The adequacy of artificial oviposition substrates for laboratory rearing of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae)

Studies in the laboratory tested the suitability of synthetic wool string, cotton string, cheesecloth, and commercial cotton ball as artificial oviposition substrates for the small green stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). In confined cages, 54% of total egg masses was laid on synthetic wool string, 31% on cotton string, and only 15% on cheesecloth. In an additional test, the best substrate selected, synthetic wool string, received 92% of egg masses compared to 8% on the commonly used substrate, cotton ball. Synthetic wool string received the most egg masses of any size, in particular those in the range 11-20 eggs/mass. Because the eggs of P. guildinii are laid in two parallel double rows, the egg masses fit the wool string perfectly.

New method for rearing Spodoptera frugiperda in laboratory shows that larval cannibalism is not obligatory

New method for rearing Spodoptera frugiperda in laboratory shows that larval cannibalism is not obligatory. Here we show, for the first time, that larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), can be successfully reared in a cohort-based manner with virtually no cannibalism. FAW larvae were reared since the second instar to pupation in rectangular plastic containers containing 40 individuals with a surprisingly ca. 90% larval survivorship. Adult females from the cohort-based method showed fecundity similar to that already reported on literature for larvae reared individually, and fertility higher than 99%, with the advantage of combining economy of time, space and material resources. These findings suggest that the factors affecting cannibalism of FAW larvae in laboratory rearings need to be reevaluated, whilst the new technique also show potential to increase the efficiency of both small and mass FAW rearings.

Thermal hygrometric requirements for the rearing and release of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)

Thermal hygrometric requirements for the rearing and release of Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Tamarixia radiata is the main agent for the biological control of Diaphorina citri in Brazil with a parasitism rate ranging from 20 to 80%. This study investigated the influence of temperature on the development, fecundity and longevity of adults of T. radiata and the effect of relative humidity (RH) on their parasitism capacity and survival rate in the pre-imaginal period. The effect of temperature was assessed in the range between 15 and 35 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% RH, and a 14-h photophase. The RH effect was evaluated in the range from 30 to 90 ± 10%, temperature at 25 ± 1ºC, and photophase of 14-h. At 25ºC, circa 166.7 nymphs were parasitized, the highest parasitism capacity observed compared to other treatments. The longest longevity of females was observed at 25ºC, although the rate did not differ in the 20-30ºC temperature range. The threshold temperature (TT) was 7.2ºC, and 188.7 degrees-day were required for the development (egg-to-adult period). The parasitism rate and longevity were higher at 50 and 70% of RH. This shows that temperature and RH may affect the parasitism capacity of T. radiata on nymphs of D. citri, which can explain the great parasitism variation for D. citri observed in citrus groves in São Paulo State, Brazil.

Adaptacions dels peixos al seu ambient

Adaptació dels peixos de la Mediterrània al seu ambient

Numerical simulation of ambient seismic wavefield modification caused by pore-fluid effects in an oil reservoir

We have modeled numerically the seismic response of a poroelastic inclusion with properties applicable to an oil reservoir that interacts with an ambient wavefield. The model includes wave-induced fluid flow caused by pressure differences between mesoscopic-scale (i.e., in the order of centimeters to meters) heterogeneities. We used a viscoelastic approximation on the macroscopic scale to implement the attenuation and dispersion resulting from this mesoscopic-scale theory in numerical simulations of wave propagation on the kilometer scale. This upscaling method includes finite-element modeling of wave-induced fluid flow to determine effective seismic properties of the poroelastic media, such as attenuation of P- and S-waves. The fitted, equivalent, viscoelastic behavior is implemented in finite-difference wave propagation simulations. With this two-stage process, we model numerically the quasi-poroelastic wave-propagation on the kilometer scale and study the impact of fluid properties and fluid saturation on the modeled seismic amplitudes. In particular, we addressed the question of whether poroelastic effects within an oil reservoir may be a plausible explanation for low-frequency ambient wavefield modifications observed at oil fields in recent years. Our results indicate that ambient wavefield modification is expected to occur for oil reservoirs exhibiting high attenuation. Whether or not such modifications can be detected in surface recordings, however, will depend on acquisition design and noise mitigation processing as well as site-specific conditions, such as the geologic complexity of the subsurface, the nature of the ambient wavefield, and the amount of surface noise.

