Proton NMR spectral studies on N-(4-methylphenyl)-2- and 3-pyridinecarboxamides

The H-1 NMR spectra of N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-pyridinecarboxamide and N-(4-methyl-phenyl)-3-pyridine carboxamide in CDCl3 and (CD3)(2)CO have been analysed with the help of the COSY spectra. Accurate H-1 chemical shifts and coupling constants have been obtained from the simulated spectra. From H-1 NMR and Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) measurements the molecular conformations are inferred. The pyridyl ring is apparently coplanar with the amide group while the 3-pyridyl ring is nearly perpendicular to the amide plane so that the amide proton is nearer to the 2-pyridyl proton H2 than to H4. The orientation of the 4-methylphenyl group could not be determined.

The effect of host glass on optical absorption and fluorescence of Nd3+ in xNa(2)O-(30-x)K2O-70B(2)O(3) glasses

The effect of host glass composition on the optical absorption and fluorescence spectra of Nd3+ has been studied in mixed alkali borate glasses of the type xNa(2)O-(30-x)K2O-69.5B(2)O(3)-0.5Nd(2)O(3) (X = 5,10,15,20 and 25). Various spectroscopic parameters such as Racah (E-1, E-2 and E-3), spin-orbit (xi(4f)) and configuration interaction (alpha, beta) parameters have been calculated. The Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters (Omega(lambda)) have been calculated and the radiative transition probabilities (A(rad)), radiative lifetimes (tau(r)), branching ratios (beta) and integrated absorption cross sections (Sigma) have been obtained for certain excited states of the Nd3+, ion and are discussed with respect to x. From the fluorescence spectra, the effective fluorescence line widths (Deltalambda(eff)) and stimulated emission cross sections (sigma(p)) have been obtained for the three transitions F-4(3/2) --> I-4(9/2), F-4(3/2) --> I-4(11/2) and F-4(3/2) --> I-4(13/2) of Nd3+. The stimulated emission cross section (sigma(p)) values are found to be in the range (2.0-4.8) x 10(-2)0 cm(2) and they are large enough to indicate that the mixed alkali borate glasses could be potential laser host materials.

Giant photoinduced optical bleaching at room and liquid helium temperatures in Sb/As(2)S(3) multilayered films

We report the observation of giant photo induced optical bleaching in Sb/As(2)S(3) multilayered film at room and liquid He temperatures, when irradiated with 532 nm laser at moderate intensities. The experimental results show a dramatic increase in transmittance near the band gap regime at both the temperatures; however the rates at which transmission change occurs are rather slow at low temperature. The huge change in transmission is due to the photo induced intermixing of As(2)S(3) layer with Sb. Our XPS measurements show that photo induced intermixing occurs through the wrong homopolar bonds, which under actinic light illumination are converted into energetically favored hetropolar bonds. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of Te addition on the optical properties of As(2)S(3) thin film

Bilayer thin films of Te/As(2)S(3) were prepared from Te and As(2)S(3) by thermal technique under high vacuum. Optical constants were calculated by analysing the transmission spectrum in the spectral range 400-1100 nm. The optical band gap decreases with the addition of Te to As(2)S(3). The decrease of optical band gap has been explained on the basis of density of states and the increase in disorder in the system. We have irradiated the as-deposited films using a diode pumped solid state laser of 532 nm wavelength to study photo-diffusion of Te into As(2)S(3). The changes were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The optical band gap is found to be decreased with the light irradiation which is proposed due to homopolar bond formation. The core level peaks in XPS spectra give information about different bond formation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nonlinear Refraction and Two-Photon Absorption in Dense 2Bi(2)O(3)-B2O3 Glasses

High density transparent glasses (7.86 g/cc) were fabricated in the 2Bi(2)O(3)-B2O3 (BBO) system. Optical band gap of the obtained glasses was found to be 2.6eV. The refractive index measured for these glasses was 2.25 +/- 0.05 at lambda=543 nm. Nonlinear refraction and absorption studies were carried out on the BBO glasses using z-scan technique a lambda=532 nm of 10 ns pulse width. The nonlinear refractive index obtained was n(2)=12.1x10(-14) cm(2)/W and nonlinear absorption coefficient was beta=15.2 cm/GW. The n(2) and beta values of the BBO glasses were large compared to the other reported high index bismuth based oxide glass systems in the literature. These were attributed to the high density, high linear refractive index, low band gap and two photon absorption associated with these glasses. The electronic origin of large nonlinearities was discussed based on bond-orbital theory.

