Paz en el territorio: dinámica de expansión geográfica del accionar colectivo por la paz en colombia 1978-2003

This article is an attempt to make an introduction, both empirical grounded and descriptive, of the dynamic that the collective action for peace shows in the Colombian society, with special emphasis in the geographical dimension. The article is developed in two main parts: firstly, the key characteristics of such social mobilization for peace are presented (an important and massive mobilization, which displays a varied repertoire of action forms and reaches a countrywide scale). Secondly, using the data of the Cinep’s collective action for peace database (Datapaz), the process of geographical expansion of those actions are showed. Tour periods of time are considered: the antecedents of the peace mobilization (1978-1985),the activation of the peace mobilization (1986-1992), the blossoming of the peace organizations and massive demonstrations (1993-1999), and, finally, the crisis of the massive demonstrations but a great dynamism at the local level (2000-2003). Summarizing, the article starts to elaborate which can be called a geography of peace; that is to say, it is an analysis that shows the geographical dynamic of the collective efforts for peace in the Colombian society. It aims to demonstrate that the Colombian reality is not only armed conflict, but also a growing confluence of initiatives and efforts towards finding alternatives to violence.

Jurisdicción constitucional y consolidación de la democracia

Este artículo analiza la relación entre jurisdicción constitucional y consolidación de la democracia. Se ocupa, en primer lugar, de la multidimensionalidad de los factores que influyen en la consolidación de la democracia y la relativa importancia de los tribunales constitucionales en este proceso; en segundo lugar expone la multidimensionalidad de los conceptos de democracia y de consolidación de la democracia y la relevancia que dentro de los diferentes conceptos alcanza la jurisdicción constitucional; tercero, apunta a la interrelación recíproca entre democracia y jurisdicción constitucional, destacando el carácter político de su relación. Por lo demás, hace hincapie en la tesis de que, respecto a esta relación y explicando casos, ¿el contexto hace la diferencia? Se enfoca enseguida en las funciones de la jurisdicción constitucional. Se dedica, primero, a los requisitos irrenunciables que tienen que darse y las condiciones favorables que fomentan el cumplimiento de sus funciones por parte de los tribunalesconstitucionales, y segundo, entra en algunos ámbitos de la jurisdicción constitucional en búsqueda de su relevancia para la consolidación de la democracia. Finalmente, termina afirmando el carácter circular de la relación entre jurisdicción constitucional y consolidación de la democracia,resumiendo algunas de las afirmaciones que de manera diferenciada se han hecho a lo largo del estudio.-----This article analyzes the relationship between constitutional jurisdiction and consolidation of democracy, highlighting first of all the multidimensionality of the factors that influence the consolidation of democracy and the relative importance of the constitutional court in this process; stating secondly the multidimensionality of the concepts of democracy and consolidation of democracy as well as the relevance reached by the constitutional jurisdiction within the different concepts; and thirdly, aiming at the reciprocal interrelationship between democracy and constitutional jurisdiction, emphasizing the political nature of such relationship. In all other respects, the question stressed in the thesis is, with respect to this relationship and detailing certain cases: ¿does context make a difference? Then, the focus shifts towards the role of the constitutional jurisdiction. First, it looks at the inalienable requirements that must be present and the conditions favorable to the promotion of the constitutional courts’ fulfillment of their roles, and secondly, it touches on some aspects of constitutional jurisdiction in search of its relevance regarding the consolidation of democracy. Finally, the circular characteristic of the relationship between constitutional jurisdiction and consolidation of democracy is affirmed, summarizing some of the assertions that have been made distinguishably throughout the study.

