Variaciones cromáticas del procedimiento del huevo osmótico, el huevo de Pascua, el huevo indicador y el huevo biuret.

Se describe un experimento en que se utilizan huevos de gallina teñidos con distintos colores como modelos biológicos para el análisis didáctico de los fenómenos de osmosis y difusión, para el reconocimiento de biomoléculas inorgánicas y orgánicas o para ilustrar el uso de indicadores del pH, entre otros contenidos. Se plantea como una actividad de comprobación y de investigación, acentuando mecanismos que favorecen el aprender a deducir a partir de las observaciones realizadas y que conduzcan a un análisis crítico del nuevo modelo planteado para poder detectar sus errores. Se podría programar en distintos niveles educativos, desde diferentes materias para analizar contenidos diversos. En la descripción de la actividad se habla de los materiales, del procedimiento, de las preguntas y de las propuestas didácticas y la evaluación.

Estudo do metabolismo de carboidratos e de lipídios em tecidos de caranguejos Chasmagnathus granulatus (Dana, 1851) submetidos ao estresse osmótico : inverno e verão

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito do estresse osmótico sobre a via gliconeogênica a partir de glicerol em brânquias e sobre a concentração de lipídios totais em diferentes tecidos de Chasmagnathus granulatus, no inverno e no verão, bem como a atividade das enzimas gliconeogênicas glicose-6-fosfatase (G6Fase) e frutose 1,6-bifosfatase (FBFase). Foram determinadas as concentrações de lipídios totais em brânquias anteriores (BA) e posteriores (BP), hepatopâncreas, músculo da quela e hemolinfa de animais do grupo controle (20‰) ou submetidos a 1, 3 e 6 dias de estresse hipo (0‰) ou hiperosmótico (34‰) no inverno e no verão. Em BPs a concentração de lipídios totais foi maior do que nas BAs de inverno e verão. No hepatopâncreas, durante o estresse hiperosmótico, a concentração de lipídios foi maior no inverno do que no verão. No verão, a concentração de lipídios totais diminuiu nas BPs, no hepatopâncreas e no músculo durante o estresse hiperosmótico, sugerindo que os lipídios estão sendo utilizados como substrato energético durante a aclimatação ao estresse. O aumento da concentração de lipídios totais nas brânquias e no hepatopâncreas sugere a participação da lipogênese no ajuste metabólico ao estresse hiposmótico no inverno. A formação de glicose foi determinada a partir de [14C] - glicerol-, in vitro, em BAs e BPs de animais do grupo controle ou submetidos ao estresse hipo ou hiperosmótico de 1, 3 e 6 dias no inverno e no verão. A gliconeogênese em BAs e BPs do grupo controle foi maior no verão do que no inverno. No verão, no grupo controle, a gliconeogênese das BPs foi maior do que aquela das BAs. A diminuição da capacidade gliconeogênica das brânquias durante diferentes tempos de estresse hiperosmótico sugere a participação desses tecidos no ajuste metabólico ao estresse. Durante o estresse hiposmótico, o glicerol parece não ser o substrato preferencial utilizado por essa dessa via tanto no verão como no inverno. A atividade das enzimas G6Fase e FBFase foi determinada em BAs e BPs, hepatopâncreas e músculo da mandíbula de animais do grupo controle ou submetidos a 3 dias de estresse hipo ou hiperosmótico nos meses de verão. A atividade da G6Fase e da FBFase no grupo controle foi mais elevada no hepatopâncreas do que nos outros tecidos. As atividades dessas enzimas confirmam que a via gliconeogênica é completa nos tecidos estudados. O efeito do estresse hipo ou hiperosmótico, in vivo, sobre a atividade das enzimas varia conforme o tecido do caranguejo.