Advantages of using TEM when analysing asbestos in ambient air

Asbestos is an industrial term to describe some fibrous silicate minerals, which belong to the amphiboles or serpentines group. Six minerals are defined as asbestos including: chrysotile (white asbestos), amosite (grunerite, brown asbestos), crocidolite (riebeckite, blue asbestos), anthophyllite, tremolite and actonolite, but only in their fibrous form. In 1973, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) classified the asbestos minerals as carcinogenic substances (IARC,1973). The Swiss threshold limit (VME) is 0.01 fibre/ml (SUVA, 2007). Asbestos in Switzerland has been prohibited since 1990, but this doesn't mean we are over asbestos. Up to 20'000 tonnes/year of asbestos was imported between the end of WWII and 1990. Today, all this asbestos is still present in buildings renovated or built during that period of time. During restorations, asbestos fibres can be emitted into the air. The quantification of the emission has to be evaluated accurately. To define the exact risk on workers or on the population is quite hard, as many factors must be considered. The methods to detect asbestos in the air or in materials are still being discussed today. Even though the EPA 600 method (EPA, 1993) has proved itself for the analysis of bulk materials, the method for air analysis is more problematic. In Switzerland, the recommended method is VDI 3492 using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), but we have encountered many identifications problems with this method. For instance, overloaded filters or long-term exposed filters cannot be analysed. This is why the Institute for Work and Health (IST) has adapted the ISO10312 method: ambient air - determination of asbestos fibres - direct-transfer transmission electron microscopy (TEM) method (ISO, 1995). Quality controls have already be done at a French institute (INRS), which validate our practical experiences. The direct-transfer from MEC's filters on TEM's supports (grids) is a delicate part of the preparation for analysis and requires a lot of trials in the laboratory. IST managed to do proper grid preparations after about two years of development. In addition to the preparation of samples, the micro-analysis (EDX), the micro-diffraction and the morphologic analysis (figure 1.a-c) are also to be mastered. Theses are the three elements, which prove the different features of asbestos identification. The SEM isn't able to associate those three analyses. The TEM is also able to make the difference between artificial and natural fibres that have very similar chemical compositions as well as differentiate types of asbestos. Finally the experiments concluded by IST show that TEM is the best method to quantify and identify asbestos in the air.

L'experiència pilot desenvolupada a partir del projecte d'innovació "La gestió integrada de la qualitat, el medi ambient i la seguretat en la docència experimental dels estudis de grau de les Facultats de Belles Arts"

Es presenta un projecte d'innovació docent, la recerca desevolupada del qual va incorporar aspectes relacionats amb la seguretat i la sostenibilitat dels procediments realitzats als tallers i laboratoris de les Facultats de Belles Arts, aplicant criteris de gestió de qualitat. Els resultats d'aquestes investigacions tenen una extensió social en l'àmbit de les Belles Arts en general. El projecte d'innovació docent va aplicar criteris de gestió de qualitat. La recerca desenvolupada va incorporar aspectes relacionats amb la seguretat i la sostenibilitat dels procediments als tallers i laboratoris de les Facultats de Belles Arts. Els resultats d¿aquestes investigacions tenen una extensió social en l'àmbit de les Belles Arts en general. Amb aquest projecte es va redissenyar un model de procediment normalitzat de treball (PNT) que 11 tallers diferents de les Facultats de BBAA de Barcelona, Conca i València van utilitzar per a elaborar 14 PNT i 3 vídeos de suport. Aquests es van aplicar durant una experiència pilot (curs 2009-2010). El nombre de participants en l¿experiència va ser de 211 alumnes, 15 professors, 10 tècnics de taller, majoritàriament de BBAA de la Universitat de Barcelona. L'experiència pilot va demostrar satisfactòriament la viabilitat de l'aplicació del model de PNT adoptat i els beneficis, de la seva aplicació, orientats a la millora continuada de la qualitat docent i de la investigació. Per concloure el projecte es va elaborar el procediment general (PG) que determina les pautes per a redactar un PNT. Aquest PG va ser aprovat recentment per la CSSMA del Centre2 i es podrà aplicar en el futur en la Facultat de BBAA de Barcelona. Sobre l'experiència s'han realitzat les publicacions pertinents (un llibre i un DVD) i s'ha participat també en dos congressos.