Instrumentos para a Gestão Documental

Este trabalho de investigação partiu de uma necessidade pessoal em responder a algumas questões sentidas diariamente na execução das minhas tarefas de consultora na área das Ciências Documentais, nomeadamente no recurso aos instrumentos de gestão documental. Tendo já criado alguns instrumentos de gestão documental durante a execução das minhas tarefas, pretendo elaborar um ―manual‖ com propostas de modelos de todos os instrumentos de gestão documental existentes e necessários à execução de tarefas arquivísticas. Iniciamos o trabalho consultando a bibliografia existente e as recomendações emanadas da entidade nacional responsável pelo estabelecimento de políticas arquivísticas, a DGLAB. Este trabalho está estruturado em quatro capítulos. O primeiro apresenta a definição e os objetivos da gestão documental passando por uma breve exposição das questões atuais no âmbito da gestão documental, em Portugal, e ainda uma resumida cronologia da instituição dos Arquivos Nacionais, atual DGLAB. Seguindo-se o segundo capítulo, onde se definem os instrumentos de gestão documental e se faz uma caraterização de cada um, assim como uma análise de cada instrumento de gestão documental aconselhado pela DGLAB, sintetizando com um quadro os objetivos de cada um dos instrumentos documentais. No terceiro capítulo apresentamos a estrutura adotada para a elaboração do questionário que foi usado para recolher os dados relativos à utilização ou não dos instrumentos de gestão documental, nos arquivos dos organismos públicos e os respetivos dados obtidos. No último capítulo enumeram-se os instrumentos de gestão documental apresentando o conteúdo considerado importante na elaboração de cada um, os quais são dados a conhecer nos apêndices, um a um, dos quais salientamos o auto de eliminação, a guia de remessa, o manual de gestão documental, o relatório de avaliação de massas documentais acumuladas, o plano de preservação digital, entre outros. Concluímos que a Administração Pública conhece e sabe da existência da maioria dos instrumentos de gestão documental, nomeadamente os que consideram mais importantes à gestão do seu arquivo - guias de remessa, autos de eliminação e autos de entrega, os quais são também os aconselhados pela DGLAB. Realçamos também o facto de apenas uma diminuta quantidade de organismos possuírem uma portaria de gestão de documentos e o manual de gestão documental.

Contribuição para o estudo da leptospirose canina em Portugal

A leptospirose é uma zoonose amplamente distribuída a nível mundial. A leptospirose canina está a reemergir actualmente, sendo responsável por surtos agudos de doença com elevada mortalidade. A doença em canídeos apresenta uma grande variedade de sinais clínicos, alguns previamente não identificados nesta espécie - como a síndrome hemorrágica pulmonar - dificultando a actuação do médico veterinário no diagnóstico e tratamento da doença. O estudo envolve a descrição pormenorizada de 9 casos clínicos, onde se demonstra a dificuldade de tratamento da doença, a ausência de cumprimento de planos vacinais pelos proprietários e a infecção por serovares não contidos na vacinação disponível em Portugal. Sumarizando, as hipóteses colocadas pelo estudo corroboram a necessidade de estudos futuros para determinação da prevalência da doença em Portugal, bem como dos serovares envolvidos na mesma.

Modelling cereal root systems for water and nitrogen capture: Towards an economic optimum

A quantitative model of wheat root systems is developed that links the size and distribution of the root system to the capture of water and nitrogen (which are assumed to be evenly distributed with depth) during grain filling, and allows estimates of the economic consequences of this capture to be assessed. A particular feature of the model is its use of summarizing concepts, and reliance on only the minimum number of parameters (each with a clear biological meaning). The model is then used to provide an economic sensitivity analysis of possible target characteristics for manipulating root systems. These characteristics were: root distribution with depth, proportional dry matter partitioning to roots, resource capture coefficients, shoot dry weight at anthesis, specific root weight and water use efficiency. From the current estimates of parameters it is concluded that a larger investment by the crop in fine roots at depth in the soil, and less proliferation of roots in surface layers, would improve yields by accessing extra resources. The economic return on investment in roots for water capture was twice that of the same amount invested for nitrogen capture. (C) 2003 Annals of Botany Company.

