938 resultados para digital divide


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The emergence of global computer networks and the ubiquitous availability of advanced information and communication technology (ICT) since the mid Nineties has given rise to the hope that the traditional disadvantages faced by regional economies and regional communities could be elevated easily and swiftly. Yet, the experience of both community informatics and community development researchers and practitioners tells a different tale. Although the potential of ICT is in fact realised in some situations and locations and does provide means to ensure sustainability in some regional communities, elsewhere it has not been taken up or has not been able to elicit change for the promised better. Too many communities are still faced by a centralised structure in the context of commerce, service provision or governance and by various degrees of digital divides between connected and disconnected, between media literate and illiterate, between young and old, and between urban and rural. Many attempts to close or bridge the digital divide have been reported with various degrees of success (cf. Menou, 2001; Servon, 2002). Most of these accounts echo a common voice in that they report similar principles of action, and they reflect – in most cases unconsciously – practices of sociocultural animation. This article seeks to shed light onto the concept of sociocultural animation which is already commonplace in various forms in the arts, in education and professional development, youth work, sports, town planning, careers services, entrepreneurship and tourism. It starts by exploring the origins of sociocultural animation and draws parallels to the current state of research and practice. It unpacks the foundation of sociocultural animation and briefly describes underlying principles and how they can be applied in the context of community informatics and developing regional communities with ICT. Finally, further areas of investigation are being proposed.

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The role of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has been identified as an important factor by the United Nations in achieving the millennium development goals (UNAPCICT, 2012)1. The potential for ICT has been identified as a means to reducing poverty, creating global communities by providing access to the internet and mobile networks to rural communities, improving education services, medical services, and information availability. As of today, significant amounts of funds have been invested by the governments and donor organizations in ‘Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D)’projects by establishing telecenters, e-villages, e-health, electronic and mobile banking, and egovernment systems for citizens in general, and more specifically, rural communities to bridge the digital divide (Heeks & Molla, 2009).

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The research seeks to understand the nature of law and justice students’ use of technology for their learning purposes. There is often an assumption made that all students have, and engage with, technology to the same degree. The research tests these assumptions by means of a survey conducted of first year law and justice students to determine their actual use of smart devices inside and outside classes. The analysis of results reveals that while the majority of respondents own at least one smart device; most rarely use their device for their learning purposes.

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“Humans did not weave web 2.0, they are merely a strand in it. Whatever they do to the interweb, they do to themselves.” Is social media just a diversionary gimmick? A passing phase? The latest craze? Or can social media be socially ‘transformative’ media with an integral place in EE pedagogies? In this paper I will examine the affordances of Web 2.0 (and 3.0) technologies, such as social media, in the light of differences in perceptions of what technology represents underpinned by comparative theories of technology. An instrumental theory (or neutralist approach) of technology is one which views technology as a ‘tool’ without any inherent value whereas a critical theory of technology views technology as a site of struggle, of power relationships and of social transformation. From a critical perspective Web 2.0 (and 3.0) technologies have the capacity to democratise the knowledge economy by turning knowledge consumers into “prod-users” (Bruns, 2008); to promote ubiquitous learning; and to facilitate collaboration through online Communities of Practice. However, applying a critical technology perspective means that we also need to consider that web technologies are not a panacea: misappropriation and indiscriminate use of technology; substitution for valid EE experiences; environmental impacts; and exacerbating the digital divide are the flip side of the coin (W. J. Rohwedder, 1999).

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Previous work within the Faculty of Law, QUT had considered law students perceptions and use of technology and how to manage that use without it becoming a distraction. Students willingness to use technology for their learning purposes, however, had not been tested. The research seeks to understand the affect of law academics in class use of technology for both law and justice students. Students use and their perception of academics use in lectures and tutorials was tested by means of an online survey conducted on an anonymous and voluntary basis. The analysis of results revealed that the majority of respondents rarely use technology in class for their learning purposes. However, most indicated that academic in class use of technology enabled their learning. The research also reinforced the need to make any level of engagement with technology meaningful for students. In particular it identified the need to ensure that students are enabled, by appropriate training, in their use of any required databases or software.

