Stable isotopes in paleosols and origins of the Asian monsoon

The stable isotopic composition of buried soil carbonate and organic matter from northern Pakistan and Nepal can be used to reconstruct aspects of the paleoecology of riverine floodplain ecosystems over the past 17 Myr. Probable dry woodland dominated the floodplain biomass of large rivers ancestral to the modern Indus and Ganges up to 7.3 Myr. Between 7.3 and about 6 Myr, tropical grasses gradually displaced woodland and have dominated floodplain biomasses to the present. The paleovegetational transition beginning about 7.3 Myr likely signals the onset of the strongly seasonal precipitation pattern that typifies the monsoonal climate of the region today. One possible analog to the dry woodland soils of the Miocene are found under the Sal woodlands of the northern Indian subcontinent, while undisturbed modern analogs to the Plio-Pleistocene floodplain grasslands can still be found in the Chitwan area of southern Nepal.

CO2浓度升高对羊草草原生产力和碳平衡的影响

自工业革命以来，大气的C02浓度以前所未有的速度增加，已经由280μmol mol-1升高到了360μmol mol-l。据预测，到下个世纪中／末期，C02浓度将为目前的二倍。C02浓度升高及其引起的全球气候变化必将影响到植物的生长发育，进而对整个生态系统产生巨大影响。因此，有关C02浓度升高对各类生态系统的影响的研究引起了广泛关注，成为近年来的研究热点。早期的研究多数集中于考察C02浓度升高对植物个体水平生长发育的影响。然而，高C02对植物的效应严重依赖于具体物种和具体环境条件，使得基于由短期盆栽实验获得的研究结果不能够有效地预测自然生态系统的行为。因此，长期、原位处理实验越来越受到重视。由于原位研究的难度较大，目前这方面的研究还不是很多。有限研究结果显示，由于生境条件和种间关系方面的巨大差异，自然生态系统对C02浓度升高的反应迥异。 草原生态系统由于C02浓度控制上比较容易实现，而且其物质循环相对较快，因而一直是C02富集实验研究最多的一类植被，生态系统水平的研究更是如此。然而涉及的区域和草原类型并不多，不足以进行可靠预测。目前，关于C02升高效应，研究比较系统的草原生态系统主要集中在：美国Kansas的高草草原、美国California的一年生草原、瑞士西北部的石灰质草原、美国Colorado的矮草草原和一些牧场。我国总土地面积的40%为草地，类型丰富，然而相关研究不多，尤其是对自然生态系统的原位研究几乎为空白。 为揭示C02浓度升高对羊草草原生产力和碳平衡的效应，我们在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的永久羊草样地开展了两年的C02倍增实验(2001，2002)。在羊草样地选择相对均匀地段设置12个开顶式气室（直径1.8m），每个气室内分成4个小样方(0.5m×0.5m)，其中6个气室在生长季给予加倍C02处理（约600μmol mol-l），另6个气室不补充C02（约300μmol moI-l）。地上部分用收割法取样，分种记录数量、高度和重量等指标，地下部分取样用环刀法。用Li-cor6400光合系统测定群落光合和呼吸速率。野外实验结束后，统一分析植物和土壤样品中的C、N等元素含量。另外，在内蒙古草原站院内设置了两组桶培实验，一组是取自羊草样地的带苗原状土，一组是取自羊草样地的混匀土，种上冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)的种子。2组桶培实验分别用两个水分梯度和两个C02梯度处理。水分处理分别为：浇水处理——每4天浇lOOOml水，相当于平均降雨量的160%;干旱处理——持续干旱，适时补水以保持植物不萎蔫，共浇水4000ml水。C02处理和取样方法与样地原位实验相同。主要研究结果和结论如下： 1)两年的C02加倍处理没有使羊草草原的生物量、植物种和功能型组成发生显著改变，桶培实验中，浇水处理显著促进了植物生长，原状土植物、种子苗实验的冰草和无芒雀麦对C02加倍处理同样不敏感，而种子苗实验的豆科植物紫花苜蓿在C02加倍处理下生物量显著提高。以上结果显示，由于水分和养分（特别是N）的限制，以及优势植物对C02的相对不敏感，C02浓度升高对羊草草原地上生物量和结构的效应相对不大。 2)羊草草原的根垂直分布在加倍C02条件下发生显著改变，但根生物量对C02加倍处 理相对不敏感。在4次取样中只有一次对C02加倍处理表现出显著变化，根长的变化与根生物量的变化不完全一致，根的比根长在加倍C02条件下增加。根垂直分布的变化趋势与降雨的时间分布相适应，干旱少雨时期C02使下层根量增加，多雨时期C02则使上层根量增加。以上结果显示，根的空间分布比根生物量对C02加倍处理更敏感。水分是根空间分布变化的驱动因子，加倍C02条件下，根空间分布的变化趋势倾向于优化对水分的充分利用。 3)加倍C02处理使羊草草原的群落光合速率显著提高，群落呼吸速率显著降低，因而使群落碳净输入量增加。土壤碳贮量占羊草草原碳总贮量的70%以上，碳总贮量及其组分（包括地上碳贮量、根碳贮量、土壤碳贮量）在两个C02浓度处理之问均没有显著差异。另外，加倍C02处理使羊草草原群落及其优势植物羊草的c：N比增加。以上结果显示，在加倍C02条件下羊草草原的碳净输入量增加，这意味着在未来高 C02条件F，羊草草原将作为碳汇对大气C02起反馈调节作用。其碳贮量对加倍C02 处理的不敏感与许多以前的研究结果相似，一般认为是由于土壤碳贮量本底太大， 掩盖了C02效应，这还有待于更长期原位实验的证实。羊草草原群落c：N比在高C02 浓度下的变化将影响凋落物降解、N素循环和动植物营养关系等，进而对生态系统 功能产生深远影响。

