Hydrothermal experiments on the thermal stability of amino substances in sediments

Aspartic acid, threonine, serine and other thermally unstable amino acids have been found in fine-grained elastic sediments of advanced geologic age. The presence of these compounds in ancient sediments conflicts with experimental data determined for their simple thermal decomposition.

Recent and Late Miocene sediments and their humic acid extracts, known to contain essentially complete suites of amino acids, were heated with H₂O in a bomb at temperatures up to 500°C in order to compare the thermal decomposition characteristics of the sedimentary amino compounds.

Most of the amino acids found in protein hydrolyzates are obtained from the Miocene rock in amounts 10 to 100 times less than from the Recent sediment. The two unheated humic acids are rather similar despite their great age difference. The Miocene rock appears uncontaminated by Recent carbon.

Yields of amino acids generally decline in the heated Recent sediment. Some amino compounds apparently increase with heating time in the Miocene rock.

Relative thermal stabilities of the amino acids in sediments are generally similar to those determined using pure aqueous solutions. The relative thermal stabilities of glutamic acid, glycine, and phenylalanine vary in the Recent sediment but are uniform in the Miocene rock.

Amino acids may occur in both proteins and humic complexes in the Recent sediment, while they are probably only present in stabilized organic substances in the Miocene rock. Thermal decomposition of protein amino acids may be affected by surface catalysis in the Recent sediment. The apparent activation energy for the decomposition of alanine in this sediment is 8400 calories per mole. Yields of amino compounds from the heated sediments are not affected by thermal decomposition only.

Amino acids in sediments may only be useful for geothermometry in a very general way.

A better picture of the amino acid content of older sedimentary rocks may be obtained if these sediments are heated in a bomb with H₂O at temperatures around 150°C prior to HCl hydrolysis.

Leucine-isoleucine ratios may prove to be useful as indicators of amino acid sources or for evaluating the fractionation of these substances during diagenesis. Leucine-isoleucine ratios of the Recent and Miocene sediments and humic acids are identical. The humic acids may have a continental source.

The carbon-nitrogen and carbon-hydrogen ratios of sediments and humic acids increase with heating time and temperature. Ratios comparable to those in some kerogens are found in the severely heated Miocene sediment and humic acid.

Negative refraction via domain wall resonances in a homogeneous mixture of ferro- and nonmagnetic substances

We deliver the general conditions on the synthetic proportions for a homogeneous mixture of ferro- and nonmagnetic substances to become left-handed. As an alternative for left-handed metamaterials, we consider mixing ferromagnetic materials with nonmagnetic microscopic particles. In the mixture, the ferromagnetic material provides the needed permeability via domain wall resonances at high frequencies, whereas the nonmagnetic material gives the required permittivity. Using the effective medium theory, we have found that when the concentration of the nonmagnetic particles falls into a certain range, the refractive index of the mixture is negative, n < 0, which includes the double negative ( epsilon < 0 and mu < 0) and other cases ( e. g. epsilon < 0 and mu > 0). We finally give the requirements on the microscopic material properties for the ferromagnetic materials to reach the domain wall resonances at high frequencies.

Usage of substances and their dosage regimes in pharmacological animal models of schizophrenia

Background: Contrary to what is generally thought schizophrenia is a very common mental health issue. For this, several animal models are used to assess the illness in order to develop a definitive. The most widely spread paradigm is the use of pharmacological models. Aim: The aim of this review is to display which are the most used insults for the assessment of social behaviour related negative symptoms in animal models as well as to ascertain which is the most adequate regime. Design: Literature review. Methods: PubMed database was used for this article by the search of the indexed “schizophrenia”, “animal models”, “social behaviour” and “negative symptoms” descriptors. With the exception of a single article due to it value this review is based on articles from 10 years onwards. Besides, only clinical trials and reviews written in English or Spanish and that had laboratory rodents as target population were accepted. Results: The studies assessed agree that pharmacological models (specially those regarding the NMDA receptor antagonists) are a valuable means for the experimental investigation of negative symptoms in schizophrenia with the necessity to emphasise that only some negative symptoms (anhedonia and social interaction, mainly) can be experimentally assessed. Conclusions: There is not enough evidence regarding the fours aspects of this review. PCP, Ketamine or MK-801 in sub-acute dosage regimes are currently the most indicated insults to mimic schizophrenic symptoms in rodents, although further research in needed, albeit other substances are valuable as well. (In English language exclusively)

Biodegradable thermoplastic elastomers: tuning viscoelastic properties and shape memory

286 p.

Função pulmonar, estresse oxidativo e marcadores inflamatórios na lesão pulmonar aguda induzida por lipopolissacarídeo: diferentes efeitos da atorvastatina, pravastatina e simvastatina

Nosso objetivo foi determinar que tipo de estatina pode atenuar a lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) induzida por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) em camundongos da linhagem C57Bl/6. Trinta camundongos machos ( 23 g) foram divididos em 5 grupos (n=6 cada): grupo LPS (10 mg/kg) administrado intraperitonealmente (i.p.), LPS mais atorvastatina (10 mg/kg/dia; grupo LPS+A), LPS mais pravastatina (5 mg/kg/dia; grupo LPS+P) e LPS mais sinvastatina (20 mg/kg/dia; grupo LPS+S). O grupo controle recebeu salina i.p.. Em um grupo separado de camundongos (n=5), a soma das pressões pulmonares resistivas e viscoelásticas (DeltaPtot) e elastância estática (E[st]) foram medidas. Um dia após a administração de LPS os camundongos foram sacrificados (24 h) por deslocamento cervical e logo em seguida foi realizado lavado broncoalveolar (LBA). Os pulmões foram removidos para análise histopatológica e homogeneizados para análises bioquímicas (ELISA, catalase, superóxido dismutase, mieloperoxidase, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, carbonilação de proteínas e método de Griess). A quantidade de leucócitos foi menor no grupo LPS+P (p<0,01) e LPS+S (p<0,05) em comparação ao grupo LPS. Os níveis de MCP-1 e IL-6 reduziram no grupo LPS+P (p<0,01), enquanto o grupo LPS + S mostrou redução apenas nos níveis de IL-6 (p<0,05) em comparação ao grupo LPS. Marcadores redox (superóxido dismutase e catalase) foram menores no grupo LPS+A (p<0,01) em comparação ao grupo LPS. A peroxidação lipídica (malondialdeído e hidroperóxidos) diminuiu em todos os grupos tratados (p<0,05) quando comparados ao grupo LPS. A mieloperoxidase foi menor no grupo LPS+P (p<0,01) quando comparado ao grupo LPS. DeltaPtot e E(st) foram, significativamente, maiores no grupo LPS do que nos outros grupos. Nossos resultados sugerem que atorvastatina e pravastatina, mas não a sinvastatina, exibiram ações anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes na LPA induzida por LPS.