La traduzione e ricezione della letteratura cinese in Italia: questioni e strategie a partire dal caso delle traduzioni di alcuni romanzi di Su Tong, Yu Hua, Zhang Jie e Mo Yan

Negli ultimi anni, in Italia sono stati tradotti un gran numero di opere letterarie cinesi grazie all’impegno e alla passione di numerosi sinologi, studiosi e traduttori italiani. Tuttavia, gli studi sulla traduzione della letteratura cinese sono, sia in Cina che in Italia, relativamente pochi e non sempre uniformi: in Cina è difficile trovare dati completi, sistematici e dotati di un certo valore di riferimento, e in Italia, una ricerca di questo tipo ha avuto origine nell’ambito degli studi sinologici italiani, piuttosto che in quello degli studi sulla traduzione. A partire da una rassegna dei principali approcci agli studi sulla traduzione (letteraria) dalla seconda metà del XX secolo fino ai nostri giorni, questo lavoro di tesi tenta di analizzare da un lato le tendenze generali relative alla traduzione e alla pubblicazione delle opere letterarie cinesi in Italia in un arco temporale che va dal 1942 al 2018, tramite alcune analisi di tipo sia quantitativo che qualitativo basate su una tabella di dati concernenti la letteratura cinese sul mercato editoriale italiano che è stata costruita appositamente; dall’altro, questa ricerca intende investigare le strategie utilizzate per tradurre i diversi riferimenti culturali riscontrati nel corpus di testi scelti e che sono stati suddivisi nelle seguenti categorie: antroponimi, intertestualità, riferimenti al contesto politico e culturale, gastronomia e altri riferimenti culturali. Attraverso un’analisi comparativa e descrittiva dei testi di partenza e dei testi di arrivo, ai fini della tesi si sono indagate le problematiche riguardanti la traduzione e la ricezione della letteratura cinese in Italia e le tendenze che tale letteratura ha avuto sia in ambito editoriale che nel campo della traduzione letteraria.

I ragazzi e la guerra: Dunkelnacht di Kirsten Boie. Proposta di traduzione di alcuni capitoli.

Nel seguente elaborato si propone una traduzione dei capitoli iniziali della novella per ragazzi Dunkelnacht di Kirsten Boie, edito da Oetinger nel 2021. Alla traduzione precedono due capitoli teorici: il primo riguardante l’autrice, lo stile e i temi delle sue opere e una breve analisi del libro qui scelto per la traduzione; il secondo si focalizza invece sul genere letterario a cui appartiene il testo, ovvero la letteratura per l’infanzia e per l’adolescenza e in particolare la narrativa per giovani adulti in associazione con la tematica della Seconda guerra mondiale, e propone un approccio teorico alla sua traduzione. Segue infine un capitolo introdotto da un’analisi del testo funzionale alla traduzione secondo il modello di Christiane Nord e dedicato al commento dei problemi traduttivi incontrati nel testo, ordinati in base alle quattro tipologie individuate dalla medesima studiosa, e a una loro possibile risoluzione. In appendice è allegato il testo originale in tedesco.

Transition of young people with chronic conditions: a cross-sectional study of patient perceptions before and after transfer from pediatric to adult health care.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to compare perceived barriers to and the most preferred age for successful transition to adult health care between young people with chronic disorders who had not yet transferred from pediatric to adult health care (pre-transfer) and those who had already transferred (post-transfer). In a cross-sectional study, we compared 283 pre-transfer with 89 post-transfer young people, using a 28-item questionnaire that focused on perceived barriers to transition and beliefs about the most preferred age to transfer. Feeling at ease with the pediatrician was the most important barrier to successful transition in both groups, but was rated significantly higher in the pre-transfer compared to the post-transfer group (OR = 2.03, 95 %CI 1.12-3.71). Anxiety and lack of information were the next most important barriers, rated equally highly by the two groups (OR = 0.67, 95 %CI 0.35-1.28 and OR = 0.71, 95 %CI 0.36-1.38, respectively). More than 80 % of the respondents in both groups reported that 16-19 years was the most preferred age to transfer; more than half of all the respondents reported 18-19 years and older as the most preferred age. CONCLUSION: Better transition planning through the provision of regular and more detailed information about adult health-care providers and the transition process could reduce anxiety and contribute to a more positive attitude to overcome perceived barriers to transition from young people's perspective. Young people's preferences about transferring to adult health care provide a challenge to those children's hospitals that transfer to adult health care at a younger age.

