Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 2001-2002

The present edition of the Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean, annual publication that appears every year since 1948, consists of three parts and one statistical appendix. The first part of the Survey covers the main aspects of the regional economy from a sectorial and thematic perspective. Chapter 1 deals with the situation of the first half of 2002 and the prospects for the year as a whole, and it is a corrected version of what was previously published separately with the title 2002: Current Conditions and Outlook. In the second chapter the evolution of the regional economy in 2001 is analyzed. The third chapter reviews some macroeconomic subjects, specially important in the present economic context of the region. The second part contains information of the analysis of the economic performance of the 19 countries of Latin America and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean and Haiti during 2001 and early 2002. The country reports include tables and figures of the main economic indicators. The third part is dedicated to the remaining countries of the Caribbean, mainly English-speaking countries.

Avaliação da degradação do meio físico por áreas de empréstimo utilizando geoindicadores e sistema de informações geográficas - área de expansão urbana de Ilha Solteira (SP)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Zona costeira resiliente: um estudo sócio-ecológico no Nordeste paraense

Esta tese de doutoramento apresenta contribuições conceituais e metodológicas de análises sistêmicas, envolvendo ciências sociais e ciências naturais, ao debate sobre a aplicabilidade do desenvolvimento sustentável no território costeiro amazônico. O principal desafio é a utilização de um referencial teórico inovador que articula sistemas sócio-ecológicos - SES e resiliência – à análise de dados primários e secundários. O universo da pesquisa abrange a região costeira bragantina, contemplando os sistemas sociais (comunidades de pescadores) e ecológicos (manguezal) como área amostral. O programa, Dinâmica e Manejo em Áreas de Manguezais – MADAM, totalizando dez anos de pesquisas interdisciplinares serve como principal fonte de informação. Com base nos conceitos do SES e da resiliência, são analisadas as relações entre o uso dos recursos naturais e a organização e estruturação sócio-econômica local. O objetivo é analisar a resiliência do sistema sócio-ecológico costeiro paraense, com base em processos contínuos de desenvolvimento sócio-econômico, identificando quais as mudanças geradas, e como o sistema costeiro reage e se adapta, a partir de novas configurações. O objetivo é fornecer alternativas para o correto desenvolvimento da referida área. O resultado reflete um panorama das condições atuais da zona costeira bragantina. Constatou-se, neste trabalho, que os principais fatos que contribuem para aumentar e diminuir a resiliência sócio-ecológica dessa região, entendida como a capacidade de se adaptar e se reorganizar frente a mudanças e distúrbios, são, particularmente, as forças motrizes endógenas, especialmente, o capital social e o Conhecimento Ecológico Local - CEL, este fornece um potencial reflexivo para um planejamento sustentável no contexto do litoral amazônico.

Intensificação de sistemas de produção através da mecanização na região da Transamazônica: limites e possibilidades

O presente estudo analisa o uso da mecanização nas condições reais dos agricultores familiares. Os resultados foram construídos na base de duas pesquisas complementares entre si: o acompanhamento do Projeto de Mecanização desenvolvido pela prefeitura do município de Altamira – PA e o levantamento de outras experiências desenvolvidas pelos agricultores no município de Uruará – PA. Verificou-se que o problema da manutenção da fertilidade do solo é um fator limitante à mecanização, ao lado da baixa remuneração do trabalho, da diminuição de interesse pela produção de culturas anuais, e da disponibilidade de área para continuar com a agricultura itinerante. As condições atuais dos sistemas agrários não permitem ainda a transição para a agricultura permanente ou a intensificação dos sistemas de produção a partir da mecanização. No entanto, os interesses da coletividade e a realização de estudos aprofundados com agricultores que vêm praticando tração animal poderão relativizar estes resultados.

