassa 1918-1944

Conflict, Unity, Oblivion: Commemoration of the Liberation War by the Civic Guard and the Veterans´ Union in 1918-1944 The Finnish Civil War ended in May 1918 as a victory for the white side. The war was named by the winners as the Liberation War and its legacy became a central theme for public commemorations during the interwar period. At the same time the experiences of the defeated were hindered from becoming a part of the official history of Finland. The commemoration of the war was related not only to the war experience but also to a national mission, which was seen fulfilled with the independence of Finland. Although the idea of the commemoration was to form a unifying non-political scene for the nation, the remembrance of the Liberation War rather continued than sought to reconcile to the conflict of 1918. The outbreak of the war between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939 immediately affected the memory culture. The new myth of the Miracle of the Winter War, which referred to the unity shown by the people, required a marginalization of controversial memory of the Liberation War. This study examines from the concepts of public memory and narrative templates how the problematic experience of a civil war developed to a popular public commemoration. Instead of dealing with the manipulative and elite-centered grandiose commemoration projects, the study focuses on the more modest local level and emphasizes the significance of local memory agents and narrative templates of collective memory. The main subjects in the study are the Civil Guard and the Veterans´ Union. Essential for the widespread movement was the development of the Civic Guard from a wartime organization to a peacetime popular movement. The guards, who identified themselves trough the memories and the threats of civil war, formed a huge network of memory agents in every corner of the country. They effectively linked both local memory with official memory and the civic society with the state level. Only with the emergence of the right wing veteran movement in the 30ies did the tensions grow between the two levels of public memory. The study shows the diversity of the commemoration movement of the Liberation War. It was not only a result of a nation-state project and political propaganda, but also a way for local communities to identify and strengthen themselves in a time of political upheaval and uncertainty.

Paimen vailla hiippakuntaa : Kenttäpiispan viran synty ja vaikutus sotilaspapiston asemaan Suomen puolustusvoimissa ja kirkossa vuosina 1939 - 1944

The main purpose of this research is to shed light on the factors that gave rise to the office of Field Bishop in the years 1939-1944. How did military bishophood affect the status of the head of military pastoral care and military clergy during these years? The main sources of my research are the collections in the Finnish National Archives, and I use a historical-qualitative method. The position of the military clergy was debated within both the Church and the Defence Forces before 1939. At that stage, Church law did not yet recognize the office of the leading military priest, the Field Dean. There had been a motion in 1932 to introduce the office of a military bishop, but the bishops' synod blocked it. The concept of Field Bishop appeared for the first time in 1927 in a Finnish military document, which dealt with pastoral care in the Polish military. The Field Dean in Finland had regularly proposed improvements to the salary of the military clergy before the Winter War. After the Winter War, arguments were made for strengthening the position of the military clergy: these arguments were based on the increased respect shown towards this clergy, especially due to their role in the care of the fallen, which had become their task during the war. Younger members of the military clergy in particular supported the demands to improve their position within the Church and the army. The creation of a Field Bishop was perceived as strengthening the whole military clergy, as the Field Bishop was envisioned as a bishop within the Church and a general within the Defence Forces. During that time the Field Dean was still without any military rank. The idea of a Field Bishop was recommended to Mannerheim in June 1940, after which the Defence Forces lent their support to the cause. The status of the military clergy, in Church law, made it to the agenda of the Church council in January 1941, thanks largely to the younger priests' group influence and Mannerheim's leverage. The bishops opposed the notion of a Field Bishop mostly on theological grounds but were ready to concede that the position the Field Dean in Church law required further defining. The creation of the office of Field Bishop was blocked in the Church law committee report issued close to the beginning of the Continuation War. The onset of that war, however, changed the course of events, as the President of the Republic appointed Field Dean Johannes Björklund as Field Bishop. Speculation has abounded about Mannerheim's role in the appointment, but the truth of the matter is not clear. The title of Field Bishop was used to put pressure on the Church, and, at the same time, Mannerheim could remain detached from the matter. Later, in September 1941, the Church council approved the use of the Field Bishop title to denote the head of military pastoral care in Church law, and Field Bishops were assigned some of the duties formerly pertaining to bishops. Despite all expectations and hopes, the new office of Field Bishop did not affect the status of the military clergy within the Defence Forces, as no ranks were established for them, and their salary did not improve. However the office of the Field Bishop within Army HQ was transformed from a bureau into a department in the summer of 1942. At the beginning of the Continuation War, the Field Bishop was criticized by certain military and Church clergy for favouring Russian Orthodox Christians in Eastern Karelia. Björklund agreed in principle with most of the Lutheran clergy on the necessity of Lutheranizing East Karelia but had to take into account the realities at Army HQ. As well, at the same time the majority of the younger clergy were serving in the army, and there was a lack of parish priests on the home front. Bishop Lehtonen had actually expressed the wish that more priests could have been released from the front to serve in local parishes. In his notes Lehtonen accused Björklund of trying to achieve the position of Field Bishop by all possible means. However, research has revealed a varied group of people behind the creation of the office of Field Bishop, including in particular younger clergy and the Defence Forces.

La Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología y el diseño asistido por valores

Objetivo y metodología: Dentro del perfil buscado por la Universidad Católica Argentina para sus Ingenieros Industriales se encuentran, entre otras, las siguientes cualidades distintivas: “Entenderá que la Ingeniería es una profesión creativa e innovadora que, combinando la ciencia y la tecnología, junto con la economía, la administración y la sociología, se propone tratar y resolver problemas integrando todos los elementos involucrados y buscando, dentro de un marco ético, la mejor solución en beneficio de la calidad de vida del hombre y de la sociedad.”/.../ El análisis de este caso se enmarcara dentro de la Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología y el concepto de “código técnico”, observando cómo estos códigos actúan de manera oculta o invisible, estratificando valores e intereses en normas, reglas, criterios y procedimientos. En cuanto a este último punto, se presentará el Value Sensitive Design (VSD) o Diseño por Valores, una metodología de diseño que actualmente asoma como una luz de esperanza para la integración de los valores a los desarrollos tecnológicos e ingenieriles...

El perfil del ingeniero desde la perspectiva de la teoría crítica de la tecnología

Resumen: En la actualidad, coexisten diferentes formas de entender la tecnología y el proceso tecnológico. En tanto que la tecnología ocupa un lugar de relevancia en las sociedades actuales, las apreciaciones que se derivan de una u otra posición pueden diferir ampliamente en las formas y mecanismos de abordaje y, por ende, en sus consecuencias. Desde la Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología, Andrew Feenberg propone que el desarrollo tecnológico debería ser un proceso democrático, que permita la participación de los diversos actores involucrados. Considera incorporar a aquellos grupos que en muchos de los procesos de desarrollo que se llevan a cabo en el presente no participan en la etapa de diseño y que sufren sus impactos. Para que este proceso de democratización sea posible, los diferentes actores sociales deben estar preparados. El presente trabajo profundizará sobre el perfil del ingeniero emergente de la Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología y su contraste con el modelo propuesto en las carreras de ingeniería. Intentaré determinar de qué modo el perfil de ingeniero vigente puede contribuir a la implementación de procesos de democratización en el diseño tecnológico.

Exposición y crítica de la ética de Clemente de Alejandría

Resumen: En este artículo, el autor expone la ética de san Clemente de Alejandría recurriendo principalmente a El Pedagogo y al Protréptico. Da especial importancia a conceptos como salvación, libre albedrío, consejo, imitación, entre otros. Después, el autor realiza una crítica buscando retomar algunas tesis que pueden mantener cierta vigencia para el planteamiento de una ética hodierna, buscando que esta última sea filosófica. Pero es importante tener presente que la ética por naturaleza recurre a la tradición, de la cual se alimenta para elaborar su reflexión filosófica. En otras palabras, la ética no parte desde el vacío, sino en el seno de una tradición, uno de cuyos representantes y constructores, en el contexto del mundo occidental, es Clemente de Alejandría.

Lecturas contemporáneas de la ley natural

Resumen: la teoría de la ley natural ha tenido un extenso desarrollo en la ética, más allá de lo jurídico, por lo que bien puede hablarse de una ética de la ley natural, con una vigencia desde su nacimiento en el pensamiento griego hasta la filosofía contemporánea. En este trabajo se atiende a la especial lectura que hacen los moralistas neo-analíticos de habla inglesa, quienes tratan, sistemática y/o históricamente, el tema de la ley natural, sea traduciéndola a su proceder epistemológico, sea en confrontación o crítica, sea desde una forma «sui generis» de reivindicación. Esto nos permite hablar de una vigencia de lo que su concepto significa: ser una ley que se sustenta en la naturaleza racional y universal de la humanidad

Sapientia, 1988, Vol. XLIII, nº 167-168 (número completo)

