Characterizing cortical myosin mini-filament regulation, length and its macroscopic implications in cytokinetic dynamics.

Au cours de la cytokinèse, le génome dédoublé est compartimentalisé en deux cellules filles. L’anneau contractile, une structure dynamique, est constitué d’actine, myosine (NMY-II) et d’autres protéines accessoires. NMY-2 est le seul moteur protéique impliqué dans la contraction de l’anneau durant la cytokinèse. Depuis longtemps, il a été considéré que celle-ci glissait le long des filaments d’actine grâce à sa capacité de traction. Récemment, plusieurs études ont découvert que son activité réticulante joue un rôle en cytokinèse et il est connu que la NMY-2 peut s’assembler en filaments bipolaires à partir de dimères. Ainsi, nous postulons que leur dimension (nombre de moteurs ATPasiques) pourrait dicter leur contribution en activité motrice et réticulante. Afin de déterminer la composition des filaments corticaux de NMY-2, nous avons utilisé une technique d'imagerie de molécules individuelles à l’aide de la microscopie TIRF. J’ai trouvé à travers l’analyse statistique de la distribution des NMY-2 mesurés que les filaments sont assemblés à deux dimensions constantes: Des filaments composés de 20 dimères et 30 dimères. La kinase Rho est une activatrice de NMY-2 nécessaire pour les niveaux physiologiques de NMY-2 sur l’anneau contractile, pour des cinétiques et fermeture concentrique de l’anneau. La déplétion de RhoK augmente l’abondance relative des filaments de 20 dimères. Ainsi, RhoK pourrait réguler le recrutement de la NMY et aussi l’assemblage des filaments corticaux de NMY-2. De plus, à l’aide de la microscopie confocale à temps réel, j’ai trouvé que lors de la déplétion de RhoK, il se produit une réduction du recrutement et du délai d’initiation du sillon, une fermeture lente et une augmentation significative de la concentricité de l’anneau. De plus, j’ai mesuré des défauts dans l’organisation corticale de l’anneau contractile en patch. La déplétion de MRCK-1 n’affecte pas l’initiation du sillon, les cinétiques de fermeture, ou la fermeture concentrique de l’anneau. Paradoxalement, la déplétion de MRCK-1 augmente le recrutement cortical de NMY-2, mais quand depleté simultanément avec Rho-K il diminue NMY-2 à l’équateur comparé à la déplétion seule de Rho-K. De plus, la double déplétion, conduit à un phénotype de concentricité de l’anneau, suivie d’un recentrage.

Étude des immunoglobulines G dirigées contre l’enveloppe du VIH-1 dans des spécimens vaginaux et sanguins de travailleuses du sexe béninoises

Objectif: La caractérisation des facteurs immunitaires associés à la protection contre l’infection au VIH est cruciale pour le développement de stratégies de prévention. Cette étude évalue les IgGs dirigées contre l’enveloppe du VIH-1 dans le sérum et les liquides cervicovaginaux (LCV) de travailleuses du sexe béninoises. Méthode : Notre étude porte sur 23 travailleuses du sexe séropositives (TS+) et 20 travailleuses du sexe séronégatives (TS-). Le potentiel de neutralisation a été évalué par un essai de neutralisation. La détection d’IgGs a été effectuée par un ELISA sur base cellulaire. La capacité d’induire une réponse ADCC a été est évaluée par l’élimination de cellules cibles recouvertes de gp120 par le mécanisme d’ADCC. Résultats : Malgré que nous n’ayons pas détecté d’IgG dirigées contre l’enveloppe du VIH-1, ni d’activité de neutralisation ou d’élimination de cellules cibles par ADCC chez les TS-, nous avons facilement détecté ces activités de neutralisation et d’élimination de cellules cibles par ADCC chez les TS+ dans le sérum et les LCV qui reconnaissent mieux la forme de l’enveloppe liée à CD4. Ces IgGs pourraient être impliquées dans l’élimination par ADCC des cellules cibles présentant les glycoprotéines de l’enveloppe à leur surface, et ce à la muqueuse vaginale, le premier site de transmission virale. Conclusion : Ces résultats permettent pour la première fois de montrer la conformation de l’enveloppe préférentiellement reconnue par les IgGs présentes au site de transmission par voie sexuelle.

