Mobilization potential of heavy metals: A comparison between river and lake sediments

Toxic metals introduced into aquatic environments by human activities accumulation in sediments. A common notion is that the association of metals with acid volatile sulfides (AVS) affords a mechanism for partitioning metals from water to solid phase, thereby reducing biological availability. However, variation in environmental conditions can mobilize the sediment-bound metal and result in adverse environmental impacts. The AVS levels and the effect of AVS on the fate of Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni in sediments in the the Changjiang River, a suboxic river with sandy bottom sediment and the Donghu Lake, a anoxic lake with muddy sediment in China, were compared through aeration, static adsorption and release experiments in laboratory. Sips isotherm equation, kinetic equation and grade ion exchange theory were used to describe the heavy metal adsorb and release process. The results showed that AVS level in the lake sediment are higher than that of the river. Heavy metals in the overlying water can transfer to sediments incessantly as long as the sediment remains undisturbed. The metal release process is mainly related to AVS oxidation in lake sediment while also related to Org-C and Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide oxidation in river sediment. The effect of sulfides on Zn and Ni is high, followed by Cd, and Cu is easy bound to Org-C. AVS plays a major role in controlling metals activity in lake sediment and its presence increase the adsorption capacity both of the lake and river sediments.

污水处理体系中的微生物群落特征研究

污水生物处理系统本质上是一种人工强化的工程化微生态系统。污水处理过程往往由多个功能互补的反应单元协同完成，例如因对污水中有机碳、氮和磷兼具良好的去除功能而在城市污水处理中被广泛应用的Anoxic / Oxic（A/O）生物处理工艺。不同反应单元特有的微生物群落之间的相互关系和相互作用与处理系统的稳定性和处理效率密切相关。所以对污水处理系统中微生物群落进行系统分析非常重要。研究系统中微生物群落的时空演替对于优化处理系统的设计和操作具有重要意义。但是，以往对于污水处理系统中微生态系统的解析多数针对实验室规模的其中个别反应器独立进行，还缺乏从系统水平对实际大规模运行的整个污水处理过程中所有反应单元群落进行分析的研究。 悬挂链移动曝气系统是对A / O工艺的完善和发展。悬挂链曝气工艺的实现是依靠悬挂链移动曝气设备和完善的自动控制系统来完成的。可以在系统中实现类似多级A/O的可能性，水力停留时间较长，污泥龄达到15天以上，能够完全实现A / O 工艺。 目前正被广泛应用在各种行业的污水处理项目中。 本文应用基于细菌16S rRNA中的PCR扩增方法（Polymerase Chain Reactor），结合变性梯度凝胶电泳指纹分离技术（Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, DGGE），对实际规模的运用Anoxic / Oxic（A/O）工艺并采用悬挂链式移动曝气技术的污水生物处理系统中微生物群落特征，主要对细菌组成结构和群落动态，细菌优势菌群的多样性以及与系统功能稳定性的关系进行了研究，拟为更全面了解活性污泥处理系统中的优势菌群特征，以及细菌群落结构和功能动态变化关系，实现对活性污泥处理的优化操作，对污染物降解功能菌群的筛选，为运用现代培养技术实现分离培养并运用于环境修复实践奠定方法和理论基础。 首先，对影响PCR-DGGE分析的重要前操作步骤进行了优化和筛选，包括两个方面：细菌基因组DNA的高效提取和纯化；不同16S rRNA靶序列对PCR-DGGE分析的影响。从中选出适合于活性污泥样品的细菌基因组DNA提取方法和PCR-DGGE分析的最优靶序列组合。 其次，运用PCR-DGGE指纹图谱技术分析了该污水处理系统中不同功能反应单元中活性污泥的细菌种群结构特征，探讨了系统运行过程中细菌种群时间和空间上的动态特征。并将图谱中所显示的优势条带进行切割回收，重复扩增，电泳检测，序列测定并与GenaBank数据库中的微生物类群进行同源性比对，探讨活性污泥中细菌种群多样性，了解污泥中可能含有的主要具有污染物降解功能的类群信息。 在整个处理过程中，同一功能反应单元中不同位置的活性污泥微生物菌群结构不同。执行不同功能的处理单元活性污泥细菌多样性和组成结构各有不同。 在系统稳定运行的状态下，细菌组成结构的时间变化动态不显著。但是在系统的不同操作条件下，主要处理池的微生物群落的DGGE遗传指纹图谱较独特。 对该处理系统污泥中优势菌群的序列测定和同源性比对表明，优势菌群所对应的细菌的16S rDNA序列可以被归属于以下四个主要的细菌系：α, β, γ- Proteobacteria 以及厚壁菌门 phylum Firmicutes （low G+C Gram-positive）。 该处理系统的优势菌群的DGGE条带拥有潜在的具有异养硝化/好氧反硝化的除 N / P 类群。该类菌群中的大多数属于Pseudomonas spp.。另外，回收到两个与已鉴定的具有异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力的Pseudomonas stutzeri 和 Pseudomonas borbori 最相似的菌株的条带。γ-变形菌纲门（γ- Proteobacteria）的微生物类群在该缺氧-好氧处理厂中分布较广泛，尤其是和 N / P 去除紧密相关的具有脱氮除磷能力的Pseudomonas 类群，而且在好氧曝气处理池中分布较广，这可能和系统中表现的好氧反硝化现象相关。 不同的操作状况下微生物群落结构有差异。增加污泥回流比，增加DO（Dissolved oxygen）浓度，COD去除率和NH4+-N去除率显著增加，总N和总P的去除率改变不显著。 最后，对整个处理过程中微生物群落结构在系统正常调控改变范围内的长期动态和稳定性进行了探讨。整个处理系统的长期稳定性与体系中的每个处理环节相关，而不是仅与其中的单个主要反应池相关。污水处理体系的功能稳定性与其中的微生物群落稳定性相关，微生物群落结构决定了生态功能，群落结构变化能反应系统的运行状况及其降解效率。

