Pyhä Kolminaisuus vai pilven reunalla istuva partasuu? : Jumalakuva evankelisluterilaisissa ja ortodoksissa 1.–4.-luokan uskonnon oppikirjoissa 1970–80- ja 2000-luvuilla

A concept of god is a wholeness that an individual experiences as God. The Christian concept of god is based on triune God: Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit. The concept of god is examined in different kinds of contexts particularly between the 1940's and the 1970's. Many researches of school books have widely been made in Finland, but, however, only a few from the point of view of the concept of god. Considering this, the concept of god in the school books of Evangelical Lutheran and Orthodox religion from first to fourth grade in 1970–80 and 2000 is examined in this survey. Additionally, the concept of god in curricula between years 1970 and 2004 is studied. The perspective on the concept of god is the change in the course of time and denominational emphasis. As a first hypothesis, God the Father is represented in books in 21st century as a kind and loving figure. As a second hypothesis, the Trinity and the Holy Spirit get more space in Orthodox books comparing with the Lutheran books. Twelve school books of Evangelical Lutheran and Orthodox religion from first to fourth grade were used as a research material. The books were from four different series between the years 1978 and 2005. Teacher's guidebooks and student's exercise books were left outside of this survey. The research material was analyzed by using abductive content analysis and methodological triangulation. This study included both qualitative and quantitative aspects. The classification system which defined the classifying of concept of god from the research material was consisted of the basis of research material, former reseach, and subtext of used theories. The number of mentions in concept of god was higher in books from the 21st century. In Lutheran books, the change was seen as a growth of the category of God the Father. In Orthodox books, the trend was opposite: the category of Jesus the Son had grown. Differing from the presupposition, the features of loving God in new books had less emphasis than in older books in both churces. The mentions of the Holy Spirit and Trinity were marginal. In the Orthodox books, the categories were bigger, as it was presupposed. It could be seen, that the books confirmed the legalistic period of the concept of god on 3rd and 4th grades. The mentions of concept of god in curriculas have diminished and generalized. The diminution was seen most radically in the curriculum from the year 1994. The results tell something about social changes and views of innovation in curricula. In books the change was not perceived that bright. The idea of the concept of god getting shrank and decreased during the time can be refused.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives and their precursors as antileukemic agents

We report here the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of novel 1-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid derivatives 6(a–k) and their precursors 5(a–k) as potential chemotherapeutic agents. In each case, the structures of the compounds were determined by FTIR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy. Among the synthesized molecules, methyl 1-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-2-(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate (5a) induced maximum cell death in leukemic cells with an IC50 value of 3 μM. Using FACS analysis we show that the compound 5a induces S/G2 cell cycle arrest, which was further supported by the observed down regulation of CDK2, Cyclin B1 and PCNA. The observed downregulation of proapoptotic proteins, upregulation of antiapoptotic proteins, cleavage of PARP and elevated levels of DNA strand breaks indicated the activation of apoptosis by 5a. These results suggest that 5a could be a potent anti-leukemic agent.

Optical and surface characterization of radio frequency plasma polymerized 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene thin films

Low pressure radio frequency plasma-assisted deposition of 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene thin films was investigated for different polymerization conditions. Transparent, environmentally stable and flexible, these organic films are promising candidates for organic photovoltaics (OPV) and flexible electronics applications, where they can be used as encapsulating coatings and insulating interlayers. The effect of deposition RF power on optical properties of the films was limited, with all films being optically transparent, with refractive indices in a range of 1.57–1.58 at 500 nm. The optical band gap (Eg) of ~3 eV fell into the insulating Eg region, decreasing for films fabricated at higher RF power. Independent of deposition conditions, the surfaces were smooth and defect-free, with uniformly distributed morphological features and average roughness between 0.30 nm (at 10 W) and 0.21 nm (at 75 W). Films fabricated at higher deposition power displayed enhanced resistance to delamination and wear, and improved hardness, from 0.40 GPa for 10 W to 0.58 GPa for 75 W at a load of 700 μN. From an application perspective, it is therefore possible to tune the mechanical and morphological properties of these films without compromising their optical transparency or insulating property.

Wetting, solubility and chemical characteristics of plasma-polymerized 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene thin films

Investigations on the wetting, solubility and chemical composition of plasma polymer thin films provide an insight into the feasibility of implementing these polymeric materials in organic electronics, particularly where wet solution processing is involved. In this study, thin films were prepared from 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene (γ-Terpinene) using radio frequency (RF) plasma polymerization. FTIR showed the polymers to be structurally dissimilar to the original monomer and highly cross-linked, where the loss of original functional groups and the degree of cross-linking increased with deposition power. The polymer surfaces were hydrocarbon-rich, with oxygen present in the form of O–H and C=O functional groups. The oxygen content decreased with deposition power, with films becoming more hydrophobic and, thus, less wettable. The advancing and receding contact angles were investigated, and the water advancing contact angle was found to increase from 63.14° to 73.53° for thin films prepared with an RF power of 10 W to 75 W. The wetting envelopes for the surfaces were constructed to enable the prediction of the surfaces’ wettability for other solvents. The effect of roughness on the wetting behaviour of the films was insignificant. The polymers were determined to resist solubilization in solvents commonly used in the deposition of organic semiconducting layers, including chloroform and chlorobenzene, with higher stability observed in films fabricated at higher RF power.

