La resistencia especial en el fútbol

La finalidad de esta tesis es establecer un análisis de la metodología de entrenamiento de la resistencia especial en el futbolista. Su objetivo no está vinculado a realizar propuestas prácticas de entrenamiento, sino más bien, se tratará de abordar una posible justificación fisiológico - metabólica, a partir de la relevancia bioenergética de la creatina, en función de la creciente especialización que debe ir adquiriendo el proceso del entrenamiento deportivo a largo plazo, enfocado al logro de altos rendimientos deportivos. A partir del análisis de conceptos terminológicos de referencia, se asienta la idea general de este trabajo, es decir, la estructuración y desarrollo de la resistencia en los deportes de conjunto, como el fútbol. Los pilares de una adecuada planificación son el conocimiento y la aplicación de distintas leyes y principios del entrenamiento deportivo y su relación con los distintos medios y métodos de entrenamiento, como así también, los efectos de adaptación que provocan. Por lo tanto, a partir del análisis de los requerimientos morfológicos - funcionales de las competiciones de elite en fútbol, se pueden elaborar modelos que servirán de base y como objetivo final al cual debe ser orientado el proceso de entrenamiento. Es decir, que un entrenamiento multianual con miras a la formación de futbolistas de elite, debe respetar la especialización creciente de las cargas de entrenamiento, estableciendo una sucesión metodológica adecuada en función de los objetivos de cada etapa. En función de lo expuesto, se realiza un análisis que va desde la resistencia como capacidad física y su metodología de entrenamiento, recorriendo distintos conceptos y manifestaciones, pasando por el análisis de distintas zonas de intensidad o áreas funcionales, y desembocando en la metodología de entrenamiento intermitente de la resistencia o resistencia especial -en los deportes de conjunto-. Y es a partir de todo el análisis precedente que estamos en condiciones de abordar el entrenamiento específico en el fútbol, y más detalladamente la resistencia específica o intermitente que requiere este deporte. El entrenamiento intermitente puede ser considerado como una metodología cuyo énfasis es puesto en modificaciones que se producen a nivel muscular, por sobre factores centrales de rendimiento, presentándose como una variante óptima para el entrenamiento de la resistencia muscular local y específica del futbolista. Básicamente, el entrenamiento intermitente actuaría sobre dos puntos centrales: la mejora del sistema shuttle de la CrP, y sobre la rapidez de entrega de oxígeno al inicio del ejercicio. Aquí aparece la importancia de la suplementación con Cr: que al aumentar las concentraciones del sustrato, y junto con el entrenamiento, que mejora las reacciones enzimáticas implicadas, potenciaría las mejoras buscadas con este tipo de metodología. Queda por determinar cual es el preciso mecanismo de acción por el cual la recuperación de los fosfatos altamente energéticos se produce: si por biogénesis mitocondrial en las fibras reclutadas - generalmente FT -; o mediante el sistema de proteínas transportadoras de Cr - destacando la importancia de las ST - o por algún otro mecanismo no conocido. Su descubrimiento permitiría direccionar más precisamente el entrenamiento deportivo.

e-MIS Contents: Multimedia Contents for e-Learning Environments in Minimally Invasive Surgery

This work describes the design and application of multimedia contents for web technologies-based training in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The chosen strategy allows knowing the deficiencies of the current training methods so new multimedia contents can cover them. This study is concluded with the definition of three different types of multimedia contents accordingly to the development degree and didactic objectives that they present: Didactic resources are basic contents such as videos or documents that can be enhanced with contributions of users. On the other hand, case reports and didactic units have a defined structure. Didactic resources and case reports provide an informal training while didactic units are included in a more regulated training.

Diseño del curso para operador "Coeficientes inherentes de reactividad" a plataforma e-Learning