Immune responses of the scallop Chlamys farreri after air exposure to different temperatures

The present study examined the influence of air exposure at different temperatures: a common perturbation associated with aquaculture handling practices, on immune responses in zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri. Scallops were exposed to air for 2 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h at 5 degrees C, 17 degrees C and 25 degrees C respectively. Thereafter, a recovery period of 24 h at 17 degrees C was applied. Haemocyte mortality, phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of haemocytes, acid phosphatase (ACP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in haemocyte lysates were chosen as immumomarkers of anoxic stress. The results showed that an increase of haemocyte mortality and a decrease of phagocytosis and ACP activity were observed after 2 h of air exposure for all temperatures tested. Moreover, a significant increase of ROS production occurred following 2 h of air exposure at 25 degrees C and 24 h of air exposure at 17 degrees C. Significant differences were also observed in haemocyte mortality, percentage of phagocytic cells and ACP and SOD activity depending on the temperature of air exposure. Finally, after 24 h of recovery at 17 degrees C, percentage of phagocytic haemocytes and ACP activity did not return to initial values. ROS production was significantly higher than before the recovery period and initial values for scallops subjected to air exposure at 5 degrees C. In our study, scallops showed a relative low anoxia tolerance under a high temperature. All the scallops air exposed to 25 degrees C died after the 6 h sampling. In conclusion, air exposure associated to aquaculture practices was demonstrated to strongly affect functional immune activities of scallop haemocytes, and high temperature air exposure caused reduced survival of scallops. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A/O工艺城市污水生化处理过程建模与优化控制研究