Sentieri di parole nel bosco della vita: Temi difficili nella letteratura per l'infanzia. Proposta di traduzione in italiano di en un bosque de hoja caduca di Gonzalo Moure

L’elaborato si compone di cinque capitoli. Il primo è dedicato a un excursus della Letteratura per l’infanzia nel corso degli anni, soffermandosi sulla storia, lo sviluppo e la ricezione nel pubblico infantile di alcuni temi tabù quali il dolore, la sofferenza, l’assenza, la morte e la censura a cui spesso sono stati sottoposti. Il capitolo si sofferma, in particolare, sul tema della morte, cercando di tracciarne la presenza nella Letteratura per l’infanzia. Per permettere l’analisi di un così vasto tema, si è scelto di suddividere e analizzare alcune caratteristiche e simboli della morte presenti in racconti, romanzi e album illustrati dedicati al pubblico infantile. Infine, si è scelto di porre l’accento sulla pedagogia della morte, toccando il tema del lutto e della sepoltura. Il primo capitolo acquisisce importanza alla luce dell’analisi del racconto di Gonzalo Moure, nel quale queste tematiche sono molto presenti e vengono utilizzate senza ricorrere a censura. Il secondo capitolo analizza la vita dell’autore e propone i momenti più significativi della sua carriera artistica, professionale e personale, oltre al suo impegno sociale nell’associazione Bubisher a sostegno della causa saharawi. In questo capitolo troviamo, inoltre, un elenco dettagliato delle opere e delle collaborazioni letterarie dell’autore, un accenno al suo stile di scrittura e la trascrizione dell’intervista da me fatta in Spagna a settembre 2015. Nel terzo capitolo si propone l’analisi approfondita del racconto di Moure: l’aspetto paratestuale, le caratteristiche generali del libro, la trama, i personaggi, il tempo e lo spazio del racconto, così come i temi e i valori trattati. Sono inoltre presenti anche le interviste con l’illustratrice e con l’editor. Il quarto capitolo propone la traduzione del racconto En un bosque de hoja caduca, rispettando il layout della versione originale spagnola. Infine, il quinto capitolo vede il commento alla traduzione e le principali categorie di problemi linguistici riscontrati durante il processo traduttivo quali morfosintassi, lessico, toponimi e antroponimi, onomatopee, modi di dire e aspetti grafici.

Prosa femminile russa contemporanea: 14. Zenskaja proza "nulevych". Proposta di traduzione di racconti scelti.

Настоящая работа представляет собой перевод с русского языка на итальянский шести рассказов из антологии 14. Женская проза «нулевых», которая была опубликована в Москве в 2012 году составителем Захаром Прилепиным. В сборнике был опубликован двадцать один текст – рассказы и повести, написанные четырнадцатью современными русскими писательницами. Перевод разных произведений разных авторов ставит своей целью предоставить широкий взгляд на современную женскую прозу и сравнить стили и темы характерные для этого направления современной русской литературы. Эти авторы отличаются друг от друга возрастом, происхождением и степенью известности – некоторые из них популярны и в России, и за рубежом, другие мало известны даже на Родине, но они все получали главные русские литературные премии. В Италии русская женская проза почти неизвестна, поэтому данная работа может помочь итальянским читателям познакомиться с этими писательницами. Доступный язык, на котором пишут эти женщины, и ежедневные ситуации, которые они описывают, могут приблизить итальянцев к русской культуре и показать сходства и различия между итальянской и русской жизнью и обществом. В первой главе работы представляется краткое изложение истории русской женской литературы до нашего времени, говорится о составителе сборника, и описываются толстые журналы, в которых были опубликованы рассказы этих молодых писательниц, а также главные русские литературные премии, полученные ими. Во второй главе описываются темы и стили каждого рассказа. В третьей главе предлагается перевод рассказов. В четвёртой главе обсуждаются трудности, с которыми мы столкнулись в процессе перевода, описываются лингвистические особенности и культурные различия между Италией и Россией, и объясняются стратегии, которые были предприняты для того, чтобы решить проблемы перевода.