Efetividade de gestão da área de proteção ambiental Triunfo do Xingu: desafios de consolidação de uma unidade de conservação na região da Terra do Meio, estado do Pará

A APA Triunfo do Xingu localiza-se na região da Terra do Meio a sudoeste do Estado do Pará foi criada em 2006 com aproximadamente 1.670.000 ha está inserida numa região com importantes remanescentes da biodiversidade amazônica. A região sofre grande pressão antrópica, principalmente pelo desflorestamento decorrente da exploração madeireira ilegal, do avanço da pecuária e queimadas. A existência de uma unidade de conservação na categoria APA numa região com altos índices de degradação ambiental e grilagem de terras como a região da Terra do Meio é muito contestada como instrumento efetivo de proteção da biodiversidade e ordenamento territorial. O trabalho teve por objetivo elaborar e aplicar um modelo de qualificação de gestão da APA Triunfo do Xingu baseando-se no conceito de efetividade de gestão de maneira a aferir se a mesma está cumprindo os objetivos que nortearam sua criação. Indicadores foram elaborados e agrupados em seis temáticas: ambiental, gestão, econômico, legal, politico-institucionais e sociocultural, e posteriormente qualificados em três níveis, de acordo com seus respectivos cenários. O resultado final demonstrou o grau de efetividade de gestão de 54,3%, ou seja, as condições atuais de gestão da APA Triunfo do Xingu foram consideradas medianamente satisfatórias. O indicador politico-institucional foi o melhor pontuado com 66,6%; o indicador legal e o de gestão registraram, respectivamente, as médias de 55,5% e 54,4%; os indicadores sociocultural e ambiental registraram, respectivamente, as médias de 49,9% e 47,1%; e os indicadores econômicos registraram a média de 33,3%, sendo o grupo com o pior desempenho gerencial. Observou-se uma condição de alta vulnerabilidade da APA Triunfo do Xingu que não garante sua existência em longo prazo e os objetivos de conservação que nortearam sua criação dificilmente poderão ser alcançados nessas condições.

Avaliação da infra-estrutura logistica e datação da idade das lesões em carcaça de bovinos abatidos no Pantanal Sul Mato-Grossense

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Small-scale landfills: impacts on groundwater and soil

In Brazil, the large quantities of solid waste produced are out of step with public policies, technological developments, and government budgets for the division. In small municipalities, the common lack of technological knowledge and financial conditions for suitable waste disposal has resulted in a large number of illegal dumps. Therefore, small sanitary landfill facilities are working with simplified operations focusing on cost reduction and meeting the economic and technological standards of the city without endangering the environment or public health. Currently, this activity is regulated at a federal level although there is some uncertainty regarding the risk of soil and aquifer contamination as theses facilities do not employ liners. Thus, this work evaluates a small landfill to identify changes in soil and groundwater using geotechnical parameters, monitoring wells, and geophysical tests performed by electrical profiling. It is verified that based on current conditions, no contaminants have migrated via underground water aquifers, and overall no significant changes have occurred in the soil. It is concluded that, despite its simplicity, the method investigated is a viable alternative for the final disposal of municipal solid waste from small cities, especially in developing countries.

Viabilidade de turbinas eólicas de pequeno porte no Brasil

Facing a global scenario where oil is scarce and the emission of CO2 in the atmosphere is a world concern, the search for new methods of energy production becomes the focus of all countries. Based on these assumptions, the wind power gains highlight and happen to be the most exploited around the world, since this does not produce toxic waste, since it uses the wind, no raw material shortage and its cost and efficiency are increasingly attractive. Taking advantage of the geographical features of Brazil, coastal and territorial extension, this study aims to analyze the feasibility of using wind turbines widely used in Germany, one of the countries with the highest production of energy through wind, in Brazil. In order to increase the energy production without causing more environmental impacts, geographical analyses will be made, and to determine the features and costs of production of this type of energy generation, and at the end of this dissertation, will finish for one of the turbines, Montana, is it feasible to install, however due to the Government's little incentive return is not very expressive. With respect to the turbine Passaat, this is infeasible to install under current conditions

O artista plástico e seus públicos na perspectiva da assessoria de relações públicas