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The future functioning of the digital economy is inextricably linked to the use of high-speed broadband networks. As evidenced by recent Australian federal election campaigns, a focus has been on the rollout of the physical networks. The research seeks to determine the effectiveness of the current NBN rollout as a measure of Australia’s progression towards a fully functioning digital economy. The author examines submissions to the recent RTIRC Telecommunications Review 2015 in order to ascertain the NBN’s current impact upon Australia’s digital economy.

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The aged people in the target group of my study belong to generation, which has experienced the shift from agricultural society via industrial society up to the society which has been described as information society. They have grown up concurrently with the technological development, but during the recent years the technological development has accelerated. One can say that the older the target study group has come the more information technological skills they need to possess to be equal actors in our society. However, especially in case of aged people the learning and maintaining of skills in information technology has mainly been left dependent on their personal motivation. The purpose of this report is to study the use of computers in the life of the aged people. The report studies the will and ability of the aged people to learn the skill of using computers, and the new possibilities which this brings into their lives. The study questions are the following: 1) Why the aged people start to use computers? 2) How the aged people benefit information technology in their own life? 3) How computers have extended the environment of the aged people? 4) What kind of problems the aged people have experienced in use of computers? The research material consists of group interviews and individual interviews (total of 23 people). The interview material has been collected among the participants on information technology courses of the Senior University of Helsinki University during years 2004-2005. The research method used is theme interviewing. In addition, the material of opinions about information technology of people born in decades of 1920 and 1930, gathered as part of the Ikihyvä Päijät-Häme 2002 -research has been used. On basis of this research one can say that the aged people do have motivation to study the use of computers, although many interviewees commented that they also have met problems in use of computers. The motivation has grown also because the fear that without the skills to use computers they could drift into outsiders of the society, whereas instead as skilled computer users they felt to be equal citizens compared with the younger age groups, and that they can maintain their independence and autonomy. Especially, the independent use of banking routines over the Internet and use of emails seem to give them a position as modern actors. Many interview statements also underline that computers will bring both joy and benefit to the users. Studying the use of computers is a new and interesting hobby, which can fill the hole left in the life after leaving the working life. Using skills of text processing and processing of pictures one can, for example, record the traditional knowledge of the family and ancestry to the younger generations, and write articles or even books on the professional area of ones own. Single people emphasize that computers can even act as companionship substitutes. One can use Internet for virtual traveling, which provides a new dimension in use of computers. Internet can also be used to maintain family relationships, especially between grandparents and remote grandchildren. Typical problems in use of computers appeared to be that reaching the right professional helpdesk advisers of the service providers is difficult and requires lots of time and patience. However, the interviewees were not willing to give up their computers, because they had already used to these. Keywords: digital divide, aging, Internet, usability, motivation, information technology, information society.

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[es] El aprendizaje -servicio (A-S) es una propuesta educativa que combina aprendizaje y servicio en un mismo proyecto bien articulado para responder a necesidades socioeducativas reales de un contexto. El proyecto de intervención que a continuación se presenta, se dirige a la utilización del banco del tiempo de la Fundación Aldauri con el objetivo de cubrir necesidades relativas a la formación en TIC, derivadas del impacto de la brecha digital. En él se pretende que personas mayores avancen en la utilización de estas tecnologías a través de la prestación de un servicio dirigido a las personas inmigrantes participantes en el banco del tiempo.

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The Student Experience of E-Learning project (SEEL) was an institutional response to the university’s HEA/JISC Benchmarking exercise (Ryan and Kandler, 2007). The study had a social constructivist approach which recognised the importance of listening to the student voice (JISC 2007) within the University of Greenwich context, to interpret the student experience of e-learning. Nearly 1000 students responded to an online survey on their approaches to, and their use of, learning technology. The quantitative and qualitative questions used included identifying study patterns, using specific online tools, within the context of learning and beyond, and student’s attitudes towards using e-learning in their studies. Initially, individual responses to questions were analysed in depth, giving a general indication of the student experience. Further depth was applied through a filtering mechanism, beginning with a cross-slicing of individual student responses to produce cameos. Audio logs and individual interviews were drawn from these cameos. Analysis of the cameos is in progress but has already revealed some unexpected results. There was a mismatch between students’ expectations of the university’s use of technology and their experiences and awareness of its possible use in other contexts. Students recognised the importance of social interaction as a vehicle for learning (Vygotsky 1978, Bruner 2006) but expressed polarised views on the use of social networking sites such as Facebook for e-learning. Their experiences in commercial contexts led them to see the university VLE as unimaginative and the tutors’ use of it as lacking in vision. Whereas analysis of the individual questions provided a limited picture, the cameos gave a truer reflection of the students lived experiences and identified a gulf between the university’s provision and the students’ expectation of e-learning and their customary use of technology. However it is recognised that the very nature of an online survey necessarily excludes students who chose not to engage, either through lack of skills or through disillusionment and this would constitute a separate area for study.