Ambient seismic noise monitoring of a clay landslide: Toward failure prediction

Given that clay-rich landslides may become mobilized, leading to rapid mass movements (earthflows and debris flows), they pose critical problems in risk management worldwide. The most widely proposed mechanism leading to such flow-like movements is the increase in water pore pressure in the sliding mass, generating partial or complete liquefaction. This solid-to-liquid transition results in a dramatic reduction of mechanical rigidity in the liquefied zones, which could be detected by monitoring shear wave velocity variations. With this purpose in mind, the ambient seismic noise correlation technique has been applied to measure the variation in the seismic surface wave velocity in the Pont Bourquin landslide (Swiss Alps). This small but active composite earthslide-earthflow was equipped with continuously recording seismic sensors during spring and summer 2010. An earthslide of a few thousand cubic meters was triggered in mid-August 2010, after a rainy period. This article shows that the seismic velocity of the sliding material, measured from daily noise correlograms, decreased continuously and rapidly for several days prior to the catastrophic event. From a spectral analysis of the velocity decrease, it was possible to determine the location of the change at the base of the sliding layer. These results demonstrate that ambient seismic noise can be used to detect rigidity variations before failure and could potentially be used to predict landslides.

Modelling growth and nitrogen balance of barley under ambient and future conditions

Selostus: Ohran kasvun ja typpidynamiikan mallintaminen nykyisissä ja tulevaisuuden olosuhteissa

Effects of common origin and common rearing environment on variance in ectoparasite load and phenotype of nestling Alpine swifts

Knowledge of the quantitative genetics of resistance to parasitism is key to appraise host evolutionary responses to parasite selection. Here, we studied effects of common origin (i.e. genetic and pre-hatching parental effects) and common rearing environment (i.e. post-hatching parental effects and other environment effects) on variance in ectoparasite load in nestling Alpine swifts (Apus melba). This colonial bird is intensely parasitized by blood sucking louse-flies that impair nestling development and survival. By cross-fostering half of the hatchlings between pairs of nests, we show strong significant effect of common rearing environment on variance (90.7% in 2002 and 90.9% in 2003) in the number of louse-flies per nestling and no significant effect of common origin on variance in the number of louse-flies per nestling. In contrast, significant effects of common origin were found for all the nestling morphological traits (i.e. body mass, wing length, tail length, fork length and sternum length) under investigation. Hence, our study suggests that genetic and pre-hatching parental effects play little role in the distribution of parasites among nestling Alpine swifts, and thus that nestlings have only limited scope for evolutionary responses against parasites. Our results highlight the need to take into consideration environmental factors, including the evolution of post-hatching parental effects such as nest sanitation, in our understanding of host-parasite relationships.

Biotecnologia Ambiental. Aplicacions biotecnològiques a la millora del medi ambient

La biotecnología ambiental comprende el conjunto de actividades tecnológicas que facilitan la comprensión y la gestión de los sistemas biológicos en el medio ambiente, con el fin de proveer productos y servicios. Actualmente, la gestión del medio ambiente y de sus recursos naturales no se comprende si no se realiza de manera sostenible. Los avances científicos y tecnológicos le están permitiendo a la biotecnología ambiental, el desarrollo de nuevas herramientas y aplicaciones con los que responder a los principales retos medioambientales actuales. Entre estos debe destacarse la disponibilidad de recursos hídricos y energéticos. El papel esencial de los microorganismos tanto en el ciclo de los elementos como en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas naturales ha comportado una estrecha relación entre la biotecnología ambiental y la ecología microbiana. Las nuevas técnicas moleculares de genómica, proteómica i metabolómica, han facilitado a la biotecnología ambiental plantearse nuevas perspectivas a partir de los recientes conocimientos estructurales y funcionales de los consorcios microbianos. La comprensión de la biodiversidad y la funcionalidad de los estos consorcios microbianos está introduciendo una nueva forma de gestionar los recursos naturales y el medio ambiente, de manera similar a como actualmente el estudio de los recursos humanos de una empresa resulta una herramienta esencial para la dirección de empresas y el establecimiento de planes estratégicos. Los principales ámbitos de interés actual de la biotecnología ambiental son aquellos aspectos medioambientales relacionados con el cambio climático, la búsqueda de nuevas fuentes energéticas renovables y alternativas, la mejora de los procesos de reciclaje, el aprovechamiento y la gestión de recursos hídricos, y la mejora de las interacciones entre salud y medio ambiente. No obstante, en nuestro ámbito territorial presentan una mayor importancia y demanda social las actividades y metodologías tecnológicas de la biotecnología ambiental relacionadas con los procesos de reciclaje y bioremediación de suelos contaminados, la mejora de la gestión y el control de la calidad de nuestros recursos hídricos y la mejora de aquellas actividades donde interacciona la salud y el medio ambiente. Las aportaciones significativas de la biotecnología ambiental en el desarrollo de energías realmente alternativas y en el control del cambio climático queda relegadas en un segundo término des de un punto de vista de su aplicabilidad actual y futura a corto plazo.