Las centrales nucleares necesitan de personal altamente especializado y formado. Es por ello por lo que el sector de la formación especializada en centrales nucleares necesita incorporar los últimos avances en métodos formativos. Existe una gran cantidad de cursos de formación presenciales y es necesario transformar dichos cursos para utilizarlos con las nuevas tecnologías de la información. Para ello se necesitan equipos multidisciplinares, en los que se incluyen ingenieros, que deben identificar los objetivos formativos, competencias, contenidos y el control de calidad del propio curso. En este proyecto se utilizan técnicas de ingeniería del conocimiento como eje metodológico para transformar un curso de formación presencial en formación on-line a través de tecnologías de la información. En la actualidad, las nuevas tecnologías de la información y comunicación están en constante evolución. De esta forma se han sumergido en el mundo transformando la visión que teníamos de éste para dar lugar a nuevas oportunidades. Es por ello que este proyecto busca la unión entre el e-learning y el mundo empresarial. El objetivo es el diseño, en plataforma e-learning, de un curso técnico que instruya a operadores de sala de control de una central nuclear. El trabajo realizado en este proyecto ha sido, además de transformar un curso presencial en on-line, en obtener una metodología para que otros cursos se puedan transformar. Para conseguir este cometido, debemos preocuparnos tanto por el contenido de los cursos como por su gestión. Por este motivo, el proyecto comienza con definiciones básicas de terminología propia de e-learning. Continúa con la generación de una metodología que aplique la gestión de conocimiento para transformar cualquier curso presencial a esta plataforma. Definida la metodología, se aplicará para el diseño del curso específico de Coeficientes Inherentes de Reactividad. Finaliza con un estudio económico que dé viabilidad al proyecto y con la creación de un modelo económico que estime el precio para cualquier curso futuro. Abstract Nuclear power plants need highly specialized and trained personnel. Thus, nuclear power plant Specialized Training Sector requires the incorporation of the latest advances in training methods. A large array of face-to-face training courses exist and it has become necessary to transform said courses in order to apply them with the new information systems available. For this, multidisciplinary equipment is needed where the engineering workforce must identify educational objectives, competences and abilities, contents and quality control of the different courses. In this project, knowledge engineering techniques are employed as the methodological axis in order to transform a face-to-face training course into on-line training through the use of new information technologies. Nowadays, new information and communication technologies are in constant evolution. They have introduced themselves into our world, transforming our previous vision of them, leading to new opportunities. For this reason, the present Project seeks to unite the use of e-learning and the Business and Corporate world. The main objective is the design, in an e-learning platform, of a technical course that will train nuclear power plant control-room operators. The work carried out in this Project has been, in addition to the transformation of a face-to-face course into an online one, the obtainment of a methodology to employ in the future transformation of other courses. In order to achieve this mission, our interest must focus on the content as well as on the management of the various courses. Hence, the Project starts with basic definitions of e-learning terminology. Next, a methodology that applies knowledge management for the transformation of any face-to-face course into e-learning has been generated. Once this methodology is defined, it has been applied for the design process of the Inherent Coefficients of Reactivity course. Finally, an economic study has been developed in order to determine the viability of the Project and an economic model has been created to estimate the price of any given course

Neural networks for time-varying data

This paper reviews some basic issues and methods involved in using neural networks to respond in a desired fashion to a temporally-varying environment. Some popular network models and training methods are introduced. A speech recognition example is then used to illustrate the central difficulty of temporal data processing: learning to notice and remember relevant contextual information. Feedforward network methods are applicable to cases where this problem is not severe. The application of these methods are explained and applications are discussed in the areas of pure mathematics, chemical and physical systems, and economic systems. A more powerful but less practical algorithm for temporal problems, the moving targets algorithm, is sketched and discussed. For completeness, a few remarks are made on reinforcement learning.

Neural networks

An overview of neural networks, covering multilayer perceptrons, radial basis functions, constructive algorithms, Kohonen and K-means unupervised algorithms, RAMnets, first and second order training methods, and Bayesian regularisation methods.

Globally optimal parameters for on-line learning in multilayer neural networks

We present a framework for calculating globally optimal parameters, within a given time frame, for on-line learning in multilayer neural networks. We demonstrate the capability of this method by computing optimal learning rates in typical learning scenarios. A similar treatment allows one to determine the relevance of related training algorithms based on modifications to the basic gradient descent rule as well as to compare different training methods.