A conserved basic loop in hepatitis C virus p7 protein is required for amantadine-sensitive ion channel activity in mammalian cells but is dispensable for localization to mitochondria

We previously identified the function of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) p7 protein as an ion channel in artificial lipid bilayers and demonstrated that this in vitro activity is inhibited by amantadine. Here we show that the ion channel activity of HCV p7 expressed in mammalian cells can substitute for that of influenza virus M2 in a cell-based assay. This was also the case for the p7 from the related virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Moreover, amantadine was shown to abrogate HCV p7 function in this assay at a concentration that specifically inhibits M2. Mutation of a conserved basic loop located between the two predicted trans-membrane alpha helices rendered HCV p7 non-functional as an ion channel. The intracellular localization of p7 was unaffected by this mutation and was found to overlap significantly with membranes associated with mitochondria. Demonstration of p7 ion channel activity in cellular membranes and its inhibition by amantadine affirm the protein as a target for future anti-viral chemotherapy.

The development of a real-time PCR to detect pathogenic Leptospira species in kidney tissue

A LightCycler(R) real-time PCR hybridization probe-based assay that detects a conserved region of the 16S rRNA gene of pathogenic but not saprophytic Leptospira species was developed for the rapid detection of pathogenic leptospires directly from processed tissue samples. In addition, a differential PCR specific for saprophytic leptospires and a control PCR targeting the porcine beta-actin gene were developed. To assess the suitability of these PCR methods for diagnosis, a trial was performed on kidneys taken from adult pigs with evidence of leptospiral infection, primarily a history of reproductive disease and serological evidence of exposure to pathogenic leptospires (n = 180) and aborted pig foetuses (n = 24). Leptospire DNA was detected by the 'pathogenic' specific PCR in 25 tissues (14%) and the control beta-actin PCR was positive in all 204 samples confirming DNA was extracted from all samples. No leptospires were isolated from these samples by culture and no positives were detected with the 'saprophytic' PCR. In a subsidiary experiment, the 'pathogenic' PCR was used to analyse kidney samples from rodents (n = 7) collected as part of vermin control in a zoo, with show animals with high microagglutination titres to Leptospira species, and five were positive. Fifteen PCR amplicons from 1 mouse, 2 rat and 14 pig kidney samples, were selected at random from positive PCRs (n = 30) and sequenced. Sequence data indicated L. interrogans DNA in the pig and rat samples and L. inadai DNA, which is considered of intermediate pathogenicity, in the mouse sample. The only successful culture was from this mouse kidney and the isolate was confirmed to be L. inadai by classical serology. These data suggest this suite of PCRs is suitable for testing for the presence of pathogenic leptospires in pig herds where abortions and infertility occur and potentially in other animals such as rodents. Crown Copyright (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A naturally occurring recombinant isolate of Lettuce mosaic virus

LMV-Common and LMV-Most are two seed-borne types of Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), genus Potyvirus. LMV-Most, but not LMV-Common, overcomes the resistance afforded to lettuce by two recessive genes, mo1(1) and mo1(2). An RT-PCR-based assay thought to be specific for LMV-Most also amplified LMV-Tn2, previously typified as LMV-Common. The sequence of selected regions along the genome indicated that LMV-Tn2 is a natural recombinant between LMV-Most and LMV-Common isolates, with a putative recombination site located within the P3 coding region. This is the first evidence of a naturally occurring LMV recombinant isolate.