n-3 fatty acid enrichment of edible tissue of poultry: A review

There is clear evidence of the nutritional benefits of consuming long-chain n-3 PUFA, which are found predominantly in oily fish. However, oily fish consumption, particularly in the United Kingdom, is declining, as is the consumption of all meats with the exception of poultry, which has increased in consumption by 73% in the last 30 yr. This pattern, if less marked, is reflected throughout Europe, and therefore one means of increasing long-chain n-3 PUFA consumption would be to increase the long-chain n-3 PUFA content in the edible tissues of poultry. This review considers the feasibility of doing this, concentrating particularly on chickens and turkeys. It begins by summarizing the benefits to human health of consuming greater quantities of n-3 FA and the sources of n-3 PUFA in the human diet. The literature on altering the FA composition of poultry meat is then reviewed, and the factors affecting the incorporation of n-3 PUFA into edible tissues of poultry are investigated. The concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in the edible tissues of poultry is readily increased by increasing the concentration of ALA in the birds' diet (particularly meat with skin, and dark meat to a greater extent than white meat). The concentration of EPA in both white and dark meat is also increased when the birds' diet is supplemented with EPA, although supplementing the diet with the precursor (ALA) does not result in a noticeable increase in EPA content in the edible tissues. Although supplementing the birds' diets with relatively high concentrations of DHA does result in an increased concentration of DHA in the tissues, the relationship between dietary and tissue concentrations of DHA is much weaker than that observed with ALA and EPA. The impact that altering the FA composition of edible poultry tissue may have on the organoleptic and storage qualities of poultry products is also considered.

The population genetic structure of clonal organisms generated by exponentially bounded and fat-tailed dispersal

Long distance dispersal (LDD) plays an important role in many population processes like colonization, range expansion, and epidemics. LDD of small particles like fungal spores is often a result of turbulent wind dispersal and is best described by functions with power-law behavior in the tails ("fat tailed"). The influence of fat-tailed LDD on population genetic structure is reported in this article. In computer simulations, the population structure generated by power-law dispersal with exponents in the range of -2 to -1, in distinct contrast to that generated by exponential dispersal, has a fractal structure. As the power-law exponent becomes smaller, the distribution of individual genotypes becomes more self-similar at different scales. Common statistics like G(ST) are not well suited to summarizing differences between the population genetic structures. Instead, fractal and self-similarity statistics demonstrated differences in structure arising from fat-tailed and exponential dispersal. When dispersal is fat tailed, a log-log plot of the Simpson index against distance between subpopulations has an approximately constant gradient over a large range of spatial scales. The fractal dimension D-2 is linearly inversely related to the power-law exponent, with a slope of similar to -2. In a large simulation arena, fat-tailed LDD allows colonization of the entire space by all genotypes whereas exponentially bounded dispersal eventually confines all descendants of a single clonal lineage to a relatively small area.

Adaptation and speciation: what can F-st tell us?

A useful way of summarizing genetic variability among different populations is through estimates of the inbreeding coefficient, F-st. Several recent studies have tried to use the distribution of estimates of F-st from individual genetic loci to detect the effects of natural selection. However, the promise of this approach has yet to be fully realized owing to the pervasive dogma that this distribution is highly dependent on demographic history. Here, I review recent theoretical results that indicate that the distribution of estimates of F-st is generally expected to be robust to the vagaries of demographic history. I suggest that analyses based on it provide a useful first step for identifying candidate genes that might be under selection, and explore the ways in which this information can be used in ecological and evolutionary studies.

Understanding the early stages of the innovation diffusion process: awareness, influence and communication networks

The themes of awareness and influence within the innovation diffusion process are addressed. The innovation diffusion process is typically represented as stages, yet awareness and influence are somewhat under-represented in the literature. Awareness and influence are situated within the contextual setting of individual actors but also within the broader institutional forces. Understanding how actors become aware of an innovation and then how their opinion is influenced is important for creating a more innovation-active UK construction sector. Social network analysis is proposed as one technique for mapping how awareness and influence occur and what they look like as a network. Empirical data are gathered using two modes of enquiry. This is done through a pilot study consisting of chartered professionals and then through a case study organization as it attempted to diffuse an innovation. The analysis demonstrates significant variations across actors’ awareness and influence networks. It is argued that social network analysis can complement other research methods in order to present a richer picture of how actors become aware of innovations and where they draw their influences regarding adopting innovations. In summarizing the findings, a framework for understanding awareness and influence associated with innovation within the UK construction sector is presented. Finally, with the UK construction sector continually being encouraged to be innovative, understanding and managing an actor’s awareness and influence network will be beneficial. The overarching conclusion thus describes the need not only to build research capacity in this area but also to push the boundaries related to the research methods employed.