Neural network based off-line handwritten text recognition system

This dissertation introduces a new system for handwritten text recognition based on an improved neural network design. Most of the existing neural networks treat mean square error function as the standard error function. The system as proposed in this dissertation utilizes the mean quartic error function, where the third and fourth derivatives are non-zero. Consequently, many improvements on the training methods were achieved. The training results are carefully assessed before and after the update. To evaluate the performance of a training system, there are three essential factors to be considered, and they are from high to low importance priority: (1) error rate on testing set, (2) processing time needed to recognize a segmented character and (3) the total training time and subsequently the total testing time. It is observed that bounded training methods accelerate the training process, while semi-third order training methods, next-minimal training methods, and preprocessing operations reduce the error rate on the testing set. Empirical observations suggest that two combinations of training methods are needed for different case character recognition. Since character segmentation is required for word and sentence recognition, this dissertation provides also an effective rule-based segmentation method, which is different from the conventional adaptive segmentation methods. Dictionary-based correction is utilized to correct mistakes resulting from the recognition and segmentation phases. The integration of the segmentation methods with the handwritten character recognition algorithm yielded an accuracy of 92% for lower case characters and 97% for upper case characters. In the testing phase, the database consists of 20,000 handwritten characters, with 10,000 for each case. The testing phase on the recognition 10,000 handwritten characters required 8.5 seconds in processing time.

Skadeförebyggande träningsmetoder mot hamstringsskador inom svensk herrelitfotboll i jämförelse med rekommenderad evidensbaserad forskning

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the evidence-based research recommendations on injury prevention methods against hamstring injuries among Swedish men's elite team in football. The research-based recommendations was then to be compared with the way Swedish elite football teams work to prevent hamstrings injuries. Method First a literature search of PubMed and SPORTDiscuss was made to find the most evidence-based training methods to hamstring injuries. Then an Internet questionnaire regarding injury prevention training methods against hamstring injuries was sent to all Swedish elite football teams. The answers off the questionnaire was then compared with the research that had the most evidence based training methods to hamstring injuries. Results Research shows that the method with the most evidence is eccentric strength training. Flexibility, static stretch and core stability training is research methods that can be used to prevent hamstrings injuries but these methods lack a large validated research basis. 8 of 32 (25 %) teams answered the questionnaire. All teams indicated that they were working with injury prevention methods but the methods varied from the eccentric strength training to periodization and flexibility training. 2 of 8 teams indicated that they worked with eccentric strength training that is recommended by science as the most evidence-based training method. Conclusion The study shows that the teams partly work after what the research recommends as the most evidence-based training methods against hamstring injuries. However, the study lacks validity and further research is needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.

Popular Singing: a practical guide to Pop, Rock, Blues, Jazz, Country and Gospel.

Donna Soto-Morettini is one of the top performance coaches in the industry and has worked as casting director and performance coach for the hit BBC reality casting shows, I'd Do Anything, Any Dream Will Do, and How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria. She was the founding senior vocal coach at Paul McCartney's Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts. Based on her years of teaching experience in a multitude of styles, this unique book is a practical guide to exploring the singing voice and will help to enhance vocal confidence in a range of styles including Pop, Jazz, Blues, Rock, Country and Gospel. Both singers and voice teachers will benefit from the clear analysis of these styles and advice on how to improve performance. Popular Singing provides effective alternatives to traditional voice training methods and demonstrates how these methods can be used to create a flexible and unique sound. A free CD of voice demonstrations is also included.

Popular singing and style.

Popular Singing serves as a practical guide to exploring the singing voice while helping to enhance vocal confidence in a range of popular styles. The book provides effective alternatives to traditional voice training methods, and demonstrates how these methods can be used to create a flexible and unique sound.

Analysis of the entrepreneurial profile of students attending higher education in Portugal: the Carland Entrepreneurship Index application

Background The societal changes have created new necessities in terms of health care and of professionals with diverse skills. The institutions of higher education should promote the development of an entrepreneurial profile in students which may boost the exploration of new opportunities. Objectives: To identify the entrepreneurial profile in the students in higher education and its relationship to some personal characteristics and training. Methods Correlational quantitative study, accomplished with 1,604 students from 18 institutions of polytechnic Institutes of Portugal. The collection of data occurred between July and November/2015. The Carland Entrepreneurship Index (CEI) entrepreneurial skills questionnaire was applied, along with the acquisition of socio-demographic variables of the students. Data was analysed with the SPSS 23.0. The study followed the ethical requirements. Results The (CEI) application, allowed us to note that 75.7 % of the students presented an entrepreneurial profile, 20.8 % a Micro entrepreneurial profile and 3.4 % a Macro entrepreneurial. Additionally, we verified that older students (r = 0.193, p < = 0.000), of the male gender (Female = 0.55; Male, M= 0.580 p < 0.000), that had already worked or would like to work for others, showed the greatest entrepreneurial potential (Yes M= 0.60; No 0.54; p < 0.000), along with those who participated in entrepreneurial contents during their training (Did not participate M= 0.53; Participated 0.58; p < 0.000). Conclusions The entrepreneurial profile is related with some social demographic characteristics of the students; however, the educational institutions may have a preponderant role in the development of that profile, which may contribute to a greater contribution in the wellbeing of the populations.