Thermoelectric properties of Fe(0.2)Co(3.8)Sbi(12-x)Te(x) skutterudites

Skutterudites Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) were synthesized by induction melting at 1273 K, followed by annealing at 923 K for 144 h. X-ray powder diffraction and electron microprobe analysis confirmed the presence of the skutterudite phase as the main phase. The temperature-dependent transport properties were measured for all the samples from 300 to 818 K. A positive Seebeck coefficient (holes are majority carriers) was obtained in Fe0.2Co3.8Sb 12 in the whole temperature range. Thermally excited carriers changed from n-type to p-type in Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x 19Te0.1 at 570 K, while in all the other samples, Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x (x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6) exhibited negative Seebeck coefficients in the entire temperature range measured. Whereas for the alloys up to x = 0.2 (Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x ) the electrical resistivity decreased by charge compensation, it increased for x> 0.2 with an increase in Te content as a result of an increase in the electron concentration. The thermal conductivity decreased with Te substitution owing to carrier phonon scattering and point defect scattering. The maximum dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT = 1.04 at 818 K, was obtained with an optimized Te content for Fe0.2Co3.8Sb1 1.5Te0.5 and a carrier concentration of,,J1/ =- 3.0 x 1020 CM-3 at room temperature. Thermal expansion (a = 8.8 x 10-6 K-1), as measured for Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x , compared well with that of undoped Co4Sb12. A further increase in the thermoelectric figure of merit up to ZT = 1.3 at 820 K was achieved for Fe(0.)2Co(3.8)Sb(12),Te-x , applying severe plastic deformation in terms of a high-pressure torsion process. (C) 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Frequency and Temperature-Independent Electrical Transport Properties of 2BaO-0.5Na(2)O-2.5Nb(2)O(5)-4.5B(2)O(3) Glass-Ceramics

The temperature (300-973K) and frequency (100Hz-10MHz) response of the dielectric and impedance characteristics of 2BaO-0.5Na(2)O-2.5Nb(2)O(5)-4.5B(2)O(3) glasses and glass nanocrystal composites were studied. The dielectric constant of the glass was found to be almost independent of frequency (100Hz-10MHz) and temperature (300-600K). The temperature coefficient of dielectric constant was 8 +/- 3ppm/K in the 300-600K temperature range. The relaxation and conduction phenomena were rationalized using modulus formalism and universal AC conductivity exponential power law, respectively. The observed relaxation behavior was found to be thermally activated. The complex impedance data were fitted using the least square method. Dispersion of Barium Sodium Niobate (BNN) phase at nanoscale in a glass matrix resulted in the formation of space charge around crystal-glass interface, leading to a high value of effective dielectric constant especially for the samples heat-treated at higher temperatures. The fabricated glass nanocrystal composites exhibited P versus E hysteresis loops at room temperature and the remnant polarization (P-r) increased with the increase in crystallite size.

Etnografía y alimentación entre los Toba-Nachilamole#ek y wichí-Lhuku’tas del Chaco Central (Argentina), Cap. 1, 2 y 3.

Se reproducen tres capítulos relacionados con la ictiología del libro de Pastor Arenas, gracias a su gentileza.

New chiral mesogens 3(R)-methylcyclohexanone derivatives

New chiral compounds 3R-methylcyclohexanone derivatives were synthesized. These compounds were revealed to exhibit the mesomorphic behavior within rather wide temperature ranges. Types of formed mesophases and phase transition temperatures were determined by polarizing microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and small angle scattering of X-ray. Mesomorphic properties of the new chiral compounds were compared with those for the chiral 2-arylidene derivatives of 3R,6R-3-methyl-6-isopropylcyclohexanone (d-isomenthone) studied earlier. Distinctions between these two types of compounds in an ability to form mesophases and also in twisting properties as chiral dopants in induced cholesteric mesophases are considered.