A 10-year time series of zooplankton anomalies off the British Columbia coast [abstract]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Zooplankton biomass and species composition have been sampled since 1985 at a set of standard locations off Vancouver Island. From these data, I have estimated multi-year average seasonal cycles and time series of anomalies from these averages.

The influence of climate on phytoplankton communities in the upper San Francisco estuary

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): The 1977 climate shift was characterized by low chlorophyll a concentrations and a shift in phytoplankton community composition throughout the upper San Francisco Bay estuary. ... For climate to be a driving force in phytoplankton communities, it must affect mechanisms that control biomass and community composition. The influence of climate on environmental conditions and phytoplankton community composition among water-year types was examined using 19 years of physical, chemical, and phytoplankton data collected monthly at 15 stations throughout the estuary.

Zooplankton biomass along the west coast of India and its effect on the fishery

The coastal zone along the west coast of India is very productive with a mean secondary production rate of 5.89 mg C/m super(3)/day. Statewise, maximum zooplankton standing stock was observed off Maharashtra. The existing yield of fishery from the surveyed region has been compared with the estimated sustainable fishery potential.

Preliminary note on the biochemical composition of meat of dai (Chirocentrus spp) and kati (Opisthopterus spp)

Studies were taken up biochemical composition of Chirocentrus dorab and Opisthopterus sp. The seasonal changes, yield of mince and energy value of the meat were also reported.

Composition and distribution of benthos in Kali Estuary, Karwar

The composition and abundance of meio and macrobenthos in 5 stations of Kali estuary were studied during September 1981 to September 1982. In all sixteen meiobenthic and fourteen macrobenthic taxa were identified and the salient features in their temporal and spatial distribution, species dominance and percentage occurrence are discussed.

Seasonal variation in the proximate composition of rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata from Bombay coast

Changes in proximate composition of soft tissue of rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata inhabiting a polluted station at Bandra (stn. B) and a relatively clean area at Mudh Island (stn. M) were studied. An average protein content of 48.88 plus or minus 3.73 and 53.68 plus or minus 3.59% were recorded respectively for oysters from stns. M and B and the difference was significant. Mean carbohydrate content in oysters from stn. M amounted to 14.69 plus or minus 3.22 whereas at stn. B it was 8.70 plus or minus 1.61 and the difference was found highly significant. However, appreciable variation between stations was not observed in lipid and carbon content in oysters. Suitable periods for harvesting of these organisms are suggested.

Studies on shell and meat composition of molluscs from Saurashtra coast

Shell composition of 35 species of molluscs was studied. The shell, calcium and calcium carbonate contents were lowest in the cuttle bone of cuttlefish, while they were highest in shell of Cypraea ocellata. Solen sp. had higher meat and protein content than the pelecypods and lower meat, water and protein content than the cephalopods. Inverse relationships between water and fat, and protein and ash were established.

Zooplankton standing stock and community structure along Karnataka Coast, west coast of India

Distribution of zooplankton along two transects at Karwar and Ratnagiri, west coast of India, was studied. The standing stock of zooplankton was relatively high in the neritic zone with the highest value [358 ml/100 m super(3)] in the area off Ratnagiri due to the aggregation of fish larvae and hydromedusae. Maximum zooplankton production in these areas was noticed with the low temperature and low dissolved oxygen during postmonsoon season. At Karwar the highest biomass [188 ml/100 m super(3)] was observed from the nearshore station due to swarms of the cladoceran Penilia avirostris and the pteropod Cresis acicula when the salinity was low. The fluctuations in numerical abundance and percentage composition of all the major planktonic groups are discussed. The fishery of these areas is compared with the zooplankton standing stock.