Epidemiology, clinical signs, histopathology and molecular characterization of canine leproid granuloma: a retrospective study of cases from Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

An evaluation of the genetic diversity of Xylella fastidiosa isolated from diseased citrus and coffee in São Paulo, Brazil

Strains of Xylella fastidiosa, isolated from sweet orange trees (Citrus sinensis) and coffee trees (Coffea arabica) with symptoms of citrus variegated chlorosis and Requeima do Cafe, respectively, were indistinguish able based on repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR assays. These strains were also indistinguishable with a previously described PCR assay that distinguished the citrus strains from all other strains of Xylella fastidiosa. Because we were not able to document any genomic diversity in our collection of Xylella fastidiosa strains isolated from diseased citrus, the observed gradient of increasing disease severity from southern to northern regions of São Paulo State is unlikely due to the presence of significantly different strains of the pathogen in the different regions. When comparisons were made to reference strains of Xylella fastidiosa isolated from other hosts using these methods, four groups were consistently identified consistent with the hosts and regions from which the strains originated: citrus and coffee, grapevine and almond, mulberry, and elm, plum, and oak. Independent results from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR assays were also consistent with these results; however, two of the primers tested in RAPD-PCR were able to distinguish the coffee and citrus strains. Sequence comparisons of a PCR product amplified from all strains of Xylella fastidiosa confirmed the presence of a CfoI polymorphism that can be used to distinguish the citrus strains from all others. The ability to distinguish Xylella fastidiosa strains from citrus and coffee with a PCR-based assay will be useful in epidemiological and etiological studies of this pathogen.

Identificação de perfis diferenciais de metilação do DNA na endometriose

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aquaporin-4 Antibodies Are Not Related to HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy

Introduction: The seroprevalence of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is very high among Brazilians (,1:200). HTLV-1 associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is the most common neurological complication of HTLV-1 infection. HAM/TSP can present with an acute/subacute form of longitudinally extensive myelitis, which can be confused with lesions seen in aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) on MRI. Moreover, clinical attacks in patients with NMOSD have been shown to be preceded by viral infections in around 30% of cases. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of AQP4-Ab in patients with HAM/TSP. To evaluate the frequency of HTLV-1 infection in patients with NMOSD. Patients and Methods: 23 Brazilian patients with HAM/TSP, 20 asymptomatic HTLV-1+ serostatus patients, and 34 with NMOSD were tested for AQP4-Ab using a standardized recombinant cell based assay. In addition, all patients were tested for HTLV-1 by ELISA and Western blotting. Results: 20/34 NMOSD patients were positive for AQP4-Ab but none of the HAM/TSP patients and none of the asymptomatic HTLV-1 infected individuals. Conversely, all AQP4-Ab-positive NMOSD patients were negative for HTLV-1 antibodies. One patient with HAM/TSP developed optic neuritis in addition to subacute LETM; this patient was AQP4-Ab negative as well. Patients were found to be predominantly female and of African descent both in the NMOSD and in the HAM/TSP group; Osame scale and expanded disability status scale scores did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusions: Our results argue both against a role of antibodies to AQP4 in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP and against an association between HTLV-1 infection and the development of AQP4-Ab. Moreover, the absence of HTLV-1 in all patients with NMOSD suggests that HTLV-1 is not a common trigger of acute attacks in patients with AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD in populations with high HTLV-1 seroprevalence.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) and associated diseases: between applied diagnostic and basic research

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of cervical cancers (among these, adenocarcinoma, AdCa) and is associated to a subgroup of oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPSCCs). Even if the risk for cancer development is linked to the infection by some viral genotypes, mainly HPV16 and 18, viral DNA alone seems not to be sufficient for diagnosis. Moreover, the role of the virus in OPSCCs has not been totally clarified yet. In the first part of the thesis, the performances concerning viral genotyping in clinical cervical samples of a new pyrosequencing-based test and a well-known hybridization-based assay have been compared. Similar results between the methods have been obtained. However, the former showed advantages in detecting intratype variants, higher specificity and a broader spectrum of detectable HPV types. The second part deals with the evaluation of virological markers (genotyping, viral oncoproteins expression, viral load, physical state and CpG methylation of HPV16 genome) in the diagnosis/prognosis of cervical AdCa and HPV-associated OPSCCs. HPV16 has been confirmed the most prevalent genotype in both the populations. Interestingly, the mean methylation frequency of viral DNA at the early promoter showed the tendency to be associated to invasion for cervical AdCa and to a worse prognosis for OPSCCs, suggesting a promising role as diagnostic/prognostic biomarker. The experiments of the third part were performed at the DKFZ in Heidelberg (Germany) and dealt with the analysis of the response to IFN-k transfection in HPV16-positive cervical cancer and head&neck carcinoma cell lines to evaluate its potential role as new treatment. After 24h, we observed increased IFN-b expression which lead to the up-regulation of genes involved in the antigens presentation pathway (MHC class I and immunoproteasome) and antiviral response as well, in particular in cervical cancer cell lines. This fact suggested also the presence of different HPV-mediated carcinogenic pathways between the two anatomical districts.