Estrógeno e pré-condicionamento : efeitos neuroprotetores e possíveis mecanismos de ação em modelos in vitro e in vivo de isquemia cerebral

As bases moleculares da neuroproteção contra a isquemia mediada por estrógeno continuam obscuras, assim como os mecanismos envolvendo a tolerância ao dano isquêmico subseqüente induzida por pré-condicionamento. Neste trabalho foi estudado se as vias de sinalização celular da PI3-K (fosfatidil inositol 3-quinase) e da MEK/ERK 1/2 estariam envolvidas na neuroproteção induzida por estrógeno, bem como alguns parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, especificamente o conteúdo de radicais livres, um índice de dano oxidativo a proteínas e a capacidade antioxidante total. Também foi estudado o possível envolvimento dos transportadores de glutamato (EAAT1 e EAAT2) e dos receptores de estrógeno (ERα e ERβ) nos efeitos neuroprotetores do estrógeno e do pré-condicionamento. Para este fim, foram utilizados os modelos in vitro de culturas organotípicas de fatias hipocampais e fatias hipocampais preparadas a fresco expostas à privação de oxigênio e glicose (POG) e o modelo in vivo de hipóxia-isquemia neonatal. Em culturas tratadas tanto aguda como cronicamente com 17β-estradiol, a morte celular induzida por POG foi diminuída acentuadamente quando comparada com as culturas tratadas apenas com veículo. Este efeito neuroprotetor foi evitado por LY294002 (inibidor de PI3-K), mas não por PD98059 (inibidor de MEK/ERK 1/2). Ambos os protocolos de tratamento com estradiol induziram a fosforilação/ativação da proteína quinase B (PKB/Akt) e a fosforilação/inativação da glicogênio sintase quinase-3β (GSK-3β). Em um estudo similar, o imunoconteúdo do receptor estrogênico ERα diminuiu após POG em culturas tratadas tanto com estradiol quanto veículo, enquanto que o receptor ERβ aumentou apenas nas culturas tratadas com estradiol expostas ou não à POG. Não foram observadas alterações no imunoconteúdo dos transportadores de glutamato (EAATs) em nenhum dos tratamentos in vitro. Em fatias de hipocampo de cérebro de ratas ovariectomizadas que receberam reposição de estradiol, a morte celular foi reduzida em comparação ao grupo de ratas que não recebeu a reposição hormonal. Neste mesmo modelo, observou-se que a POG aumentou a produção de radicais livres nos dois grupos, porém não foram observadas diferenças na capacidade antioxidante total. Por outro lado, a reposição de estradiol evitou a redução nos conteúdos de triptofano e tirosina causada por POG. No modelo in vivo, o cérebro de ratos neonatos foi protegido contra a hipóxia-isquemia pelo précondicionamento hipóxico. Em paralelo, o pré-condicionamento aumentou o imunoconteúdo dos transportadores de glutamato EAAT2 e do receptor estrogênico ERα em córtex e diminuiu os níveis de EAAT2 em estriado, mas não afetou os níveis de EAAT1 e ERβ. Já no modelo in vitro de pré-condicionamento, nas culturas organotípicas de hipocampo pré-condicionadas, 15 min de POG induziu tolerância acentuada a um período subseqüente de 45 min de POG, porém não foram detectadas alterações nos transportadores de glutamato nem nos receptores estrogênicos. Juntos, os resultados sugerem que na isquemia a neuroproteção induzida por estrógeno pode envolver a via de sinalização celular da fostatidil inositol 3-quinase (PI3-K), a prevenção do dano oxidativo a proteínas e a regulação dos receptores estrogênicos ERα e ERβ, enquanto que a tolerância à isquemia cerebral induzida por pré-condicionamento pode envolver a regulação dos transportadores de glutamato EAAT2 e receptores estrogênicos ERα.

Efeito osmótico da colina e da glicina betaína no rim de ratos diabéticos

Células do córtex e da medula renal estão constantemente expostas à variações da concentração de solutos extracelulares e podem responder à essas variações com o acúmulo de osmólitos orgânicos, como a glicina betaína, cujo precursor é a colina. Uma das características do diabetes é um distúrbio osmótico renal, levando posteriormente a uma nefropatia diabética, que finalmente pode resultar num quadro de insuficiência renal. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o metabolismo da colina e da glicina betaína no rim de ratos diabéticos. Rins de ratos diabéticos foram excisados e fatiados. Nas fatias foram separadas a região cortical e a medular, e então incubadas em solução fisiológica com 0,2 µCi de [metil-14C] cloreto de colina. Foram quantificadas então a captação de colina e a formação de glicina betaína. Os maiores valores de captação foram obtidos aos 30 minutos de incubação. Tanto o córtex como a medula apresentaram diminuição na captação de colina e na formação de glicina betaína na presença de colina não marcada no meio de incubação, possivelmente por um processo de competição pelos transportadores de colina nos túbulos renais. Os rins de ratos diabéticos apresentaram maiores valores de captação de colina, possivelmente para contrabalançar a alta osmolaridade do líquido tubular decorrente da alta concentração de glicose. Os ratos que receberam tratamento com colina na alimentação apresentaram valores de captação semelhantes aos isentos. O suplemento de colina na dieta produziu um aumento na formação de glicina betaína no córtex. Possivelmente a colina dietética fornecida em baixas concentrações e cronicamente pode estar funcionando como um ativador do sistema enzimático de formação de glicina betaína presente no córtex renal. Por outro lado a hipertrofia renal não foi influenciada pelo tratamento. Entretanto, estudos com a avaliação da atividade enzimática nestes tecidos ajudarão a esclarecer este mecanismo osmorregulador.