Kinetic study of the 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid produced by oxidation of microcystin in aqueous solutions

Microcystins (MCs) are a family of related cyclic hepatotoxic heptapeptides, of which more than 70 types have been identified. The chemically unique nature of the C20 beta-amino acid, (2S, 3S, 8S, 9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca4,6-dienoic acid (Adda), portion of the MCs has been exploited to develop a strategy to analyze the entirety. Oxidation of MCs causes the cleavage of MC Adda to form 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (MMPB). In the present study, we investigated the kinetics of MMPB produced by oxidation of the most-often-studied MC variant, MC-LR (L = leucine, R = arginine), with permanganate-periodate. This investigation allowed insight regarding the influence of the reaction conditions (concentration of the reactants, temperature, and pH) on the conversion rate. The results indicated that the reaction was second order overall and first order with respect to both permanganate and MC-LR. The second-order rate constant ranged from 0.66 to 1.35 M/s at temperatures from 10 to 30 degrees C, and the activation energy was 24.44 kJ/mol. The rates of MMPB production can be accelerated through increasing reaction temperature and oxidant concentration, and sufficient periodate is necessary for the formation of MMPB. The initial reaction rate under alkaline and neutral conditions is higher than that under acidic conditions, but the former decreases faster than the latter except under weakly acidic conditions. These results provided new insight concerning selection of the permanganate-periodate concentration, pH, and temperature needed for the oxidation of MCs with a high and stable yield of MMPB.

Direct detection of the relative strength of Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction: Utilizing the SU(2) symmetry

We propose a simple method to detect the relative strength of Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interactions in quantum wells (QWs) without relying on the directional-dependent physical quantities. This method utilizes the two different critical gate voltages that leading to the remarkable signals of SU(2) symmetry, which happens to reflect the intrinsic-structure-inversion asymmetry of the QW. We support our proposal by the numerical calculation of in-plane relaxation times based on the self-consistent eight-band Kane model. We find that the two different critical gate voltages leading to the maximum spin-relaxation times [one effect of the SU(2) symmetry] can simply determine the ratio of the coefficients of Rashba and Dresselhaus terms. Our proposal can also be generalized to extract the relative strengths of the spin-orbit interactions in quantum-wire and quantum-dot structures.

Full-color emission from In2S3 and ln(2)S(3): Eu3+ nanoparticles

New observations on the luminescence Of In2S3 and europium-doped In2S3 nanoparticles show a green (5 10 nm) emission from In2S3 and In1.8Eu0.2S3 nanoparticles while a blue (425 nm) emission is observed from ln(1.6)Eu(0.4)S(3) nanoparticles. Both the blue and green emissions have large Stokes shifts of 62 and 110 nm, respectively. Excitation with longer-wavelength photons causes the blue emission to shift to a longer wavelength while the green emission wavelength remains unchanged. The lifetimes of both the green and blue emissions are similar to reported values for excitonic recombination. When doped with Eu3+, in addition to the broad blue and green emissions, a red emission near 615 nm attributed to Eu3+ is observed. Temperature dependences on nanoparticle thin films indicate that with increasing temperature, the green emission wavelength remains constant, however, the blue emission shifts toward longer wavelengths. Based on these observations, the blue emission is attributed to exciton recombination and the green emission to Indium interstitial defects. These nanoparticles show full-color emission with high efficiency, fast lifetime decays, and good stability; they are also relatively simple to prepare, thus making them a new type of phosphor with potential applications in lighting, flat-panel displays, and communications.