A matrix iteration for dynamic network summaries

We propose a new algorithm for summarizing properties of large-scale time-evolving networks. This type of data, recording connections that come and go over time, is being generated in many modern applications, including telecommunications and on-line human social behavior. The algorithm computes a dynamic measure of how well pairs of nodes can communicate by taking account of routes through the network that respect the arrow of time. We take the conventional approach of downweighting for length (messages become corrupted as they are passed along) and add the novel feature of downweighting for age (messages go out of date). This allows us to generalize widely used Katz-style centrality measures that have proved popular in network science to the case of dynamic networks sampled at non-uniform points in time. We illustrate the new approach on synthetic and real data.

Components of olive oil and chemoprevention of colorectal cancer

Olive oil contains a vast range of substances such as monounsaturated free fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid), hydrocarbon squalene, tocopherols, aroma components, and phenolic compounds. Higher consumption of olive oil is considered the hallmark of the traditional Mediterranean diet, which has been associated with low incidence and prevalence of cancer, including colorectal cancer. The anticancer properties of olive oil have been attributed to its high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, squalene, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. Nevertheless, there is a growing interest in studying the role of olive oil phenolics in carcinogenesis. This review aims to provide an overview of the relationship between olive oil phenolics and colorectal cancer, in particular summarizing the epidemiologic, in vitro, cellular, and animal studies on antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects of olive oil phenolics.

Outgoing longwave radiation due to directly transmitted surface emission

A frequently used diagram summarizing the annual- and global-mean energy budget of the earth and atmosphere indicates that the irradiance reaching the top of the atmosphere from the surface, through the midinfrared atmospheric window, is 40 W m−2; this can be compared to the total outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) of about 235 W m−2. The value of 40 W m−2 was estimated in an ad hoc manner. A more detailed calculation of this component, termed here the surface transmitted irradiance (STI), is presented, using a line-by-line radiation code and 3D climatologies of temperature, humidity, cloudiness, etc. No assumption is made as to the wavelengths at which radiation from the surface can reach the top of the atmosphere. The role of the water vapor continuum is highlighted. In clear skies, if the continuum is excluded, the global- and annual-mean STI is calculated to be about 100 W m−2 with a broad maximum throughout the tropics and subtropics. When the continuum is included, the clear-sky STI is reduced to 66 W m−2, with a distinctly different geographic distribution, with a minimum in the tropics and local peaks over subtropical deserts. The inclusion of clouds reduces the STI to about 22 W m−2. The actual value is likely somewhat smaller due to processes neglected here, and an STI value of 20 W m−2 (with an estimated uncertainty of about ±20%) is suggested to be much more realistic than the previous estimate of 40 W m−2. This indicates that less than one-tenth of the OLR originates directly from the surface.

Real estate mutual funds: herding, momentum-trading and performance

This study jointly examines herding, momentum trading and performance in real estate mutual funds (REMFs). We do this using trading and performance data for 159 REMFs across the period 1998–2008. In support of the view that Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) stocks are relatively more transparent, we find that stock herding by REMFs is lower in REIT stocks than other stock. Herding behavior in our data reveals a tendency for managers to sell winners, reflective of the “disposition effect.” We find low overall levels of REMF momentum trading, but further evidence of the disposition effect when momentum trading is segregated into buy–sell dimensions. We test the robustness of our analysis using style analysis, and by reference to the level of fund dividend distribution. Our results for this are consistent with our conjecture about the role of transparency in herding, but they provide no new insights in relation to the momentum-trading dimensions of our analysis. Summarizing what are complex interrelationships, we find that neither herding nor momentum trading are demonstrably superior investment strategies for REMFs.

Data mining in education

The third chapter, data mining in education, examines potentials and constraints in the use of data mining in education, summarizing the potential they have to offer meaningful support to: students, teachers, tutors, authors, developers, researchers, and the education and training institutions in which they work and study.

Economic analysis of international supply chains: an internalization perspective

Offshoring and outsourcing in global value chains have been extensively analyzed from a strategic management perspective (Gereffi & Li, 2012; Gereffi, Humphrey & Sturgeon, 2005; Mudambi & Venzin, 2010). This paper examines these issues from an internalization theory perspective by summarizing the contribution of internalization theory to supply chain analysis; considering how a division of labor is coordinated and comparing coordination by management with coordination by the market; and discussing the formal models of supply chains developed by economists. Supply chain researchers possessing an interest in economic principles and good mathematical skills can make an important contribution to internalization theory, and it is hoped that this paper will encourage them to do so.