Establishing a children’s orthopaedic hospital for Malawi: A review after 10 years

Background BEIT CURE International Hospital (BCIH) opened in 2002 providing orthopaedic surgical services to children in Malawi. This study reviews the hospital’s progress 10 years after establishment of operational services. In addition we assess the impact of the hospital’s Malawi national clubfoot programme (MNCP) and influence on orthopaedic training. Methods All operative paediatric procedures performed by BCIH services in the 10th operative year were included. Data on clubfoot clinic locations and number of patients treated were obtained from the MNCP. BCIH records were reviewed to identify the number of healthcare professionals who have received training at the BCIH. Results 609 new patients were operated on in the 10th year of hospital service. Patients were treated from all regions; however 60% came from Southern regions compared with the 48% in the 5th year. Clubfoot, burn contracture and angular lower limb deformities were the three most common pathologies treated surgically. In total BCIH managed 9,842 patients surgically over a 10-year period. BCIH helped to establish and co-ordinate the MNCP since 2007. At present the program has a total of 29 clinics, which have treated 5748 patients. Furthermore, BCIH has overseen the full or partial training of 5 orthopaedic surgeons and 82 orthopaedic clinical officers in Malawi. Conclusion The BCIH has improved the care of paediatric patients in a country that prior to its establishment had no dedicated paediatric orthopaedic service, treating almost 10,000 patients surgically and 6,000 patients in the MNCP. This service has remained consistent over a 10-year period despite times of global austerity. Whilst the type of training placement offered at BCIH has changed in the last 10 years, the priority placed on training has remained paramount. The strategic impact of long-term training commitments are now being realised, in particular by the addition of Orthopaedic surgeons serving the nation.

Inclusão da aptidão física no contexto escolar : um estudo centrado na perceção do professor

O presente relatório teve por objetivo analisar o estudo realizado no âmbito da atividade de Investigação e Inovação – Área 2 do Estágio Pedagógico realizado na Escola Secundária Augusto Cabrita no ano letivo 2003/ 2004. O estudo teve como objetivo aferir a perceção dos professores, relativamente à inclusão da aptidão física no conjunto de matérias a abordar na disciplina de Educação Física, conforme proposto pelos Programas Nacionais da disciplina. Foram analisadas 3 dimensões: perceção, treino/ aplicação e avaliação/ classificação, tendo sido verificada quais as associações existentes entre estas variáveis. Para o efeito foi elaborado um questionário, que foi preenchido por 168 professores de Educação Física das escolas básicas e secundárias do ensino público, do Centro de Área Educativa da Península de Setúbal. Os resultados do estudo revelaram que os professores tinham uma perceção positiva sobre a aptidão física reportada à saúde. Esta perceção influencia a adoção de processos de treino e o número de horas dedicado para o efeito durante as aulas de Educação Física, não influenciando, porém, a adoção de processos de avaliação. Verificou-se também, que existia uma associação entre a adoção de processos de treino e a adoção de processos de avaliação.

The role of the libero in volleyball as a paradoxical influence on the game: logical debate and the proposal for a rule change

The purpose of this paper is to bring into focus philosophical and logical concerns relating to specific rules that govern the role of the libero in volleyball. The authors contest that the introduction of the position of the libero in volleyball may have actually undermined the continuing logic of the rules of the game. In addressing these questions the authors offer theoretically based rule-change proposals for the sport of volleyball that could be used to inform future training methods or development programmes at both the participatory and elite levels. Discussion may also inform the development of new tools of analysis (e.g. computer software) or the creation of a new breadth of match simulation resources to enhance athlete performance. These tools and devices could then be presented to volleyball coaches in an effort to resolve the issues that have come to light and further inform the philosophical and logical debates about the role of the libero in volleyball.

Conceção, planeamento,análise e orientação de uma equipa de futebol de iniciados ao longo da época desportiva 2014/2015

relatório de estágio apresentado para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Desporto com especialização em Treino Desportivo