可持续发展的要求增强了人类有效利用资源和环境保护的意识，而城市污水处理过程是水环境保护的一项重要内容。本文针对我国城市污水处理系统能耗高、出水水质不稳定以及工业毒水经常入侵的现状，以A/O工艺城市污水生化处理过程为研究对象，研究通过建模、控制和优化手段提高污水处理系统运行性能和降低运行降耗的理论和方法。论文工作是在国际水协会发布的典型工艺与污水处理厂实际运行环境相结合的基础上完成，内容主要涉及活性污泥模型简化、基于简化模型的工艺改进与过程模拟、仿真平台的建立、关键控制回路设计、工业毒水诊断与应对系统开发以及优化控制方法与应用研究。具体内容包括： (1) 基于国际评价基准benchmark实现了污水生化处理过程的稳态模拟和动态模拟，对A2/O工艺的改进进行了仿真研究和分析，结果表明在保证出水水质稳定达标的前提下，改进工艺由于取消了内回流，大大节约了回流泵的能耗。 (2) 在国际水协会活性污泥模型ASM1模型的基础上，结合我国污水处理过程特点，并充分考虑我国污水处理厂现场测量信息严重不足的现状，对ASM1模型的组分和反应过程进行简化，建立了简化的活性污泥模型，研究了难以测量的模型组分浓度与易测的常规水质指标的转换方法，针对温度对反应速率的影响，研究了模型参数的校正方法。在此基础上，开发了A/O工艺污水生化处理过程模拟与仿真平台，并对辽宁某污水处理厂的实际运行过程进行了模拟，取得了较好的模拟结果。 (3) 建立了完整的城市污水处理过程控制系统设计框架，引入入水有机负荷和比耗氧速率分别表征微生物（活性污泥）的“食物”（有机物）数量和微生物活性，进行了系统动态特性分析，在此基础上完成了入水流量串级控制、污泥浓度前馈－反馈控制、溶解氧前馈－串级控制三个控制回路的设计。针对溶解氧控制过程采用了仿人智能控制方法，在实际应用中取得了较好的控制效果。 (4) 针对城市污水处理厂经常遇到的工业毒水侵入的问题，开发了基于专家经验的工业毒水诊断与应对系统，编写了较为完备的专家规则，系统能够在毒水侵入时及时发出警报，并采取相应的应对措施，最大程度的降低污水处理厂的损失，该系统在辽宁某污水处理厂取得了较好的应用效果。 (5) 在优化控制方面，针对污水处理过程能耗过高的问题，设计了A/O工艺城市污水处理过程的优化控制策略。建立了只考虑底物与微生物两种组分的简化活性污泥模型，以溶解氧浓度和污泥排放量为决策变量，以污水处理厂日运行费用为性能指标，以物料平衡、水质排放标准等限制为约束条件，建立了完整的优化控制模型，实现了污水处理过程的最优控制，采用基于最优步长参数动态搜索的改进型梯度法进行最佳运行工况寻优。通过对辽宁某城市污水处理厂的优化，获得了当前溶解氧浓度设定值和污泥排放量的最优值，在保证出水水质稳定达标的前提下，污水处理厂日运行费用显著降低，为污水处理厂的实际操作提供了指导。