Il ruolo della lingua francese nel passato e nel presente della Tunisia attraverso la proposta di traduzione dal francese in italiano del romanzo « La marche de l’incertitude » di Yamen Manaï.

Questa tesi si propone di studiare quale sia e quale sia stato il ruolo della lingua francese nella storia della Tunisia analizzando e traducendo il romanzo La marche de l’incertitude dell’autore tunisino Yamen Manaï, pubblicato dapprima in Tunisia da Elzévir nel 2008 e da Elyzad poche nel 2010 e nel 2013 da Didier in Francia. Ho optato per la traduzione di un romanzo recentemente scritto da un giovane autore contemporaneo con l’obiettivo di mostrare quanto la letteratura francofona sia ancor oggi fiorente in Tunisia (e non solo). Infine, con il sostegno dell'autore e dell'editrice tunisina, questo progetto dovrebbe a breve concretizzarsi nella pubblicazione della traduzione.

“È per un bambino o una bambina?” Stereotipi di genere nella letteratura per l'infanzia: proposta di traduzione di due albi illustrati

The aim of this dissertation is to propose a translation into Italian of two American picturebooks: Is That For a Boy or a Girl? written by S. Bear Bergman and illustrated by Rachel Dougherty, and Jacob's New Dress written by Sarah and Ian Hoffman and illustrated by Chris Case. The common thread of the two books is the critique of gender stereotypes in children’s literature and in other aspects of childhood at large, such as gender expression. The two titles were in fact selected from the bibliography created by the European project G-BOOK (Gender Identity: Child Readers and Library Collections), which was spearheaded by Centro MeTRa, an Italian research centre affiliated with the University of Bologna which aims to promote gender-positive and inclusive literature. The thesis is divided into four chapters, the first of which is devoted to a discussion of children's literature as a whole and to the analysis of the illustrated fiction subgenre, the category to which the above-mentioned volumes belong. The second chapter focuses on diversity, highlighting its key role in education and the relevant trends in publishing and translation studies. The third chapter consists of a brief presentation of the works I have chosen. Following the introduction of the plot and the biography of the authors, the chapter focuses on the analysis of the two illustrated books from a linguistic, stylistic, iconographic and commercial point of view, in preparation for translation. Finally, in the fourth chapter I present my translation proposal, complete with a commentary on the problems I encountered and the translation techniques that allowed me to overcome them.

Complexity of human postural control in young and older adults during prolonged standing

Aging is known to have a degrading influence on many structures and functions of the human sensorimotor system. The present work assessed aging-related changes in postural sway using fractal and complexity measures of the center of pressure (COP) dynamics with the hypothesis that complexity and fractality decreases in the older individuals. Older subjects (68 +/- 4 years) and young adult subjects (28 +/- 7 years) performed a quiet stance task (60 s) and a prolonged standing task (30 min) where subjects were allowed to move freely. Long-range correlations (fractality) of the data were estimated by the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA); changes in entropy were estimated by the multi-scale entropy (MSE) measure. The DFA results showed that the fractal dimension was lower for the older subjects in comparison to the young adults but the fractal dimensions of both groups were not different from a 1/f noise, for time intervals between 10 and 600 s. The MSE analysis performed with the typically applied adjustment to the criterion distance showed a higher degree of complexity in the older subjects, which is inconsistent with the hypothesis that complexity in the human physiological system decreases with aging. The same MSE analysis performed without adjustment showed no differences between the groups. Taken all results together, the decrease in total postural sway and long-range correlations in older individuals are signs of an adaptation process reflecting the diminishing ability to generate adequate responses on a longer time scale.