Structural analyses of (1->3),(1->4)-β-D-glucan of oats and barley

The structures of (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucans of oat bran, whole-grain oats and barley and processed foods were analysed. Various methods of hydrolysis of β-glucan, the content of insoluble fibre of whole grains of oats and barley and the solution behaviour of oat and barley β-glucans were studied. The isolated soluble β-glucans of oat bran and whole-grain oats and barley were hydrolysed with lichenase, an enzyme specific for (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-β-glucans. The amounts of oligosaccharides produced from bran were analysed with capillary electrophoresis and those from whole-grains with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulse-amperometric detection. The main products were 3-O-β-cellobiosyl-D-glucose and 3-O-β-cellotriosyl-D-glucose, the oligosaccharides which have a degree of polymerisation denoted by DP3 and DP4. Small differences were detected between soluble and insoluble β-glucans and also between β-glucans of oats and barley. These differences can only be seen in the DP3:DP4 ratio which was higher for barley than for oat and also higher for insoluble than for soluble β-glucan. A greater proportion of barley β-glucan remained insoluble than of oat β-glucan. The molar masses of soluble β-glucans of oats and barley were the same as were those of insoluble β-glucans of oats and barley. To analyse the effects of cooking, baking, fermentation and drying, β-glucan was isolated from porridge, bread and fermentate and also from their starting materials. More β-glucan was released after cooking and less after baking. Drying decreased the extractability for bread and fermentate but increased it for porridge. Different hydrolysis methods of β-glucan were compared. Acid hydrolysis and the modified AOAC method gave similar results. The results of hydrolysis with lichenase gave higher recoveries than the other two. The combination of lichenase hydrolysis and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulse-amperometric detection was found best for the analysis of β-glucan content. The content of insoluble fibre was higher for barley than for oats and the amount of β-glucan in the insoluble fibre fraction was higher for oats than for barley. The flow properties of both water and aqueous cuoxam solutions of oat and barley β-glucans were studied. Shear thinning was stronger for the water solutions of oat β-glucan than for barley β-glucan. In aqueous cuoxam shear thinning was not observed at the same concentration as in water but only with high concentration solutions. Then the viscosity of barley β-glucan was slightly higher than that of oat β-glucan. The oscillatory measurements showed that the crossover point of the G´ and G´´ curves was much lower for barley β-glucan than for oat β-glucan indicating a higher tendency towards solid-like behaviour for barley β-glucan than for oat β-glucan.

Intermolecular charge-transfer complexes of macrocyclic polyethers with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone

The interactions of benzo-15-crown-5, dibenzo-18-crown-6, and dibenzo-24-crown-8 with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano- 1,4-benzoquinone have been studied in methylene chloride by using spectroscopic methods. These crown ethers from 1:l molecular complexes with the acceptor. The magnitudes of association constants and thermodynamic parameters of complexation are indicative of cooperative interaction of oxygens with the acceptor.

Preparation, structural analysis and prebiotic potential of arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides

Arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) can be prepared enzymatically from arabinoxylans (AX) and AXOS are known to possess prebiotic potential. Here the structural features of 10 cereal AX were examined. AX were hydrolysed by Shearzyme® to prepare AXOS, and their structures were fully analysed. The prebiotic potential of the purified AXOS was studied in the fermentation experiments with bifidobacteria and faecal microbiota. In AX extracted from flours and bran, high amounts of a-L-Araf units are attached to the b-D-Xylp main chain, whereas moderate or low degree of substitution was found from husks, cob and straw. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that flour and bran AX contain high amounts of a-L-Araf units bound to the O-3 of b-D-Xylp residues and doubly substituted b-D-Xylp units with a-L-Araf substituents at O-2 and O-3. Barley husk and corn cob AX contain high amounts of b-D-Xylp(1→2)-a-L-Araf(1→3) side chains, which can also be found in AX from oat spelts and rice husks, and in lesser amounts in wheat straw AX. Rye and wheat flour AX and oat spelt AX were hydrolysed by Shearzyme® (with Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 endo-1,4-b-D-xylanase as the main enzyme) for the production of AXOS on a milligram scale. The AXOS were purified and their structures fully analysed, using mass spectrometry (MS) and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Monosubstituted xylobiose and xylotriose with a-L-Araf attached to the O-3 or O-2 of the nonreducing end b-D-Xylp unit and disubstituted AXOS with two a-L-Araf units at the nonreducing end b-D-Xylp unit of xylobiose or xylotriose were produced. Xylobiose with b-D-Xylp(1→2)-a-L-Araf(1→3) side chain was also purified. These AXOS were used as standards in further identification and quantification of corresponding AXOS from the hydrolysates in high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) analysis. The prebiotic potential of AXOS was tested in in vitro fermentation experiments. Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703 and B. longum ATCC 15707 utilized AXOS from the AX hydrolysates. Both species released L-arabinose from AXOS, but B. adolescentis consumed the XOS formed, whereas B. longum fermented the L-arabinose released. The third species tested, B. breve ATCC 15700, grew poorly on these substrates. When cultivated on pure AXOS, the bifidobacterial mixture utilized pure singly substituted AXOS almost completely, but no growth was detected with pure doubly substituted AXOS as substrates. However, doubly substituted AXOS were utilized from the mixture of xylose, XOS and AXOS. Faecal microbiota utilized both pure singly and doubly substituted AXOS. Thus, a mixture of singly and doubly substituted AXOS could function as a suitable, slowly fermenting prebiotic substance. This thesis contributes to the structural information on cereal AX and preparation of mono and doubly substituted AXOS from AX. Understanding the utilization strategies is fundamental in evaluating the prebiotic potential of AXOS. Further research is still required before AXOS can be used in applications for human consumption.