Contenido: El tema de la libertad en Santo Tomás : fuentes y desarrollo / Gustavo E. Ponferrada – Emergencia y sentido del hombre en la reflexión ética de la Suma contra Gentiles / Julio R. Méndez – Azar y contingencia / Juan J. Sanguineti – Indeterminismo y racionalidad : en torno al problema de la causalidad en física / Ramón Queraltó – La tridimensionalidad crítica de la reflexión completa / Stanislavs Ladusans – Humanismo y humanismos / Iulio Brandao – Limitación de la antropología filosófica / José M. de Estrada – Afectividad, obrar humano, moralidad / María C. Donadío de Gandolfi – Naturaleza y ética en Hobbes y Tomás de Aquino / María L. Lukac de Stier – Derecho, pensamiento y lenguaje / Carlos I. Massini-Correas – Derecho natural y positivismo jurídico / Ylves J. de Miranda Guimaraes – La verdad política es el ideal de una sociedad participativa / José P. Galvao de Sousa – Hombre y moral : la “pietas” patriótica / Héctor H. Hernández – Filosofía, teología y cultura cristiana en el pensamiento de San Agustín / Battista Mondin – Amor Ruibal, genial renovador de la filosofía cristiana / Emilio Silva de Castro – La problemática filosófica de las ciencias humanas / Edgardo J. Castro

La edición crítica de Amadís de Gaula de Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula

La mitad de la población continúa sin tener un empleo decente y esto explica la crítica situación social

Los datos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares que el INDEC ha vuelto a publicar recientemente revelan que en la Argentina hay 4,4 millones de personas con empleos informales de mala calidad y 1 millón de desempleados. Esta evidencia demuestra que a pesar del crecimiento económico y de las medidas implementadas en los últimos años, los problemas laborales continúan sin resolverse. La devaluación del año 2002 indujo una importante generación de empleos sustentada en la erosión del salario real, pero este modelo se ha agotado. Ahora es necesario implementar una fuerte modernización de las instituciones laborales, con énfasis en un régimen especial para las microempresas que concentran un alto porcentaje del empleo privado no registrado y operan con una lógica de “trabajo – trabajo”

Liberalismo, neutralidad estatal y perfeccionismo : Rawls y su crítica

Resumen: Este artículo expone ciertos ejes del debate contemporáneo en torno al liberalismo político y la neutralidad estatal para intentar una recapitulación crítica que permita arrojar luz sobre la posibilidad de una posición que concilie el respeto a la pluralidad contemporánea y a ciertos principios constitucionales con la no abdicación del rol que la política debe tener en el fomento de la “vida buena” (lo que en la tradición de la filosofía política anglosajona se ha designado como “perfeccionismo”). El artículo explora, al menos preliminarmente, sobre qué premisas se asentaría dicha conciliación, a través del análisis de la justificación del “perfeccionismo” y del tratamiento del tema del paternalismo estatal, la coerción y el fomento. Se analizan las ideas de Rawls así como las de algunos de sus críticos, en especial de Sandel y – sobre todo– de Raz, dado que es un autor que abre las puertas a la posibilidad de un liberalismo “perfeccionista”, fiel a los principios del liberalismo político clásico, pero que abandona la exigencia de “neutralidad” ante distintas concepciones del bien.

La idea más peligrosa del mundo : hacia una crítica de la antropología transhumanista

Resumen: En este trabajo examino aspectos filosóficos del transhumanismo, en particular en lo que se refiere a su antropología filosófica y la filosofía de la tecnología que se halla implicada en esta. Me enfoco en la ingeniería genética y la “evolución dirigida”, una narrativa central en la promoción de un futuro “posthumano” que –según el transhumanismo– traerá beneficios en gran escala para la humanidad. Argumento que el transhumanismo avanza una teoría deliberativa de los valores en un contexto que favorece la lógica de mercado para la comercialización y distribución de los bienes prometidos por la reprogenética. Esta teoría deliberativa, a su vez, se basa en una visión antropológica con fuertes raíces humanistas. Argumento que esta estrategia del transhumanismo nos lleva a profundas contradicciones, dado que la lógica individualista-mercantilista no conlleva lógicamente a un beneficio global en lo que concierne a la “naturaleza” humana.

El códice como entidad unitaria : apuntes para la edición crítica del manuscrito 431 de la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid

Resumen: El manuscrito 431 de la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid fue compuesto hacia 1360, al calor de la Guerra Civil que enfrentó a Pedro I y Enrique II. Este códice constituye uno de los mayores testimonios de un intento de formalización escrita, a mediados del siglo XIV, del derecho señorial nunca fi jado ofi cialmente en Castilla. Los textos allí contenidos nunca fueron considerados como una unidad y por lo tanto fueron siempre editados y estudiados separadamente. El artículo se propone identifi car pautas formales que permitan establecer la entidad unitaria basándose no sólo en sus aspectos físicos (tipo de letra, materiales utilizados, lengua, etc.) sino también en líneas internas de signifi cación tanto en el plano sintagmático (relaciones de contigüidad in praesentia) como en el paradigmático (asociaciones que organizan patrones de lectura).