Self-efficacy for refusal mediated by outcome expectancies in the prediction of alcohol-dependence amongst young adults

The present study examined the relative importance of outcome expectancies and self-efficacy [1] in the prediction of alcohol dependence [2] and alcohol consumption in a sample of young adult drinkers drawn from a milieu previously reported as supportive of risky drinking. In predicting alcohol dependence, outcome expectancies were found to mediate self-efficacy and the same pattern was found for both males and females. This suggests that male and female drinkers may become more similar as they progress along the drinking continuum from risky drinking to dependent drinking. However, in women, in comparison to men, a greater array of expectancies and self-efficacy scales were found to predict heavy drinking, as measured by quantity and frequency. These results suggest that heavy drinking women are particularly at risk of developing drinking related complications and that preventative education needs to take into account gender differences.

Age-related differences in physical activity levels of young adults

Purpose: To examine age-related differences in the physical activity behaviors of young adults. Methods: We examined rates of participation in vigorous- and moderate-intensity leisure-time activity and walking, as well as an index of physical activity sufficient for health benefits in three Australian cross-sectional samples, for the age ranges of 18-19, 20-24, and 25-29 yr. Data were collected in 1991, 1996, and 1997/8. Results: There was at least a 15% difference in vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity from the 18-19 yr to the 25-29 yr age groups, and at least a 10% difference in moderate-intensity leisure-time physical activity. For the index of sufficient activity there was a difference between 9 and 21% across age groups. Differences in rates of walking were less than 8%. For all age groups, males had higher rates of participation for vigorous and moderate-intensity activity than did females, bur females had much higher rates of participation in walking than males. Age-associated differences in activity levels were more apparent for males. Conclusions: Promoting walking and various forms of moderate-intensity physical activities to young adult males, and encouraging young adult females to adopt other forms of moderate-intensity activity to complement walking may help to ameliorate decreases in physical activity over the adult lifespan.

Models of alcohol use by young adults: An examination of various attitude-behavior theories

Objective: The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of various attitude-behavior theories in explaining alcohol use among young adults. The theory of reasoned action (TRA), the theory of planned behavior and an extension of the TRA that incorporates past behavior were compared by the method of maximum-likelihood estimation, as implemented in LISREL for Windows 8.12. Method: Respondents consisted of 122 university students (82 female) who were questioned about their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, past behavior and intentions relating to drinking behavior. Students received course credit for their participation in the research. Results: Overall, the results suggest that the extension of the theory of reasoned action which incorporates past behavior provides the best fit to the data. For these young adults, their intentions to drink alcohol were predicted by their past behavior as well as their perceptions of what important others think they should do (subjective norm). Conclusions: The main conclusions drawn from the research concern the importance of focusing on normative influences and past behavior in explaining young adult alcohol use. Issues regarding the relative merit of various alternative models and the need for greater clarity in the measure of attitudes are also discussed.

Paid employment of mothers and fathers of an adult child with multiple disabilities

Background Paid employment is increasingly undertaken by mothers as their children age, with the majority of women being in employment by the time their offspring are adult. Opportunities to engage in employment appear to be reduced for mothers of children with disabilities; however, little is known about the employment of mothers or fathers of adults with disabilities. Method Data were collected regarding the employment decisions of parents of a young adult with multiple disabilities and contrasted with those of parents whose children were all developing normally. Twenty-five mothers and 12 fathers of a young adult with multiple disabilities were interviewed, as were 25 comparison mothers and 19 comparison fathers. Data collected included hours of work, reasons for employment status, attitudes towards work and child care, and psychological well-being. Results Clear differences were found between the two groups. Mothers and fathers of a child with multiple disabilities showed different engagement patterns with the paid workforce from comparison parents. Hours of work for fathers of a young adult with multiple disabilities showed a bi-modal distribution, with some fathers working fewer hours than usual and others working very long hours. For mothers in both groups, the number of hours in paid employment was negatively associated with reports of psychological problems. Conclusions Increased attention needs to be given to the employment opportunities of parents of children with disabilities since employment appears to play a protective role for mothers, in particular. Services provided to adults with disabilities will need to change if parents are to have the same life chances as parents without adult offspring with a disability.

