Energy Principle And Nonlinear Electric-Mechanical Behavior Of Ferroelectric Ceramics

Many experimental observations have shown that a single domain in a ferroelectric material switches by progressive movement of domain walls, driven by a combination of electric field and stress. The mechanism of the domain switch involves the following steps: initially, the domain has a uniform spontaneous polarization; new domains with the reverse polarization direction nucleate, mainly at the surface, and grow though the crystal thickness; the new domain expands sideways as a new domain continues to form; finally, the domain switch coalesces to complete the polarization reversal. According to this mechanism, the volume fraction of the domain switching is introduced in the constitutive law of the ferroelectric material and used to study the nonlinear constitutive behavior of a ferroelectric body in this paper. The principle of stationary total potential energy is put forward in which the basic unknown quantities are the displacement u(i), electric displacement D-i and volume fraction rho(I) of the domain switching for the variant I. The mechanical field equation and a new domain switching criterion are obtained from the principle of stationary total potential energy. The domain switching criterion proposed in this paper is an expansion and development of the energy criterion established by Hwang et al. [ 1]. Based on the domain switching criterion, a set of linear algebraic equations for determining the volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching is obtained, in which the coefficients of the linear algebraic equations only contain the unknown strain and electric fields. If the volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching for each domain is prescribed, the unknown displacement and electric potential can be obtained based on the conventional finite element procedure. It is assumed that a domain switches if the reduction in potential energy exceeds a critical energy barrier. According to the experimental results, the energy barrier will strengthen when the volume fraction of the domain switching increases. The external mechanical and electric loads are increased step by step. The volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching for each element obtained from the last loading step is used as input to the constitutive equations. Then the strain and electric fields are calculated based on the conventional finite element procedure. The finite element analysis is carried out on the specimens subjected to uniaxial coupling stress and electric field. Numerical results and available experimental data are compared and discussed. The present theoretic prediction agrees reasonably with the experimental results.

Tensionless Contact Of A Finite Beam Resting On Reissner Foundation

A more generalized model of a beam resting on a tensionless Reissner foundation is presented. Compared with the Winkler foundation model, the Reissner foundation model is a much improved one. In the Winkler foundation model, there is no shear stress inside the foundation layer and the foundation is assumed to consist of closely spaced, independent springs. The presence of shear stress inside Reissner foundation makes the springs no longer independent and the foundation to deform as a whole. Mathematically, the governing equation of a beam on Reissner foundation is sixth order differential equation compared with fourth order of Winkler one. Because of this order change of the governing equation, new boundary conditions are needed and related discussion is presented. The presence of the shear stress inside the tensionless Reissner foundation together with the unknown feature of contact area/length makes the problem much more difficult than that of Winkler foundation. In the model presented here, the effects of beam dimension, gap distance, loading asymmetry and foundation shear stress on the contact length are all incorporated and studied. As the beam length increases, the results of a finite beam with zero gap distance converge asymptotically to those obtained by the previous model for an infinitely long beam. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Proper orthogonal decomposition of oscillatory Marangoni flow in half-zone liquid bridges of low-Pr fluids

Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) using method of snapshots was performed on three different types of oscillatory Marangoni flows in half-zone liquid bridges of low-Pr fluid (Pr = 0.01). For each oscillation type, a series of characteristic modes (eigenfunctions) have been extracted from the velocity and temperature disturbances, and the POD provided spatial structures of the eigenfunctions, their oscillation frequencies, amplitudes, and phase shifts between them. The present analyses revealed the common features of the characteristic modes for different oscillation modes: four major velocity eigenfunctions captured more than 99% of the velocity fluctuation energy form two pairs, one of which is the most energetic. Different from the velocity disturbance, one of the major temperature eigenfunctions makes the dominant contribution to the temperature fluctuation energy. On the other hand, within the most energetic velocity eigenfuction pair, the two eigenfunctions have similar spatial structures and were tightly coupled to oscillate with the same frequency, and it was determined that the spatial structures and phase shifts of the eigenfunctions produced the different oscillatory disturbances. The interaction of other major modes only enriches the secondary spatio-temporal structures of the oscillatory disturbances. Moreover, the present analyses imply that the oscillatory disturbance, which is hydrodynamic in nature, primarily originates from the interior of the liquid bridge. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

材料分叉的数值分析

通过与解析解法相对比,说明了分析材料分叉时采用数值法的特点.文中揭示了在单向和弱双向加载条件下材料分叉(平面剪切带和表面皱曲)的一些特征.单向拉伸的实验表明,所计算的临界值是合理的.

内凹式负压磁头气体动力特性

本文给出了一种用于磁盘机读/写功能的非接触起停式负压磁头滑块模型。通过求解修正Reynolds方程,计算出其稳态气动力特性。给出了磁头滑块与磁盘之间润滑气膜压强分布的立体图,滑块工作曲线及压力载荷随磁盘线速度、气膜厚度、减压槽深度的变化规律曲线。

关于太阳湍流发电机理论

本文介绍了太阳湍流发电机问题的双尺度平均场电动力学分析方法以及有关太阳发电机问题的研究结果:α,β效应及各种发电机模型。总结分析了现阶段太阳湍流发电机问题在观测和理论方面的主要困难。对其他的太阳发电机理论也进行了简要介绍。

全金属结构氩激光器的研究

本文简述全金属结构氩离子激光器实验的初步结果。该激光器以水冷分段铝片组成放电管,内径8毫米,有效放电长度300毫米。采用水冷铜环形冷弧阴极和水冷筒状阳极。

Convenção sobre os direitos das pessoas com deficiência : Decreto nº 6.949, de 25 de agosto de 2009, Decreto Legislativo nº 186, de 2008 e o texto da Convenção sobre os direitos das Pessoas com deficiência e de seu Protocolo Facultativo, assinados em Nova York, em 30 de março de 2007

Aprova o texto da Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência e de seu Protocolo Facultativo, assinados em Nova York, em 30 de março de 2007.

Restrição para celebração de convênios e contratos de repasse com entes federados

Estudo sobre alternativas à fixação de limites mínimos para a celebração de convênios e contratos de repasse fixados no Decreto nº 6.170, de 25 de julho de 2007, com as modificações do Decreto nº 7.594, de 31 de outubro de 2011.