扬子地区上奥陶－下志留统黑色岩系形成机理

The black rock series of the Upper Ordovician - Lower Silurian in Yangtze area are important source rocks and have exceptional characteristics of sediment, biology, element geochemistry, carbon and oxygen isotope, organic geochemistry and etc. These characteristics are the reflection of important geology events. Due to scarce system research, many problems that relate to the development mechanism of source rocks are not solved. And this restricts the exploration of Oil and gas in South China. In this paper, author studied the palaeo-climate, palaeo-structure and palaeo-environment of the Upper Ordovician - Lower Silurian in Yangtze area by sedimentology, palaeobiology and geochemistry, especially the element geochemistry and isotope geochemistry. The environment model of source rocks is established and some conclusions are drawn. The Upper Ordovician - Lower Silurian sediment types in Yangtze area are mostly black shales, next, mudstone, shell limestone and siltystone. During the Late Ordovician and Earily Silurian periods, a series of big upheaval and depressed are distributed in Yangtze area, and the strata pattern of interphase upheaval and depressed led to Yangtze palaeosea isolated with outside sea. So the stagnant and anoxic environment that are the favorable factor of rich organic black shales sediment is formed in Yangtze area. That Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values of the lower Wufeng formation and Longmaxi formation exhibits moderate chemistry weathering suggests they were deposited under the circumstances of the warm and humid climate. However, the large difference of the CIA values of N.extraordinarius-N.ojsuensis biozone suggests that climate is changeful. Therefore, there were two different kinds of climates in the course of the deposition of the Wufeng formation and Longmaxi formation. During the Late Ordovician - Earily Silurian periods, in Yangtze palaeosea, the surface water which is full of rich nutriment and abundant bacterium - algae has high palaeo-productivity that is obvious difference in the different space – time. The content of sulphate changes gradually from the surface water columns to the deep water columns. That is, salinity in the surface water columns is serious low and the salinity in deep water columns is normal. Salinity delamination is favor of the forming of deep anoxic environment. During Wufeng period, the oxidated and low sulfate environment exists in the upper Yangtze palaeosea, while the anoxic and normal salinity environment occurs in the lower Yangtze palaeosea. During the Late Wufeng and Guanyinqiao periods, the steady anoxic environment is replaced by oxidated environment. During the Longmaxi period, layered and anoxic environment recur. In Yangtze area, studies of δ13C of sedimentary organic carbon show a positive δ13C excursion up to 4‰ in the Guanyinqiao stage and then, acute negative excursion in the earily Longmaxi stage. These organic carbon isotopes curve are not only efficient measure of carving up strata borderline, but also reflected the change of originality productivity. These organic carbon isotopes curves showed the process of the enhanced embedding of the global organic carbon. Anoxic event is the main factor of increasing organic carbon embedding speed. And the reduced organic carbon embedding in Hirnantian stage is due to the water column with abundant oxygen. The δ34S values are gradually positive excursion from P.pacificus biozone to N.extraordinarius biozone, and reach the maximum in the Upper Hirnantian stage. Then, the δ34S values are negative excursion. The excursions of δ13C and δ34S reflect the acute change of environment. The formation of source rocks is largely dependent on the nature of organisms from which kerogen is derived and the preservation conditions of organic matter, which are fundamentally dependent on a favourable combination of various elements in which organisms live and are subsequently buried. These elements include palaeoclimate, palaeostructure and palaeoenvironmental conditions. Based on above mentioned circumstance, the coupling connection of source rock and the palaeoclimate, and of palaeostructure and palaeoenvironmental conditions are confirmed, and the “anoxic-marginal depression-photosynthesis” environemental model is established. It is indicated that anoxic played important role in production of organic matter. The produced organic matter was accumulated in marginal depression of the Yangtze area. The photosynthesis is favor of the high productivity. Source rocks have a good perspective, like that of “hot shale” deposited in North Africa.

新元古代陡山沱期古海洋的氧化还原环境演变

High resolution geochemical analysis of Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation deposits in eastern Gorges area, including carbon and sulfur isotope compositions, trace elements, rare earth elements, and so on, show a whole panorama of the oceanic environment in Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation. The deposits of Doushantuo II recorded consistent δ13Corg values and variable δ13Ccarb values, which suggets that it is strongly redox stratified in Doushantuo ocean, and there is a large DOC reservior in the deep ocean. The redox state of Doushantuo ocean in Yangtze area was not steady. The movement of chemocline was concerned with the transgression and/or regression. During the transgression, raising sea level and upwelling with anoxic deep water would cause the ocean anoxic; during the regression, declining sea level and weathered sulfate input would cause the suface ocean becoming oxic. The oxidations of this DOC reservior would caused negative δ13C excurions in Doushantuo Formation. Comparing with oceanic redox states and fossils productivity, we found that the stratum with high biologic productivity and diversity did not indicated oxic conditions. In the opposite, these stratum recorded anoxic conditions. We suggeste that it would be relatived to burial and preservation of fossils, because anoxic conditions are in favor of burial and preservation of fossils. It is proved that methane seep occurred at the base of Duoshantuo cap carbonate. However, comparing cap carbonate with seep carbonate, we found that oxidation of methan and the post-diagenesis could not derictely result in cap carbonate deoposition. Cap carbonate would be derived from the high level CO2 in atomosphere.