伯胺N_(1923)与其它试剂对金属离子(Zn~(2+).Cd~(2+).RE~(3+))的萃取及协同萃取

胺类萃取剂具有其独特优点，特别是伯胺，因含有活泼氢，既能作为“阴离子交换剂”，又能与被萃的含氧金属络阴离了形成氢键而溶剂化，同时伯胺为一路易斯碱，可作为配体与某些金属离子形成配位键等，因而已广泛地用于金属离子的提纯与分离工业中。然而，1）为了寻找新的、更有效的萃取及协同萃取体系，以适应分析分离各种金属离子，改善金属离子的分离工艺；2）研究萃取和协同萃取的一般规律，探寻其内在规律性，充实完善萃取化学原理的内容；3）研究多元配合物的组成、结构和机理；4）系统地研究和比较不同结构胺类萃取剂与其它萃取剂对金属离子的萃取及协同萃取的相互作用，探讨多元配合物的形成条件等，因此，研究伯胺N_(1923)与其它萃取剂在不同酸度、不同条件，不同体系中对Zn(II)、Cd(II)、Re(III)的萃取及协同萃取具有一定意义。本文分别研究了伯胺N_(1923)与中性磷试剂对ZnCl_2、CdCl_2、Zn(SCN)_2的协同萃取；伯胺N_(1923)与HPMBP对RE（III）的协同萃取以及伯胺N_(1923)在不同介质中对Sc(III)的萃取机理等，并用得到了一些有意义的结果与结论。一、伯胺N_(1923)与中性磷萃取剂(TBP, DBBP)对Zn(II)、Cd(II)的协同萃取1. 伯胺N_(1923)与TBP、DBBP对ZnCl_2的协萃取 研究了伯胺N_(1923)与TBP、DBBP的正庚烷溶液从盐酸介质中对ZnCl_2的萃取机理，用斜率法、等摩尔系列法确定了协萃配合物组成为：(RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_2·B、(RNH_3Cl)_2·ZnCl_2·B (B = TBP·DBBP)协萃反应为：ZnCl_2 + (RNH_3Cl)_3_((o)) + TBP_((o)) →~(K_(12)(TBP) (RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_3·ZnCl_2·TBP_((o)) ZnCl_2+Z/3(RNH_3Cl)_(3(o)) + DBBP_((o)) → (RNH_3Cl)_2 · ZnCl_2·DBBP_((o))协萃配合物生成反应为：(RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_(2(o)) + TBP_((o))→~(B_(12)(TBP) (RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_2·TBP_((o)) (RNH_3Cl)_3·ZnCl_(2(o)) + DBBP_((o)) →~(B_(12)(DBBP) (RNH_3Cl)_2·ZnCl_2·DBBP_((o)) + RNH_3Cl_((o))同时发现，中性磷试剂对Zn(II)的协萃效应大小影响有下列关系：DBBP>TBP。并求得了协萃反应平衡常数和协萃配合物生成反应平衡常数。在研究溶剂对协同效应影响时发现，对芳香烃及其衍生物，分配比（D）与溶剂介电常数（ε）的关系为D_∝1/ε，而对芳香烃及其衍生物，分配比（D）与介电常数（ε）的关系为D_∝ε。讨论了温度对协萃反应的影响，对协萃配合物的IR、NMR谱也进行了研究。2.伯胺N_(1923)与TBP对Zn_(SCN)_2的协同萃取研究了伯胺N_(1923)与TBP的庚烷溶液从硝酸底液中对Zn(SCN)_2的萃取机理，用等摩尔系列法、斜率法确定了TBP和Zn(SCN)_2以及伯胺N_(1923)与TBP对Zn(SCN)_2的协萃配合物组成分别为：Zn(SCN)_2·3TBP. (RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_4·TBP,协谇反应为：Zn(SCN)_4~(2-) + (RNH_3NO_3)_(2(o)) + TBP_((o)) → (RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_4·TBP_((o)) + 2NO_3~-协萃配合物三种可能生成反应为(RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_(4(o)) + TBP_((o)) → ~(B'12) (RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_4·TBP_((o)) (a) (RNH_3NO_3)_(2(o)) + Zn(SCN)_2·3TBP_((o)) + 2SCN~-→~(β"12)→(RNH_3)Zn(SCN)_4βTBP_((o))+2TBP_((o))+2NO_3~- (b) (RNH_3NO_3)_(2(o)) + (RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_(4(o)) + 2SCN~- + Zn(SCN)_2.3TBP_((o)) →~(β"12)→R(RNH_3)_2Zn(SCN)_4.TBP_((o)) + 2NO_3~- + TBP_((o)) (c) 求得了协萃反应及生成反应的平衡常数，并由生成反应常数可知：β"'_(12) > β'_(12) > β"_(12)，即反应（c）对协萃配合物的生成贡献最大，其次反应（a），最小的是反应（b），同时还发现，不同阴离子对协萃效应影响有下列关系：SCN~- > Cl~_。