Pré-condicionamento isquêmico em diferentes tempos e seu efeito na translocação bacteriana induzida por isquemia e reperfusão intestinal em ratos

Para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tempos de pré-condicionamento isquêmico (IPC) em translocação bacteriana intestinal (BT). MÉTODOS: Trinta ratos Wistar pesando 280 ± 27g foram divididos em cinco grupos. No grupo IV (n = 6), a laparotomia foi realizada e a artéria mesentérica superior foi obstruído por um microclampe atraumática durante 30 minutos. Nos quatro grupos de pré-condicionamento (n = 6 cada) antes dos 30 minutos de isquemia-reperfusão (I / R), os ratos foram submetidos a IPC para duas, cinco, dez e 15 minutos, seguido pelo mesmo momento da reperfusão. A fim de avaliar se o tempo de pré-condicionamento influenciaram o surgimento de translocação bacteriana, as amostras de nódulos linfáticos mesentéricos, fígado e baço foram colhidas em condições estéreis, 24 horas após os procedimentos para a quantificação de unidades formadoras de colónias de bactérias por grama de tecido (CFU / g). O sangue foi recolhido para a medição de citoquinas. RESULTADOS: No grupo I / R, o total de CFU / g em gânglios linfáticos mesentéricos, baço, fígado, bem como o soro de TNF-a, IL-1A e IL-6 foram significativamente mais elevados do que nos outros grupos (p <0,05). Pré-condicionamento por 15 minutos significativamente atenuada BT e citocinas séricas quando comparado a outros períodos de pré-condicionamento (p <0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos dados sugerem que o pré-condicionamento como um fator chave para reduzir a translocação bacteriana intestinal em I / R. Numa escala de dois a 15 minutos, o melhor tempo de pré-condicionamento isquémico pela atenuação da translocação bacteriana foi de 15 minutos

Análise de métodos de predição de conforto térmico de habitação em clima quente-úmido com condicionamento passivo

The assessment of building thermal performance is often carried out using HVAC energy consumption data, when available, or thermal comfort variables measurements, for free-running buildings. Both types of data can be determined by monitoring or computer simulation. The assessment based on thermal comfort variables is the most complex because it depends on the determination of the thermal comfort zone. For these reasons, this master thesis explores methods of building thermal performance assessment using variables of thermal comfort simulated by DesignBuilder software. The main objective is to contribute to the development of methods to support architectural decisions during the design process, and energy and sustainable rating systems. The research method consists on selecting thermal comfort methods, modeling them in electronic sheets with output charts developed to optimize the analyses, which are used to assess the simulation results of low cost house configurations. The house models consist in a base case, which are already built, and changes in thermal transmittance, absorptance, and shading. The simulation results are assessed using each thermal comfort method, to identify the sensitivity of them. The final results show the limitations of the methods, the importance of a method that considers thermal radiance and wind speed, and the contribution of the chart proposed

Efetividade do flúor e da escovação e eficácia dos materiais de colagem ionômero de vidro e resina composta na reversão das microporosidades criadas pelo condicionamento ácido no esmalte dentário