Life transitions and changing physical activity patterns in young women

Background: Physical activity (PA) patterns are likely to change in young adulthood in line with changes in lifestyle that occur in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether key life events experienced by young women in their early twenties are associated with increasing levels of inactivity. Methods: This was a 4-year follow-up of 7281 participants (aged 18 to 23 years at baseline) in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health, with self-reported measures of PA, life events, body mass index (BMI), and sociodemographic variables. Results: The cross-sectional data indicated no change in PA between baseline (57% active) and follow-up (56% active). However, for almost 40% of the sample, PA category changed between baseline and follow-up, with approximately 20% of the women changing from being active to inactive, and another 20% changing from being inactive to active. After adjustment for age, other sociodemographic variables, BMI, and PA at baseline, women who reported getting married, having a first or subsequent child, or beginning paid work were more likely to be inactive at follow-up than those who did not report these events. Conclusions: The results suggest that life events such as getting married, having children, and starting work are associated with decreased levels of PA in young adult women. Strategies are needed to promote maintenance of activity at the time when most women experience these key life-stage transitions.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods and their impact on the diet of young adults

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the consumption of ultra-processed foods, its associated factors, and its influence on nutrient intake in young adults.METHODS In 2004-2005, the individuals belonging to the Pelotas birth cohort of 1982 were identified for a home interview. A total of 4,297 individuals were interviewed and 4,202 individuals were included in the study (follow-up rate of 77.4%). Diet was assessed using a questionnaire on dietary intake and the percentage of daily caloric intake attributed to ultra-processed foods as well as the intake of macro- and micronutrients were estimated. The association between cohort characteristics and the consumption of ultra-processed foods was assessed using linear regression. Analysis of variance and Pearson’s Chi-square test were used to evaluate the association between the quintiles of the consumption of ultra-processed food, nutrient intake and adequacy of nutrient intake, respectively.RESULTS The consumption of ultra-processed foods corresponded to 51.2% of the total caloric intake. The consumption of ultra-processed foods was higher among women, individuals with higher education, and individuals who were never poor and eutrophic. The increased consumption of ultra-processed foods was positively correlated with the consumption of fat, cholesterol, sodium, iron, calcium, and calories (p < 0.001) and was negatively correlated with the consumption of carbohydrates, protein, and dietary fiber (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS The high consumption of ultra-processed foods and its positive correlation with the intake of sodium, cholesterol, and fats underscores the need to perform interventions aimed at decreasing the intake of this food group.

Pre-meal tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) intake can have anti-obesity effects in young women?

The effect of pre-meal tomato intake in the anthropometric indices and blood levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, and uric acid of a young women population (n=35, 19.6 ± 1.3 years) was evaluated. During 4 weeks, daily, participants ingested a raw ripe tomato (~90 g) before lunch. Their anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured repeatedly during the follow-up time. At the end of the 4 weeks, significant reductions were observed on body weight (-1.09 ± 0.12 kg on average), % fat (-1.54 ± 0.52%), fasting blood glucose (-5.29 ± 0.80 mg/dl), triglycerides (-8.31 ± 1.34 mg/dl), cholesterol (-10.17 ± 1.21 mg/ dl), and uric acid (-0.16 ± 0.04 mg/dl) of the participants. The tomato pre-meal ingestion seemed to interfere positively in body weight, fat percentage, and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and uric acid of the young adult women that participated in this study.