并对协萃配合物的IR谱进行了研究，讨论了温度对协萃反应的影响。3. 伯胺N_(1923)与TBP、DBBP对Cd（II）的协同萃取研究了伯胺N_(1923)与TBP、DBBP的正庚烷溶液从盐酸介质中对Cd(II)的协同萃取，用等摩尔系列法、斜率法确定了协萃配合物组成为(RNH_3Cl)_2·CdCl_2·B，协萃反应及协萃配合物生成的反应分别为：CdCl_2 + 2/3 (RNH_3Cl)_(3(o)) + B_((o)) →~(K_(12)) → (RNH_3Cl)_2·CdCl_2·B_((o)) (RNH_3Cl_3)·CdCl_2_((o)) + B_((o)) →~(BR)(RNH_3Cl)_2·CdCl_2·B_((o)) + RNH_3Cl_((o))求得了协萃反应及生成反应平衡常数，计算了协萃反应的热力学函数值，结果还发现与Zn(II)协同萃取比较，协同效应大小有下列关系：Zn(II) > Cd(II)，由实验结果证实了“萃取效应大，则协萃效应小，反之，萃取效应小，则协同效应大”这一结论。并对协萃配合物的IR、NMR谱进行了研究。二. 伯胺N_(1923)与HPMBP对RE（III）的协同萃取研究了伯胺N_(1923)与HPMBP的二甲苯溶液在盐酸介质中对RE（III）的协萃机理（RE~(3+ = La~(3+), Pr~(3+), Eu~(3+), Gd~(3+), Tb~(3+), Er~(3+), Yb~(3+)和Y~(3+)）用斜率法及等摩尔系列法确定了协萃配合物组成为RNH_3Ln(PMBP)_4。求得了关于Pr(III)的协萃反应及生成反应的平衡常数值，协萃反应及生成反应分别为：Ln~(3+) + 4HPMBP_((o)) + RNH_3Cl_((o)) → RNH_3LN(PMBP)_(4(o)) + 4H~+ + Cl~- Ln(PMBP)_(3(o)) + RNH_3Cl_((o)) → RNH_3Ln(PMBP)_(4(o)) + H~+ + Cl~- 结果还发现协萃系数（R）随稀土元素的原子序数（Z）递变而出现“双峰效应”（未见文献报道），而且随RNH_3Cl浓度增加到某一一出现反协同效应。同时研究了关于Pr(III)协萃配合物的IR、NMR谱。三、伯胺N_(1923)在硝酸盐及硫氰酸盐混合介质中对Sc(III)的萃取研究了RNH_3NO_3在硝酸盐和硫氰酸盐混合介质中萃取Sc(III)的机理，结果发现，钪是以Sc(OH)_2~+形式萃入有机相的，且SCN~-, NO_3~-对RNH_3nO_3萃取Sc(III)具有协同效应，并且斜率法、连续变化法及PH值测定确定了萃取反应为：Sc(OH)_2~+ + SCN~- + 2(RNH_3NO_3)_(2((o)) → (RNH_3nO_3)_4.Sc(OH)_2SCN_((o)) Sc(OH)_2~+ + SCN~- + NO_3~- + (RNH_3NO_3)_(2(o)) → (RNH_3NO_3)_2.Sc(OH)(SCN)NO_3 + OH~-求得了反应的平衡常数及热力学函数值。

Vilsmeier-Haack reactions of 2-arylamino-3-acetyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrans toward the synthesis of highly substituted pyridin-2(1H)-ones

A facile and efficient one-pot synthesis of highly substituted pyridin-2(IH)-ones was developed via Vilsmeier-Haack reactions of readily available enaminones, 2-arylamino-3-acetyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrans, and a mechanism involving sequential ring-opening, haloformylation, and intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization reactions is proposed.