This work aims to study and see the importance of building the image and reputation of the artist through a publishing of public relations, public recital, new technologies, media, cultural production and curatorial work. To this, we analyzed the history of the profession of public relations in Brazil. As well as their concepts, practices and definitions. Focus on work of publicist and cultural production sectors. The choice of theme is done by the need to understand the relationships. That intertwines in the art market and what media that best reaches in their audiences. Considering the artist-consumer relationship, and the relationship brand-artist and artist-public. And so, the importance of this advice means less explored public relations, for the creation of the brand concept for the artist before his public. Considered in this work as a gallery, art dealer, curator, media and consumers. In this context an analysis is done on diverse views on the market of the arts through specific interview. This interviews was made with professionals working in the cultural sector. And help to understand the communication segments that exist and the current conditions of the market in the context of competitiveness. As was considered the academic education of the public relations professional, it geared to the cultural context, the interviews with professional future. And then was considered that public relations presents itself as a proposal for better communication in the arts. They are concern to create concepts of brand identity-thinking artist and the best means for the artist to be present in this area

As políticas de formação do arte educador no século XXI: o caso da UNESP no Estado de São Paulo

This paper deals with the training of art educators, focusing on the courses offered at public universities in the state of São Paulo, where, specifically the pedagogical approach of training curricula of grades offered at UNESP, campus of São Paulo and Bauru. In the current situation have been proposed, from training in undergraduate courses, new tasks and responsibilities to work teaching the teacher in order to develop this educational increasingly effective so as to ensure efficient productivity autonomous learner in the process cognitive development in basic education, the teacher being assigned the task of stimulating that process and manage situations of educational work as a way of systematizing knowledge. The research consisted of questioning whether that teacher training allowed contact with the educational resources necessary for teaching, under current conditions assigned by the neoliberal conjuncture educational work of art educator with a view to the formation of aesthetic sensibility of the students from the class working, privileged pupils of public schools, to contribute to establishing the apprehension about the pedagogical training of art educators to confront the reality school, considering the specificity of action of these teachers. Therefore we conducted a desk study of existing legislation and the National Curriculum Guidelines that guide teacher training, correlating them to Pedagogical Policy Projects and curricula of undergraduate courses in Arts Education and / or Visual Arts courses UNESP. The work of desk research, quantitative and analytical, refers strictly pedagogical part, amid restructuring curriculum established by the undergraduate courses in the periods 2003 to 2011, with the promulgation of the CNE/ CP nº. 9 / 2001 and the Resolution CNE/CP n.º 1/2002 and n.º 2/2002... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O mercado da TV digital: cultura, tecnologia e política

This article aims to map the development of the market of digital TV in Brazil, under the aspect of the relation among culture, technology and politics. We start with a history of analog TV, since its inception, showing matrices of Brazilian TV. Then we try to show current conditions of the TV market in the country, its ambiguous relation with the internet and the possible ways for survival of open digital TV: respect for cultural diversity, the observation of the habits acquired from other media, the consistent use of digital language and the modifi cation of public policies in favor of the collective and not protectionism of large private communication companies.

Arctic Report Card 2007: Tracking Recent Environmental Changes

Collectively, the observations indicate that the overall warming of the Arctic system continued in 2007. There are some elements that are stabilizing or returning to climatological norms. These mixed tendencies illustrate the sensitivity and complexity of the Arctic System. Atmosphere: Hot spot shifts toward Europe Ocean: North Pole Temperatures at depth returning to 1990s values Sea Ice: Summer extent at record minimum Greenland: Recent warm temperatures associated with net ice loss Biology: increasing tundra shrub cover and variable treeline advance; up to 80% declines in some caribou herds while goose populations double Land: Increase in permafrost temperatures The Arctic Report Card 2007 is introduced as a means of presenting clear, reliable and concise information on recent observations of environmental conditions in the Arctic, relative to historical time series records. It provides a method of updating and expanding the content of the State of the Arctic Report, published in fall 2006, to reflect current conditions. Material presented in the Report Card is prepared by an international team of scientists and is peer-reviewed by topical experts nominated by the US Polar Research Board. The audience for the Arctic Report Card is wide, including scientists, students, teachers, decision makers and the general public interested in Arctic environment and science. The web-based format will facilitate future timely updates of the content.