华南埃迪卡拉纪末期硅质岩和深海的氧化还原状态

A suit of cherts deposited in deep-ocean basin of South China during terminal Ediacaran and the beginning of Early Cambrian (about 550～540Ma). The origin of these cherts are controversial, and contrary standpoints exist for the redox state of the terminal Ediacaran deep-ocean because of poor study. In this paper, a detailed sedimentology, element and stable isotope geochemistry study were conducted for cherts of Liuchapo Formation in Anhua County, Hunan Province, Laobao Formation in Sanjiang County, Guangxi Province, and Piyuancun Formation in Xiuning County, Anhui Province. Some conclusions were drawn: (1) These cherts were mainly formed through chemical deposition of dissolved silica derived from chemical weathering in continent. Biological processes played a part in the cherts formation, however, the influence of hydrothermal fluids and detritus materials were trivial. (2) The terminal Ediacaran deep-ocean was anoxic and gradually oxidized. (3) Intense bacterial sulfate reduction decreased sulfate concentration in the ocean and the water column became euxinic during Ediacaran-Cambrian transition period. (4) Due to a high CO2 concentration in the terminal Ediacaran atmosphere, chemical weathering in continent dramatically increased and huge amounts of nutrimental material were transferred into ocean. The biota bloomed because of the nutrimental material. Degradation of huge amounts of organic matter maintained dissolved organic carbon reservoir in the ocean, and prolonged the deep-ocean anoxia.

泥河湾盆地大长梁剖面岩石磁学和环境磁学研究

The fluvio-lacustrine sequence in the Nihewan Basin is an important archive of late Pliocene-Pleistocene climate and environment changes in temperate northern China, which provides excellent sources of early human settlements in high latitude East Asia. The recent years have witnessed a considerable progress in the paleomagnetic dating of its stratigraphy, which has notably increased our understanding of a series of important issues such as the early human occupation in the Old World, the infilling history of the Nihewan Basin, and the chronological sequence of the Nihewan faunas. Up to now, the long-term paleoenvironmental changes directly retrieved from this basin, which might influence the evolution and expansion of early humans in the Nihewan Basin, are still poorly constrained, although several paleoclimatic records have been retrieved from this area. In this study, a combined mineral-magnetic and geochemical investigation was carried out on the fluvio-lacustrine sequence from the Dachangliang section at the eastern margin of the basin in order to reveal its rock magnetic and environmental magnetic characteristics and its implications for early human evolution in East Asia. The major findings and conclusions are listed as the following: First, there is an increased cooling coupled with an intensified aridification recorded in the fluvio-lacustrine sequence of the Dachangliang section. The cooling is related to an up-section decrease in propensity to chemical weathering as inferred from an increase in low-field susceptibility after cycling to 700 °C. Close to 700 °C, reacting chlorite is providing the iron source for newly formed very fine-grained ferrimagnetic minerals which enhances the susceptibility signal. The reactivity of chlorite after annealing at temperatures above 600 °C is documented with X-ray diffraction. Second, degrees of chemical weathering in the Nihewan Basin are further estimated by clay mineralogy (i.e. chlorite and illite contents and chlorite/illite ratio) and a series of major element proxies (i.e. Na2O/Al2O3 versus K2O/Al2O3 diagram, Al2O3-(CaO + Na2O)-K2O ternary diagram (A-CN-K), chemical index of alteration (CIA), (CaO + Na2O + MgO)/TiO2, (CaO + Na2O + MgO + K2O)/(TiO2 + Al2O3), CaO/Al2O3 and CaO/TiO2). The up-section decrease in propensity to chemical weathering suggested by the aforementioned rock mangetic measurement is further confirmed by these geochemical analyses. Combining the chemical weathering records from the Nihewan Basin, Chinese Loess Plateau, South China Sea and eastern China, we find that the consecutive decreasing trend in chemical weathering intensity during the late Cenozoic is ubiquitous across China. This pattern may result from a long-term decreasing East Asian summer monsoon and increasing East Asian winter monsoon, and thus a consecutive increasing of aridification and cooling in Asia during the Quaternary. Furthermore, the chemical weathering intensity increased from South China to North China during the Quaternary, in line with the decreasing East Asian summer monsoon and increasing East Asian winter monsoon and thus the gradually intensified aridification and cooling from South China to North China. Third, a combined mineral-magnetic and geochemical investigation provides evidences that the large-amplitude alterations of concentration of magnetic minerals mainly result from preservation/dissolution cycles of detrital magnetic minerals in alternately oxic and anoxic depositional environments. The preservation/dissolution model implies that the high-magnetic and low-magnetic cycles of this sedimentary sequence represent glacial and interglacial climate cycles, respectively. This contribute significnatly to our understanding of the link between climate and magnetic properties. Finally, the paleoclimatic implications of these rock magnetic and geochemical characteristics significantly increase our understanding of the general setting of early humans in high northern latitude in East Asia. We propose that the cold and dry climate may have contributed significantly to the expansion and adaptation of early humans, rather than bringing hardship, as is often thought. The relationship between magnetic properties and climate possibly provides valuable information on the climatic context of the Paleolithic sites in the basin, especially whether the occupation occurred during an interglacial or glacial period.