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This chapter presents an analysis of the unprecedented use of electronic voting by expatriates during the French 2012 legislative elections, when they elected their own representatives (referred to here as ‘deputies’), to the National Assembly in Paris for the first time, in 11 newly created overseas constituencies.
The study is presented within the broader perspective of electronic voting in France more generally, and in the historical context of extra-territorial voting by French expatriates. The authors discuss the main issues and controversies that arose during the 2012 elections, and in a final section analyse the results. The authors conclude by drawing attention to recent developments in electronic voting in France since the 2012 elections, which suggest that although there was much criticism expressed by experts of electronic voting as to the security and transparency of the system used, the official discourse that acclaimed the experience as a success, appears to have convinced its target audience.

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This paper is part of the results from the project "Implementation Strategies and Development of an Open and Distance Education System for the University of the Azores" funded by the European Social Fund. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.3/2327

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Dans un monde de plus en plus interconnecté où le développement nécessite une participation active à la société de l’information, où les différentes cultures rentrent davantage en contact entre elles et où les biens culturels sont devenus des biens de consommation, les minorités culturelles mondiales intégrant les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) se retrouvent marginalisées face à la menace d’hégémonie culturelle des réseaux de l’information par les cultures dominantes de certains pays développés. Pour qu’une culture prenne sa place dans la société de l’information, il revient en premier lieu à ses institutions éducatives de former leurs apprenants dans un contexte culturel qui leur est propre et de valoriser et d’encourager la production et l’utilisation de contenu endogène. C’est dans le cadre de cette problématique que la présente recherche s’est donnée comme premier objectif de faire le bilan du contenu culturel accédé et diffusé par les TIC dans des écoles de pays africains dits en développement ; pour ensuite, comme deuxième objectif, de décrire les barrières à une intégration des TIC qui favoriserait la promotion culturelle en ligne dans ces écoles ; et finalement, comme troisième objectif, d’identifier des stratégies pragmatiques favorisant une intégration écologique des TIC dans ces écoles, c’est-à-dire, une intégration durable, adaptée au contexte local et favorisant la pleine participation des enseignants et des élèves. Pour y parvenir, nous avons adopté une approche méthodologique essentiellement descriptive et qualitative. Nous avons réalisé des entrevues avec 168 enseignants et 230 élèves de 34 écoles pionnières TIC situées dans cinq pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre, que nous avons traitées selon une analyse de contenu spécifique à chaque objectif. L’adoption des stratégies décrites dans nos résultats permettrait aux écoles étudiées de surmonter, en partie, la multitude de barrières auxquelles elles font face et de favoriser l’intégration écologique des TIC. Une telle intégration est nécessaire à l’atteinte d’une société de l’information plus équitable et à l’éventuelle réduction du fossé numérique séparant les « info-riches » des « info-pauvres ».