Oxidation of Abel's ketone and similar spiroketones with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4- benzoquinone (DDQ). Synthesis of novel tropone derivatives

The structure of the novel product obtained from the oxidation of Abel's ketone (1a) and similar spiroketones (1b–d) with 2, 3-dichloro-5, 6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone has been determined on basis of spectral data (i.r., n.m.r., and mass)

Strategies of synthesis of aromatic polyketides using cyclohexa-1,4-and-1,3-dienes in Alder Rickett reactions

Cyclohexa-1, 4-dienes with appropriate substituents, obtained by birch reduction of the substituted benzene, react directly with derivatives of propiolic ester or aldchyde to yield aromatic polyketides. The following compounds have been synthesized; mycophenolic acid, nidulol methyl other, the root growth hormone 3, 5-dihydroxy-2-formyl-4-mythyl-benzoic acid, antibiotic DB 2073, the macrocyclic lactones lasiodiplodin and dihydrozearalenone and the biphenyl derivatives alternario and altenusin. Polyketide anthraquinones can be made from naphthoquinone precursors.

Biochemical effects of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydrocollidine in mouse liver

3,5-Diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) is a porphyrinogenic agent and is a powerful inducer of δ-aminolaevulinate synthetase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the haem-biosynthetic pathway, in mouse liver. However, DDC strikingly inhibits mitochondrial as well as microsomal haem synthesis by depressing the activity of ferrochelatase in vivo. The drug on repeated administration to female mice has been found to elicit hypertrophic effects in the liver microsomes initially, but the effects observed at later stages denote either hyperplasia or increase in polyploidal cells. The microsomal protein concentration shows a striking decrease with repeated doses of the drug. The rate of microsomal protein synthesis in vivo as well as in vitro shows an increase with two injections of DDC but decreases considerably with repeated administration of the drug. The activities of NADPH-cytochrome creductase and ribonuclease are not affected in the liver microsomes of drug-treated animals when expressed per mg of microsomal protein. DDC has also been found to cause degradation of microsomal haem, which is primarily responsible for the decrease in cytochrome P-450 content. The drug also leads to a decrease in mitochondrial cytochrome c levels due to inhibition of haem synthesis and also due to degradation of mitochondrial haem at later stages. The biochemical effects of the drug are compared and discussed with those reported for allylisopropylacetamide and phenobarbital.

Oxidation of bis-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)methane with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone. X-Ray crystal structure of a novel product

A novel compound obtained by the oxidation of the title compound with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone has been assigned structure (5) on the basis of spectral data and X-ray crystal structure analysis.

Ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,7,7-trimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate

In the molecular structure of the title compound, C21H25NO4, the dihydropyridine ring adopts a flattened boat conformation while the cyclohexenone ring is in an envelope conformation. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to (10 (1) over bar) by N-H center dot center dot center dot O and O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds. The network is generated by R-4(4)(30) and R-4(4)(34) graph-set motifs.

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(3-phenyl-1-isoquinolylsulfanyl)ethanone

The title compound, C29H20ClNOS, is a 1-substituted-3-phenylisoquinoline that crystallizes with four independent molecules in the asymmtric unit. The four molecules have similar C-S-C angles. The most noteworthy differences between the molecules relate to the inclination of the 3-phenyl subsituent with respect to the isoquinoline fused-ring [dihedral angles of 21.2 (1), 25.6 (2), 34.3 (1) and 36.5 (2)degrees].

1,1`-[4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-diyl]diethanone

In the title compound, C18H21NO3, the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring exhibits a flattened boat conformation. The methoxyphenyl ring is nearly planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.0723 (1) angstrom] and is perpendicular to the base of the boat [dihedral angle = 88.98 (4)degrees]. Intermolecular N-H center dot center dot center dot O and C-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds exist in the crystal structure.

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-[(3-phenylisoquinolin 1-yl)sulfanyl]ethanone

The title compound, C23H16ClNOS, exhibits dihedral angles of 11.73 (1) and 66.07 (1)degrees, respectively, between the mean plane of the isoquinoline system and the attached phenyl ring, and between the isoquinoline system and the chlorophenyl ring. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and chlorophenyl rings is 54.66 (1)degrees.