The objectives of this clinical study was to evaluate the use of the toothpaste with fluoride and without fluoride and the daily tooth brushing are effective in the reversion of the dental enamel conditioned by acid. Another objective of this clinical study was to evaluate if the positioning of orthodontic accessories with glass ionomer cement helps in the reversion of the dental enamel conditioned by acid, when compared to composed resin. One hundred and twenty teeth were selected with indication of extraction by orthodontic reasons. The 30 volunteers were divided, randomly, in two groups. A group used toothpaste without fluoride and the other with it. The teeth of the sample were shuffled, in each volunteer. The teeth were conditioned by the 37% orthophosphoric acid. One of the conditioned teeth stayed in the mouth and suffered action of the abrasion for the tooth brushing, in another teeth a stainless steel mesh protection was positioned with glass ionomer cement, in another tooth the screen was glued with composed resin, in a fourth tooth (the control) was only conditioned after the extractions, 60 days later. All the teeth were appraised through DIAGNOdent, MEVA and EDS. In the obtained data it was possible to observe that there were not statistic significant differences in any comparison, even in the group that did not have access to the fluoride in the toothpaste as in the other that had. According with the used methodology, it was possible to observe too that there was not statistic significant differences in any comparison, even in the group that had the stainless steel mesh positioned with glass ionomer cement as in the group that the stainless steel mesh was positioned with composed resin. However, it was observed that there was an improvement in the topography of the enamel in all the teeth. The accomplishment of this study was facilitated due to the participation of the researchers' of the health area (dentistry), materials engineer, physics and chemistry. The researchers were originating from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte and of the University of Queensland, in Australia. This interdisciplinary group was decisive in the accomplishment of the study. It can be concluded that the enamel tends to return to its initial aspect, even if the patient does not have access to fluoride. That is probably due the action of the abrasion for the tooth brushing and mastication. In spite of it not being significant, it is suggested that the conditioned enamel was more resistant to the abrasion in the group that had access to fluoride. It was also possible to conclude that the fluoride liberated by the glass ionomer was not enough to provide a significant difference in the enamel conditioned by the acid, when compared with the composed resin, even in the group that did not use fluoride in the toothpaste as in the group that used

Avaliação de dois métodos para condicionamento e coleta de sêmen em quatro espécies do gênero Mazama

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Pré-condicionamento das sementes de mamoneira para o teste de tetrazólio

Preconditioning of castor bean seeds for the tetrazolium test. This research had the objective of standardizing the methodology for preconditioning of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seeds for the evaluation of their physiological potential by the tetrazolium test. The evaluated seed preconditioning methods were: seeds with coat between moist paper towel at 30, 35 and 40 degrees C for 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 hours; and seeds without coat between moist paper towel; and seeds with coat immersed in water, at 25, 30, 35 and 40 degrees C for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours. After preconditioning, the seed coat was removed, the seeds were cut lengthwise, and immersed in tetrazolium solution at a concentration of 0.2% for 120 minutes at 35 degrees C. The seeds' germination percentage, moisture content before and after preconditioning, and staining uniformity after the tetrazolium were evaluated. The statistical design was completely randomized, and the means comparisons were accomplished by the Tukey test at 0.05 level of probability. It was concluded that castor bean seeds should be preconditioned with coat between moist paper towel at 35 degrees C for 12 hours, so that the results of the tetrazolium test will be similar to those obtained in the germination test.

Estudo da desidratação de tomates em pedaços com pré-tratamento osmótico

Vegetables drying plays an important role in the field of food dehydration, being a very old practice that was originated from sun drying items of food in order to preserve them to be consumed during the periods of scarcity. One of these vegetables is the tomato, that was originally grown in South America. Tomatoes are easily perishable after being picked up from the tree and this makes the process of tomato dehydration a challenge due to the high amount of water (95%) contained in them. The present research work was mainly intended to develop alternative processes for tomato conservation, by drying slices of skinned and unskinned tomatoes in the in natura form or in the osmotically pre-dehydrated form. Firstly, the best conditions of the osmotic pre-dehydration process were defined including temperature, immersion time and concentration of the osmotic solution, based on the results of water loss, solids gain and weigh reduction of the pre-dehydration tomatoes at different processing conditions. The osmotic solution used was made up of NaCl (5 and 10%) and sucrose (25 and 35%) at different combinations. For a fixed conditions of osmotic pre-dehydration, the drying tests of the pre-processed and in natura tomatoes were carried out in a stove with air circulation and a convective dryer with trays, at two levels of temperature. The sensorial analysis of the osmotically pre-treated and unskinned dehydrated tomatoes was carried out as well as a study on the their shelf-live. The results obtained showed that the drying of the tomatoes took place as a result of the internal control of the water transport, and did not show a constant rate, while two distinct periods of the decreasing phase were observed. The osmotic pre treatment substancially reduced the initial amount of humidity in the tomatoes, thus reducing the necessary time for the product to attain levels of intermediate humidity. The impermeability of the tomato skin was identified as well as the unfavorable influence of the pre-treatment on the unskinned tomatoes, whose solid gain brought about a decrease in the water activity with subsequent reduction of the drying rate. Despite the various simplifications carried out during the development of this study, the proposed diffusive model adjusted to the experimental data satisfactorily, thus making it possible to determine the effective coefficients of diffusion, whose results were consistent and compatible with those found in the current literature. Concerning the higher rates of evaporation and the lowest processing time, the best results were obtained in the drying of the unskinned, in natura tomatoes and of the skinned, pre-dehydrated tomatoes, at 60ºC, both processed in the convective drier. The results of the sensorial analysis of the unskinned and pre-treated product did not prove to be satisfactory. Regarding the shelf-live of the tomatoes, for a period of 45 days, no physicochemical or microbiological alteration of the product was noted