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L’intégration des TIC a connu un essor considérable dans les dernières années et des chercheurs à travers le monde y accordent une importance sans cesse croissante ; le sujet des TIC en éducation est ainsi répandu au sein des écrits depuis maintenant plusieurs années (Istance & Kools, 2013; Storz & Hoffman, 2013). Dans un monde où les technologies sont omniprésentes dans la plupart des sphères d’activités, il ne s’agit plus de savoir si les technologies doivent être intégrées dans les activités d’enseignement et d’apprentissage, mais bien de quelle façon elles doivent l’être. Comme les TIC présentent de nombreux avantages, notamment en ce qui concerne la motivation scolaire et la réduction du fossé numérique, les différents intervenants du monde de l’éducation sont généralement conscients de l’importance de bien utiliser les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) en éducation, mais ne savent pas toujours par où commencer. La présente recherche s’intéresse à une forme particulière d’intégration des TIC en éducation, soit les projets portables. Les projets portables se différencient par le fait que l’enseignant et chaque élève disposent de leur propre ordinateur portable dans le but d’une utilisation pédagogique. Cette thèse de doctorat tente de détailler, à travers un langage clair et accessible, les défis qu’il est possible de rencontrer à l’intérieur de tels projets, de même que ce qui peut être fait pour en limiter les impacts. En vue de déterminer les conditions pouvant favoriser le succès global des projets portables au Québec, voire ailleurs, une recension des écrits exhaustive a permis de relever quatre catégories de facteurs principales dans lesquelles l’ensemble des défis identifiés semblent pouvoir être classés : les facteurs relatifs à la gestion du projet, les facteurs internes à l’enseignant, les facteurs relatifs au cadre de travail de même que les facteurs relatifs à l’infrastructure et au matériel. Ces diverses catégories de facteurs sont abordées en détails à l’intérieur du cadre théorique de cette thèse de doctorat. En vue d’atteindre les objectifs, un questionnaire a été mis au point et plus de 300 enseignants d’une commission scolaire où a lieu un projet portable à grand déploiement y ont répondu. Les données de nature mixte (données quantitatives et qualitatives) ont été analysées à l’aide de logiciels spécialisés et ceci a permis de vérifier la pertinence des éléments rencontrés dans la recension des écrits, de même que d’en découvrir de nouveaux. Il a été trouvé que de nombreux défis sont susceptibles d’être rencontrés. Les plus importants ont trait à la qualité du matériel utilisé, à l’importance de la formation des enseignants relativement aux TIC, et à l’importance de mettre au point une vision claire assurant la pleine adhésion des enseignants. Il a aussi été déterminé que l’enseignant doit pouvoir accéder à un soutien pédagogique ainsi qu’à un soutien technique facilement. Enfin, il a été découvert que la nature des projets à grand déploiement fait en sorte qu’il importe de porter une attention particulière aux besoins locaux des enseignants, qui peuvent varier selon le contexte de travail de ceux-ci.

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Cette thèse porte sur les processus de sélection, formation et encadrement (SFE) des gestionnaires, appelés pilotes et considérés comme agents de changement dans les télécentres communautaires au Mali. Ces processus sont étudiés sous l'angle de leur contribution positive ou négative à l'implantation et au développement de ces centres. Les projets "technologies de l’information et de la communication", initiés par les partenaires techniques et financiers, répondent au besoin des autorités maliennes préoccupées par un souci de connecter les 703 communes du pays. À la suite du sommet mondial sur la société de l’information en décembre 2003 à Genève, l’UNESCO et la Coopération suisse ont décidé d’installer des centres multimédias communautaires dans trois pays d’Afrique (Mali, Mozambique, Sénégal). Ces implantations de télécentres ont été réalisées sur le modèle de ce qui avait été fait en Asie sans tenir compte des besoins réels des bénéficiaires et des conditions particulières (économiques, politiques, culturelles) des sites d’implantation. Malgré les conditions parfois difficiles de l’Afrique, les populations témoignent un enthousiasme réel pour les technologies de communication. Les TIC ont connu une croissance considérable et se sont multipliées partout en Afrique, à des degrés divers. Néanmoins, elles n’ont pas encore atteint la majorité des populations africaines, car 70% de celles-ci vivent en zones rurales souvent marginalisées par les difficultés économiques. Après l’implantation des télécentres, les sites ont donc été confrontés à la difficile tâche de sélectionner les pilotes comme agents de changement. Les responsables chargés de la mise en œuvre des projets ont choisi les pilotes dans leur réseau familial. En ce sens, la thèse met l’accent sur l’importance du rôle d’un pilote dans un télécentre et l’appui qu’il peut générer dans la population bénéficiaire. Nous proposons un modèle qui part de l’action des agents de changement, et ce, afin de potentiellement susciter une prise de conscience chez les décideurs locaux. Nous avons fait une étude de cas sur quatre sites pour mieux connaître les processus de sélection, formation et encadrement des pilotes et nous avons tenté d'identifier les facteurs qui, dans ces processus, ont pu influencer le niveau de réussite de chacun de ces centres.