Patogenesi molecolare delle osteomieliti associate all'impianto

L’osteomielite associata all’impianto è un processo infettivo a carico del tessuto osseo spesso accompagnato dalla distruzione dell’osso stesso. La patogenesi delle osteomieliti associate all’impianto si basa su due concetti fondamentali: l’internalizzazione del patogeno all’interno degli osteoblasti e la capacità dei batteri di formare il biofilm. Entrambi i meccanismi consentono infatti di prevenire l’eliminazione del batterio da parte delle difese immunitarie dell’ospite e di ostacolare l’azione della maggior parte degli antibiotici (che non penetrano e non agiscono pertanto su microrganismi intracellulari), così sostenendo ed alimentando l’infezione. Il saggio di invasione messo a punto su micropiastra ha consentito di investigare in modo approfondito e dettagliato il ruolo ed il peso dell’internalizzazione nella patogenesi delle infezioni ortopediche peri-protesiche causate da S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. lugdunensis ed E. faecalis. Lo studio ha evidenziato che l’invasione delle cellule MG-63 non rappresenta un meccanismo patogenetico delle infezioni ortopediche associate all’impianto causate da S. epidermidis, S. lugdunensis ed E. faecalis; al contrario, in S. aureus la spiccata capacità invasiva rappresenta un’abile strategia patogenetica che consente al patogeno di sfuggire alla terapia sistemica e alla risposta immunitaria dell’ospite. È stato studiato inoltre il ruolo dell’immunità innata nella difesa contro il biofilm batterico. In seguito all’incubazione del biofilm opsonizzato di S. epidermidis con i PMN è stato possibile osservare la formazione delle NETs. Le NETs rappresentano ottime armi nella difesa contro il biofilm batterico, infatti le trappole sono in grado di limitare la diffusione batterica e quindi di confinare l’infezione. La comprensione del ruolo dell’internalizzazione nella patogenesi delle osteomieliti associate all’impianto e lo studio della risposta immunitaria innata a questo tipo di infezioni, spesso caratterizzate dalla presenza di biofilm, sono presupposti per identificare e affinare le migliori strategie terapeutiche necessarie ad eradicare l'infezione.

Membrane disrupting antimicrobial peptide dendrimers with multiple amino termini

Antimicrobial peptide dendrimer H1 Leu8(Lys-Leu)4(Lys-Phe)2Lys-LysNH2 (Lys = branching lysine) was identified by screening a 6750-membered combinatorial library by the bead-diffusion assay. Sequence variations also revealed dendrimer bH1 Leu8(Dap-Leu)4(Dap-Phe)2Dap-LysNH2 (Dap = branching 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid) as a more potent analog. H1 and bH1 showed good antimicrobial activities mediated by membrane disruption (MIC = 2–4 μg mL−1 on Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli) but low hemolytic activity (MHC = 310 μg mL−1 respectively >2000 μg mL−1).