Estudo da reidratação do feijão verde (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) desidratado por micro-ondas com e sem pré-tratamento osmótico

The green bean has organoleptic and nutritional characteristics that make it an important food source in tropical regions such as the Northeast of Brazil. It is a cheap source of protein and important for nutrition of rural population contributing significantly in subsistence farming of the families from Brazil s northeast. It is consumed in entire region and together with the dry meat and other products composes the menu of typical restaurants, being characterized as an important product for economy of Northeast. The green bean is consumed freshly harvested and has short cycle, being characterized as a very perishable food, which hampers your market. The drying method is an alternative to increase the lifetime and provide a reduction volume of this product making easier your transportation and storage. However is necessary to search ways of drying which keep the product quality not only from the nutritional standpoint but also organoleptic. Some characteristics may change with the drying process such as the coloring, the rehydration capacity and the grains cooking time. The decrease of drying time or of exposure of the grains to high temperature minimizes the effects related with the product quality loss. Among the techniques used to reduce the drying time and improve some characteristics of the product, stands out the osmotic dehydration, widely used in combined processes such as the pretreatment in drying food. Currently the use of the microwaves has been considered an alternative for drying food. The microwave energy generates heat inside of materials processed and the heating is practically instantaneous, resulting in shorter processing times and product quality higher to that obtained by conventional methods. Considering the importance of the green beans for the Northeast region, the wastefulness of production due to seasonality of the crop and your high perishability, the proposal of this thesis is the study of drying grain by microwaves with and without osmotic pretreatment, focusing on the search of conditions of processes which favor the rehydration of the product preserving your organoleptic characteristics. Based on the analysis of the results of osmotic dehydration and dielectric properties was defined the operating condition to be used in pretreatment of the green bean, with osmotic concentration in saline solution containing 12,5% of sodium chloride, at 40°C for 20 minutes. The drying of green bean by microwave was performed with and without osmotic pretreatment on the optimized condition. The osmotic predehydration favored the additional drying, reducing the process time. The rehydration of dehydrated green bean with and without osmotic pretreatment was accomplished in different temperature conditions and immersion time according to a factorial design 22, with 3 repetitions at the central point. According to results the better condition was obtained with the osmotically pretreated bean and rehydrated at a temperature of 60°C for 90 minutes. Sensory analysis was performed comparing the sample of the green bean in natura and rehydrated in optimized conditions, with and without osmotic pretreatment. All samples showed a good acceptance rate regarding the analyzed attributes (appearance, texture, color, odor and taste), with all values above 70%. Is possible conclude that the drying of green bean by microwave with osmotic pretreatment is feasible both in respect to technical aspects and rehydration rates and sensory quality of the product

Condicionamento estrutural das zonasa de cisalhamento da região de Forquilha, domínio Ceará Central: uma abordagem integrada de sensoriamento remoto e geologia estrutural