L'experiència pilot desenvolupada a partir del projecte d'innovació "La gestió integrada de la qualitat, el medi ambient i la seguretat en la docència experimental dels estudis de grau de les Facultats de Belles Arts"

Es presenta un projecte d'innovació docent, la recerca desevolupada del qual va incorporar aspectes relacionats amb la seguretat i la sostenibilitat dels procediments realitzats als tallers i laboratoris de les Facultats de Belles Arts, aplicant criteris de gestió de qualitat. Els resultats d'aquestes investigacions tenen una extensió social en l'àmbit de les Belles Arts en general. El projecte d'innovació docent va aplicar criteris de gestió de qualitat. La recerca desenvolupada va incorporar aspectes relacionats amb la seguretat i la sostenibilitat dels procediments als tallers i laboratoris de les Facultats de Belles Arts. Els resultats d¿aquestes investigacions tenen una extensió social en l'àmbit de les Belles Arts en general. Amb aquest projecte es va redissenyar un model de procediment normalitzat de treball (PNT) que 11 tallers diferents de les Facultats de BBAA de Barcelona, Conca i València van utilitzar per a elaborar 14 PNT i 3 vídeos de suport. Aquests es van aplicar durant una experiència pilot (curs 2009-2010). El nombre de participants en l¿experiència va ser de 211 alumnes, 15 professors, 10 tècnics de taller, majoritàriament de BBAA de la Universitat de Barcelona. L'experiència pilot va demostrar satisfactòriament la viabilitat de l'aplicació del model de PNT adoptat i els beneficis, de la seva aplicació, orientats a la millora continuada de la qualitat docent i de la investigació. Per concloure el projecte es va elaborar el procediment general (PG) que determina les pautes per a redactar un PNT. Aquest PG va ser aprovat recentment per la CSSMA del Centre2 i es podrà aplicar en el futur en la Facultat de BBAA de Barcelona. Sobre l'experiència s'han realitzat les publicacions pertinents (un llibre i un DVD) i s'ha participat també en dos congressos.

Characterization of surface functional groups present on laboratory-generated and ambient aerosol particles by means of heterogeneous titration reactions

A Knudsen flow reactor has been used to quantify surface functional groups on aerosols collected in the field. This technique is based on a heterogeneous titration reaction between a probe gas and a specific functional group on the particle surface. In the first part of this work, the reactivity of different probe gases on laboratory-generated aerosols (limonene SOA, Pb(NO3)2, Cd(NO3)2) and diesel reference soot (SRM 2975) has been studied. Five probe gases have been selected for the quantitative determination of important functional groups: N(CH3)3 (for the titration of acidic sites), NH2OH (for carbonyl functions), CF3COOH and HCl (for basic sites of different strength), and O3 (for oxidizable groups). The second part describes a field campaign that has been undertaken in several bus depots in Switzerland, where ambient fine and ultrafine particles were collected on suitable filters and quantitatively investigated using the Knudsen flow reactor. Results point to important differences in the surface reactivity of ambient particles, depending on the sampling site and season. The particle surface appears to be multi-functional, with the simultaneous presence of antagonistic functional groups which do not undergo internal chemical reactions, such as acid-base neutralization. Results also indicate that the surface of ambient particles was characterized by a high density of carbonyl functions (reactivity towards NH2OH probe in the range 0.26-6 formal molecular monolayers) and a low density of acidic sites (reactivity towards N(CH3)3 probe in the range 0.01-0.20 formal molecular monolayer). Kinetic parameters point to fast redox reactions (uptake coefficient ?0>10-3 for O3 probe) and slow acid-base reactions (?0<10-4 for N(CH3)3 probe) on the particle surface. [Authors]