Memorial Stadium: Expansion, Renovation, Addition

The Memorial Stadium project will investigate the current conditions of facilities, study existing programs with regard to renovation and modification, and establish capacities for expansion. The project necessitates knowledge of sports facilities and the specific needs of the football program. This may involve research into the need of individuals ranging from the players themselves to the coaches, and ultimately the fans as well. The result will lead to a program which provides excellent solutions to the found needs. It is assumed that these needs will include updated training, locker room, and medical facilities for the athletes. Other programs include offices and meeting rooms for coaches, additional seating for fans—raising overall seating capacity of Memorial Stadium, as well as the possible addition of luxury skyboxes. Existing spaces will be scrutinized and renovation options will be explored. Programs may be changed or moved within the existing stadium spaces. Study will uncover the most feasible and reasonable solutions to programming spaces within the stadiums current facilities. This project will seek to connect the architecture of a stadium with the experience of the game. The design of athletic facilities and the addition of seating will embody the tradition of winning and the excitement of the future for Nebraska Football in Memorial Stadium. Mark Hoistad, mentor.

Small-scale landfills: impacts on groundwater and soil

In Brazil, the large quantities of solid waste produced are out of step with public policies, technological developments, and government budgets for the division. In small municipalities, the common lack of technological knowledge and financial conditions for suitable waste disposal has resulted in a large number of illegal dumps. Therefore, small sanitary landfill facilities are working with simplified operations focusing on cost reduction and meeting the economic and technological standards of the city without endangering the environment or public health. Currently, this activity is regulated at a federal level although there is some uncertainty regarding the risk of soil and aquifer contamination as theses facilities do not employ liners. Thus, this work evaluates a small landfill to identify changes in soil and groundwater using geotechnical parameters, monitoring wells, and geophysical tests performed by electrical profiling. It is verified that based on current conditions, no contaminants have migrated via underground water aquifers, and overall no significant changes have occurred in the soil. It is concluded that, despite its simplicity, the method investigated is a viable alternative for the final disposal of municipal solid waste from small cities, especially in developing countries.

Human Abuses of Coral Reefs- Adaptive Responses and Regime Transitions

During the last few decades, coral reefs have become a disappearing feature of tropical marine environments, and those reefs that do remain are severely threatened. It is understood that humans have greately altered the environment under which these ecosystems previously have thrived and evoloved. Overharvesting of fish stocks, global warming and pollution are some of the most prominent threats, acting on coral reefs at several spatial and temporal scales. Presently, it is common that coral reefs have been degraded into alternative ecosystem regimes, such as macroalgae-dominated or sea urchin-barren. Although these ecosystems could potentially return to coral dominance in a long-term perspective, when considdering current conditions, it seems likely that they will persist in their degraded states. Thus, recovery of coral reefs cannot be taken for granted on a human timescale. Multiple stressors and disturbances, which are increasingly characteristic of coral reef environments today, are believed to act synergistically and produce ecological surprises. However, current knowledge of effects of compounded disturbances and stress is limited. Based on five papers, this thesis investigates the sublethal response of multiple stressors on coral physiology, as well as the effects of compounded stress and disturbance on coral reef structure and function. Adaptive responses to stress and disturbance in relation to prior experience are highlighted. The thesis further explores how inherent characteristics (traits) of corals and macroalgae may influence regime expression when faced with altered disturbance regimes, in particular overfishing, eutrophication, elevated temperature, and enhanced substrate availability. Finally, possibilities of affecting the resilience of macroalgae-dominaed reefs and shifting the community composition towards a coral-dominated regime are explored.