The studied region, named Forquilha and localized in northwestern Central Ceará domain (northern portion of Borborema Province), presents a lithostratigraphic framework constituted by paleoproterozoic metaplutonics, metasedimentary sequences and neoproterozoic granitoids. The metasedimentary rocks of Ceará group occupy most part of the area. This group is subdivided in two distinct units: Canindé and Independência. Canindé unit is represented basically by biotite paragneisses and muscovite paragneisses, with minor metabasic rocks (amphibolite lens). Independência sequence is composed by garnetiferous paragneisses, sillimanite-garnet-quartz-muscovite schists and quartz-muscovite schists, pure or muscovite quartzites and rare marbles. At least three ductile deformation events were recognized in both units of Ceará group, named D1, D2 and D3. The former one is interpreted as related to a low angle tangential tectonics which mass transport is southward. D2 event is marked by the development of close/isoclinal folds with a N-S oriented axis. Refolding patterns generated by F1 and F2 superposition are found in several places. The latest event (D3) corresponds to a transcurrent tectonics, which led to development of mega-folds and several shear zones, under a transpressional regime. The mapped shear zones are Humberto Monte (ZCHM), Poço Cercado (ZCPC) and Forquilha (ZCF). Digital image processing of enhanced Landsat 7-ETM+ satellite images, combined with field data, demonstrate that these penetrative structures are associated with positive and negative geomorphologic patterns, distributed in linear and curvilinear arrangements with tonal banding, corresponding to the ductile fabric and to crests. Diverse color composites were tested and RGB-531 and RGB-752 provided the best results for lineament analysis of the most prominent shear zones. Spatial filtering techniques (3x3 and 5x5 filters) were also used and the application of Prewitt filters generated the best products. The integrated analysis of morphological and textural aspects from filtered images, variation of tonalities related to the distribution of geologic units in color composites and the superposition over a digital elevation model, contributed to a characterization of the structural framework of the study area. Kinematic compatibility of ZCHM, ZCPC, ZCF shear zones, as well as Sobral-Pedro II (ZCSPII) shear zone, situated to the west of the study area, was one of the goal of this work. Two of these shear zones (ZCHM, ZCPC) display sinistral movements, while the others (ZCSPII, ZCF) exhibit dextral kinematics. 40Ar/39Ar ages obtained in this thesis for ZCSPII and ZCPC, associated with other 40Ar/39Ar data of adjacent areas, indicate that all these shear zones are related to Brasiliano orogeny. The trend of the structures, the opposite shear senses and the similar metamorphic conditions are fitted in a model based on the development of conjugate shear zones in an unconfined transpression area. A WNW-ESE bulk shortening direction is infered. The geometry and kinematic of the studied structures suggest that shortening was largely accommodated by lateral extrusion, with only minor amounts of vertical stretch

Evolução geodinâmica e condicionamento estrutural dos terrenos Piancó-Alto Brígida e Alto Pajeú, domínio da zona transversal, NE do Brasil

