Modest weight loss and physical activity in overweight patients with chronic liver disease results in sustained improvements in alanine aminotransferase, fasting insulin, and quality of life

Background and aim: Obesity is a risk factor for progression of fibrosis in chronic liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C. The aim of this study was to investigate the longer term effect of weight loss on liver biochemistry, serum insulin levels, and quality of life in overweight patients with liver disease and the effect of subsequent weight maintenance or regain. Patients: Thirty one patients completed a 15 month diet and exercise intervention. Results: On completion of the intervention, 21 patients (68%) had achieved and maintained weight loss with a mean reduction of 9.4 (4.0)% body weight. Improvements in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were correlated with the amount of weight loss (r=0.35, p=0.04). In patients who maintained weight loss, mean ALT levels at 15 months remained significantly lower than values at enrolment (p=0.004), while in regainers (n=10), mean ALT levels at 15 months were no different to values at enrolment (p=0.79). Improvements in fasting serum insulin levels were also correlated with weight loss (r=0.46, p=0.04), and subsequent weight maintenance sustained this improvement. Quality of life was significantly improved after weight loss. Weight maintainers sustained recommended levels of physical activity and had higher fasting insulin levels (p=0.03) at enrolment than weight regainers. Conclusion: In summary, these findings demonstrate that maintenance of weight loss and exercise in overweight patients with liver disease results in a sustained improvement in liver enzymes, serum insulin levels, and quality of life. Treatment of overweight patients should form an important component of the management of those with chronic liver disease.

Prospective study of individual, social, and environmental predictors of physical activity: women's leisure running

Background: Understanding and influencing the determinants of physical activity is an important public health challenge. We used prospective data to examine the influence of individual, social, and environmental factors on physical activity behaviour, using regular running as the behavioural model. Methods: Over 500 middle-aged women completed two consecutive questionnaires in 2000 and 2002. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine factors predicting adoption of and regression from regular leisure-time running during the follow-up. Results: Women who frequently used behavioural change skills were more likely to adopt regular running (OR=4.0, CI=1.7-9.5). There was an interaction between the enjoyment of running and family support: those who rated enjoyment of running high and reported high family support were less likely to adopt running (OR= 0.2, CI = 0.1-0.5). Women who reported infrequent use of motives were more likely (OR = 3.3, CI = 1.6-6.9) to regress from regular running. There was an interaction between perceived health and the neighbourhood environment: those who perceived themselves to be in poor health and had an unattractive neighbourhood were more likely (OR = 2.7, CI = 0.9-8.3) to regress from regular running. Conclusions: Behavioural skills and enjoyment may be of particular importance for the adoption of regular activity; social support and an aesthetically attractive neighbourhood are likely to have a key role in encouraging maintenance. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An endurance-strength training regime is effective in reducing myoelectric manifestations of cervical flexor muscle fatigue in females with chronic neck pain

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an endurance-strength training program is effective in reducing myoelectric manifestations of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and anterior scalene (AS) muscle fatigue which have been found to be greater in people with chronic neck pain. Methods: Fifty-eight female patients with chronic non-severe neck pain were randomized into one of two 6-week exercise intervention groups: an endurance-strength training regime for the cervical flexor muscles or a referent exercise intervention involving low load retraining of the cranio-cervical flexor muscles. The primary outcomes were a change in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force and change of the initial value and rate of change of the mean frequency, average rectified value and conduction velocity detected from the SCM and AS muscles during sub-maximal isometric cervical flexion contractions at 50, 25 and 10% MVC. Results: At the 7th week follow-up assessment, the endurance-strength training group revealed a significant increase in MVC force and a reduction in the estimates of the initial value and rate of change of the mean frequency for both the SCM and AS muscles (P < 0.05). Both exercise groups reported a reduced average intensity of neck pain and reduced neck disability index score (P < 0.05). Conclusions: An endurance-strength exercise regime for the cervical flexor muscles is effective in reducing myoelectric manifestations of superficial cervical flexor muscle fatigue as well as increasing cervical flexion strength in a group of patients with chronic non-severe neck pain. Significance: Provision of load to challenge the neck flexor muscles is required to reduce the fatigability of the SCM and AS muscles in people with neck pain. Improvements in cervical muscle strength and reduced fatigability may be responsible for the reported efficacy with this type of exercise program. (c) 2006 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All fights reserved.

Efeito do exercício físico associado à microcorrente abdominal na reabilitação cardiovascular em contexto domiciliário