Fast DNA serotyping of Escherichia coli by use of an oligonucleotide microarray

Classical antibody-based serotyping of Escherichia coli is an important method in diagnostic microbiology for epidemiological purposes, as well as for a rough virulence assessment. However, serotyping is so tedious that its use is restricted to a few reference laboratories. To improve this situation we developed and validated a genetic approach for serotyping based on the microarray technology. The genes encoding the O-antigen flippase (wzx) and the O-antigen polymerase (wzy) were selected as target sequences for the O antigen, whereas fliC and related genes, which code for the flagellar monomer, were chosen as representatives for the H phenotype. Starting with a detailed bioinformatic analysis and oligonucleotide design, an ArrayTube-based assay was established: a fast and robust DNA extraction method was coupled with a site-specific, linear multiplex labeling procedure and hybridization analysis of the biotinylated amplicons. The microarray contained oligonucleotide DNA probes, each in duplicate, representing 24 of the epidemiologically most relevant of the over 180 known O antigens (O antigens 4, 6 to 9, 15, 26, 52, 53, 55, 79, 86, 91, 101, 103, 104, 111, 113, 114, 121, 128, 145, 157, and 172) as well as 47 of the 53 different H antigens (H antigens 1 to 12, 14 to 16, 18 to 21, 23 to 34, 37 to 43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51 to 54, and 56). Evaluation of the microarray with a set of defined strains representing all O and H serotypes covered revealed that it has a high sensitivity and a high specificity. All of the conventionally typed 24 O groups and all of the 47 H serotypes were correctly identified. Moreover, strains which were nonmotile or nontypeable by previous serotyping assays yielded unequivocal results with the novel ArrayTube assay, which proved to be a valuable alternative to classical serotyping, allowing processing of single colonies within a single working day.

Quantitative isolation of mouse and human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes by elutriation centrifugation

Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are specialized subsets of T cells with distinct functional capacities. While some IEL subsets are circulating, others such as CD8alphaalpha TCRalphabeta IEL are believed to represent non-circulating resident T cell subsets [Sim, G.K., Intraepithelial lymphocytes and the immune system. Adv. Immunol., 1995. 58: 297-343.]. Current methods to obtain enriched preparations of intraepithelial lymphocytes are mostly based on Percoll density gradient or magnetic bead-based technologies [Lundqvist, C., et al., Isolation of functionally active intraepithelial lymphocytes and enterocytes from human small and large intestine. J. Immunol. Methods, 1992. 152(2): 253-263.]. However, these techniques are hampered by a generally low yield of isolated cells, and potential artifacts due to the interference of the isolation procedure with subsequent functional assays, in particular, when antibodies against cell surface markers are required. Here we describe a new method for obtaining relatively pure populations of intestinal IEL (55-75%) at a high yield (>85%) by elutriation centrifugation. This technique is equally suited for the isolation and enrichment of intraepithelial lymphocytes of both mouse and human origin. Time requirements for fractionating cell suspensions by elutriation centrifugation are comparable to Percoll-, or MACS-based isolation procedures. Hence, the substantially higher yield and the consistent robust enrichment for intraepithelial lymphocytes, together with the gentle treatment of the cells during elutriation that does not interfere with subsequent functional assays, are important aspects that are in favor of using this elegant technology to obtain unmanipulated, unbiased populations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and, if desired, also of pure epithelial cells.

Drug-specific in vitro release of IL-2, IL-5, IL-13 and IFN-gamma in patients with delayed-type drug hypersensitivity

BACKGROUND: The most prevalent drug hypersensitivity reactions are T-cell mediated. The only established in vitro test for detecting T-cell sensitization to drugs is the lymphocyte transformation test, which is of limited practicability. To find an alternative in vitro method to detect drug-sensitized T cells, we screened the in vitro secretion of 17 cytokines/chemokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with well-documented drug allergies, in order to identify the most promising cytokines/chemokines for detection of T-cell sensitization to drugs. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell of 10 patients, five allergic to beta-lactams and five to sulfanilamides, and of five healthy controls were incubated for 3 days with the drug antigen. Cytokine concentrations were measured in the supernatants using commercially available 17-plex bead-based immunoassay kits. RESULTS: Among the 17 cytokines/chemokines analysed, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-5, IL-13 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion in response to the drugs were significantly increased in patients when compared with healthy controls. No difference in cytokine secretion patterns between sulfonamide- and beta-lactam-reactive PBMC could be observed. The secretion of other cytokines/chemokines showed a high variability among patients. CONCLUSION: The measurement of IL-2, IL-5, IL-13 or IFN-gamma or a combination thereof might be a useful in vitro tool for detection of T-cell sensitization to drugs. Secretion of these cytokines seems independent of the type of drug antigen and the phenotype of the drug reaction. A study including a higher number of patients and controls will be needed to determine the exact sensitivity and specificity of this test.