This thesis aims to advance in the geological knowledge of the region comprising the Piancó-Alto Brígida (TPAB) and Alto pajeú (TAP) terranes, in the Transversal Zone Domain (Borborema Province, NE Brazil), with the main objective of understanding the geodynamic evolution and the structural framework of these units. To reach this objective, and besides field work and interpretation of traditional aerial photographs, other tools were employed like of remote sensing products (Landsat 7 ETM+, aeroradiometrics, aeromagnetics and topographical images), lithogeochemical (whole rock) analyses and geochronological dating (U-Pb in zircon), besides integration with literature data. In the area, several precambrian geological units outcrop, represented in the TAP by the paleoproterozoic Serra Talhada and Afogados da Ingazeira complexes, Riacho Gravatá Complex (metavolcano-sedimentary sequence of Stenian-Tonian age) and Cariris Velhos orthogneisses (of Tonian age). The TPAB comprises the Santana do Garrote (lower unit) and Serra do Olho d'Água (upper unit) formations of the Cachoeirinha Group (Neoproterozoic III), besides the Piancó orthogneisses and Bom Jesus paragneisses; the latter correspond to an older (basement ?) block and a possible high grade equivalent of the Cachoeirinha Group (or Seridó Group ?), respectively. Several Brasiliano-age plutons occur in both terranes.The aeromagnetic data show the continuity, at depth, of the main shear zones mapped in the region. The Patos, Pernambuco, Boqueirão dos Cochos, Serra do Caboclo, Afogados da Ingazeira/Jabitacá and Congo-Cruzeiro do Nordeste shear zones reach depths greater than to 6-16 km. The aeromagnetic signature of other shear zones, like the Juru one, suggests that these structures correspond to shallower crustal features. The satellite images (Landsat 7 ETM+) and aerogamaspectrometric images discriminate different geological units, contributing to the mapping of the structural framework of the region. The Serra do Caboclo Shear Zone was characterized as the boundary/suture between the TPAB and TAP. This structure is an outstanding, pervasive feature that separates contrasting geological units, such as the Neoproterozoic III Cachoeirinha Group in the TPAB and the Riacho Gravatá Complex and the Cariris Velhos metaplutonics, of Stenian-Tonian age, in the TAP. Occupying different blocks, these units are not found in authoctonous relations, like unconformities and intrusive contacts. Concerning the Cariris Velhos (ca. 1,0 Ga old) event is recorded by radiometric ages of the Riacho Gravatá Complex metavolcanics and intrusive augen and orthogneisses, all of them displaying geochemical affinities of arc or collisional settings. A structural signature of this event was not recorded in the region, possibly due to its low grade/low strain style, obliterated by the overprinting of younger, higher grade/high strain Brasiliano-age fabrics.The first tectonic event (D1) observed in the Cariris Velhos lithotypes presents contractional kinematics with transport to the NW. Neoproterozoic III geochronologic dates, obtained in late-D1 granitoids, imply a Brasiliano age (ca. 610-600 Ma) for this deformation event. The second tectonic event (D2) characterized in the region corresponds to the Brasiliano transcurrent kinematics of the outstanding shear zones and associated granitoid plutons. The geochronological (U-Pb in zircon) data obtained during this thesis also confirms the occurrence of the Cariris Velhos magmatic suite in the TAP, as well as the Neoproterozoic III age to the Cachoeirinha Group in the TPAB. The TAP (Riacho Gravatá Complex, augen and orthogneisses) is interpreted as a continental arc possibly accreted to a microcontinent during the Cariris Velhos (Stenian-Tonian) event. Later on, this terrane collided with the TPAB at the beginning of the Brasiliano orogeny (D1 contractional deformation), and both domins were reworked by the transcurrent shear deformation of the D2 event

Fatores associados à diferença clinicamente significativa da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde após condicionamento físico em pacientes com DPOC

OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores associados à diferença clinicamente significativa da qualidade de vida (DCSQV) após condicionamento físico em pacientes com DPOC. MÉTODOS: Trinta e cinco pacientes foram submetidos a 12 semanas de condicionamento físico, envolvendo treinamento de força e exercício aeróbio leve. Composição corporal, teste incremental e de endurance em esteira, teste de caminhada de seis minutos, força muscular periférica, PImáx, baseline dyspnea index (BDI) e Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) foram avaliados antes e após o treinamento, e suas alterações (Δ) foram calculadas. A DCSQV foi definida como a redução > 4% no escore total do SGRQ. Os pacientes que responderam ao treinamento, apresentando DCSQV, foram alocados no grupo respondedores (R; n = 24), e os demais pacientes foram alocados no grupo não-respondedores (NR; n = 11). RESULTADOS: Os seguintes resultados foram significativamente maiores no grupo R que no grupo NR (p < 0,05): VEF1 (1,48 ± 0,54 L vs. 1,04 ± 0,34 L), VEF1/CVF (47,9 ± 11,7% vs. 35,5 ± 10,7%), PaO2 (74,1 ± 9,7 mmHg vs. 65,0 ± 8,9mmHg) e ΔBDI [mediana (interquartil); 2,0 (0,0-3,5) vs. 0,0 (0,0-1,0)]. Houve correlação significativa (p < 0,01) de ΔSGRQ-sintomas (r = 0,44), ΔSGRQ-atividade (r = 0,62) e ΔSGRQ-total (r = 0,60) com ΔBDI. Após regressão logística, apenas ΔBDI foi selecionado como determinante da DCSQV. CONCLUSÕES: A DCSQV após o condicionamento físico está associada principalmente à redução da dispneia nos pacientes com DPOC. Portanto, são necessárias estratégias de tratamento visando interromper o ciclo dispneia-sedentarismo-dispneia nesses pacientes.

Efeito do pré-tratamento osmótico com sacarose e cloreto de sódio sobre a secagem convectiva de abóbora

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)