Introdução: O aumento da gordura abdominal e o sedentarismo contribuem para o risco de doença cardiovascular. A utilização de corrente elétrica de baixa intensidade (microcorrente) na região abdominal, associado ao exercício físico, parece ser um método inovador no aumento da taxa lipolítica dos adipócitos abdominais. Objetivos: Analisar os efeitos da utilização da microcorrente associada a um programa de exercícios em indivíduos saudáveis e com doença arterial coronária na gordura abdominal, e ainda, analisar os efeitos de um programa de exercício físico específico realizado no domicílio em indivíduos com doença arterial coronária, na fase de manutenção da reabilitação cardiovascular, na capacidade cardiorrespiratória. Métodos: Foram conduzidos três estudos: Estudo 1, em indivíduos saudáveis, durante 5 semanas (n=42), distribuídos aleatoriamente por quatro grupos experimentais (realizavam microcorrente e exercício físico: grupo 1- frequência 25 a 10Hz, elétrodos transcutâneos, exercício físico após; grupo 2- frequência 25 a 50Hz, elétrodos trancutâneos, exercício físico após; grupo 3- frequência 25 a 10Hz, elétrodos percutâneos e exercício físico após; grupo 4- frequência 25 a 10Hz, elétrodos transcutâneos e exercício físico realizado em simultâneo) e placebo (realizavam apenas exercício físico), onde foram avaliadas medidas de gordura abdominal; Estudo 2, em indivíduos saudáveis, durante uma sessão de microcorrente e exercício físico (n=83), distribuídos aleatoriamente por grupo experimental (realizavam microcorrente e exercício físico) e grupo placebo (realizavam exercício físico), onde foram avaliadas a atividade lipolítica (níveis de glicerol) e a oxidação de ácidos gordos (estimada pelo VO2 e VCO2); Estudo 3, em indivíduos após um ano de evento de síndrome coronária aguda (n=44), distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais (grupo 1- exercício físico no domicílio; grupo 2- microcorrente e exercício físico no domicílio) e um grupo controlo (cuidados habituais), durante 8 semanas, sendo avaliados a gordura abdominal, o colesterol, a capacidade cardiorrespiratória, os hábitos de atividade física e alimentares e a qualidade de vida. Resultados: No estudo 1, após 5 semanas de intervenção de microcorrente e exercício físico, verificou-se uma redução das medidas de gordura abdominal (p<0,05); No estudo 2 observou-se que uma sessão de microcorrente associada ao exercício físico aumentou a taxa lipolítica, através da medição de glicerol (p<0,05), sem alterações significativas na oxidação de ácidos gordos, durante o exercício. No estudo 3, após as 8 semanas de aplicação de microcorrente associada a um programa de exercícios específicos no domicílio ocorreu uma diminuição significativa na gordura subcutânea (p<0,05). O programa de exercício físico de reabilitação cardiovascular no domicílio, per se, aumentou a capacidade cardiorrespiratória, na fase de manutenção (p<0,05). Não se verificaram alterações do colesterol total, dos hábitos alimentares, da atividade física e da qualidade de vida entre os três grupos. Conclusão: A utilização da microcorrente associada ao exercício físico parece ser um meio coadjuvante ao programa de exercícios, na redução do tecido adiposo abdominal em indivíduos saudáveis e em indivíduos após 1 ano de enfarte agudo do miocárdio. O programa de Reabilitação Cardiovascular no domicílio, em fase de manutenção, demonstrou melhoria da capacidade cardiorrespiratória.

Effects of a resistance and stretching training program on forward head and protracted shoulder posture in physical education classes in students aged 15-17 years old

Purpose: This study aimed to characterize the postural alignment of the head and shoulder in the sagittal plane of Portuguese adolescents, 15-17 years old, and to evaluate the effects of a 32-week resistance and stretching training program applied in Physical Education classes on forward head posture and protracted shoulder posture of Portuguese adolescents. After 32-training weeks the detraining effects after a 16-week period were measured. Methods: This randomized and controlled study was conducted in two secondary schools in Portugal for 48 weeks. Prior the study 275 students aged 15-17 years old were evaluated. Sagittal head, cervical and shoulder angle were measured with photogrammetry and Postural Analysis Software. After this assessment 130 adolescents were considered to have forward head and protracted shoulder posture and were randomly assigned to a control group, an experimental group one or experimental group two. The control group (n=46) only did the Physical Education classes whereas the intervention group one (n=42) and two (n=42) performed a 16-week and 32-week stretching and strengthening program in addition to Physical Education classes, respectively. The postural angles were measured before and after the 16-week and 32-week time intervention period for the three groups and after a 16-week detraining period following the 32-week in intervention group two. Results: 68% of the adolescents studied revealed anteriorization of the head whereas 58% of them had protraction of the shoulder. Significant increases were observed in the cervical and shoulder angle in the experimental group (n=84) following the 16-week and in experimental group two (n=42)after the 32 week-intervention period. After the 16-week detraining period no significant differences were observed in the three postural angles in the intervention group two. Conclusions: Forward head and protracted shoulder are common postural disorders in Portuguese adolescents. The exercise intervention was successful ate decreasing forward head and protracted shoulder in adolescents. Detraining period of 16-week didn´t reduce the overall training effects.

Benefits and barriers to exercise in midlife women undertaking a web-based multi-modal lifestyle intervention for the primary prevention of chronic disease

Chronic diseases are a leading cause of death and disability, largely attributable to modifiable lifestyle risk factors. Many midlife Australian are getting insufficient physical activity for health and face a range of barriers to exercise. Results of this study provide evidence that benefits and barriers are an important predictor of exercise behaviour in midlife women and, that a 12 week nurse led health promotion program can effectively promote benefits and increase physical activity. This study provides evidence about benefits and barriers to exercise that will inform health promotion practice for chronic disease risk factor reduction in midlife women.

The benefits of a self-management telephone based intervention for promoting exercise and healing rates for venous leg ulcer patients

Venous leg ulcers are a significant cause of chronic ill-health, whilst patients often experience reduced mobility and poor quality of life. This research investigated exercise as a tool for improving outcomes for adults with venous leg ulcers. The results showed that patients who adhere to an exercise program as an adjunct treatment to standard care are more likely to heal than those who do not adhere to an exercise program. This research has the potential to improve the health of venous leg ulcer patients and decrease health care costs.

Biological rationale for regular physical exercise as an effective intervention for the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders

Depression is a major medical and social problem. Here we review current body of knowledge on the benefits of exercise as an effective strategy for both the prevention and treatment of this condition. We also analyze the biological pathways involved in such potential benefits, which include changes in neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress and inflammation, telomere length, brain volume and microvessels, neurotransmitters or hormones. We also identify major caveats in this field of research: further studies are needed to identify which are the most appropriate types of exercise interventions (intensity, duration, or frequency) to treat and prevent depression.