湘西地区上震旦统上部－下寒武统底部黑色岩系沉积学及地球化学

Widespread black chert-shales occur in the Ediacaran-Cambrian(E-C) boundary successions along the flank of Yangtze Platform, South China, remarkable changes in sedimentology, geochemistry and biology were recorded. Although extensive studies were carried out upon this boundary succession, the origin of black chert-shales still remain controversial. This paper focuses on the E-C black chert-shales in western Hunan, South China, upon which detailed depositional and geochemical changes are documented, accordingly a depositional model for black chert-shales is proposed. Stratigraphic anatomy across the depositional strike demonstrates that the shallow-water Dengying dolostone along the platform margin sharply pass basinward into the Liuchapo chert successions, which indicate syndepositional extensional faulting at depth could have occurred along the platform margin. The deep-water Niutitang phosphorite-rich black shales are either underlain by the Dengying dolostones on the platform margin toward platform interior or directly by the Liuchaopo chert successions farther basinwards. By detailed investigation, silica chimneys are firsly identified approximately in the chert along platform margin; two types of silica chimneys, including mounded and splayed/funnelized chert(generally brecciated) bodies are further sorted out. The mounded chert are exitbited by domed or hummocky surfaces on the top and irregular spongy to digitiform internal fabrics; within the silica mounds, abundant original vesicles/voids and/or channels were mostly plugged by initial chalcedony, quartze crystals with minor dolomite and bladed barite crystals. Splayed/funnelized brecciated chert “intrusion” cross-cut the uppermost dolostones capping to the horizon underneath, and are directly overlain by the Niutitang phosphorite-rich black shales. Their similarities to the silica chimneys reported from the oceanic spreading centres suggest a similar origin responsible for these unique silica bodies which is also supported by the microthermonmetric data and element geochemistry. High P, Ba, Fe contents and positive correlation between Fe and TOC concentrations in the Niutitang black shales indicate a high palaeo-productivity in the Early Cambrian ocean. The low Th/U and the high V/Cr, V/Sc, V/(V+Ni) ratios in the black shales suggest an anoxic water condition during this interval. Furthermore, Positive Eu anomalies and high Ba contents in the sediments also imply a hydrothermal influence on the formation of Niutitang black shales. To better constrain the placement of deep-water successions straddling the E-C boundary and the timing of hydrothermal silica chimneys, sensitive high-resoluton ion microprobe(SHRIMP) U-Pb dating of zircon grains from tuffs within the chert succession of Liuchapo Formation at Ganziping was conducted and yields a weighted-mean 206Pb/238Pb age at 536.6±5.5Ma, younger than E-C boundary age(542.0±0.3Ma). This age combined with carbon isotopic data is then proposed to correspond to the U-Pb age of zircons(538.2±1.5Ma) from the Zhongyicun member of Meishucun Formation at Meishucun in eastern Yunna, thus, the E-C boundary in Gazngziping was placed between the Dengying formations and Liuchapo formatioms. therefore, the silica chimneys took place at the beginning of the Cambrian period. The temporal coincidence of silica chimneys and negative excursions of δ13C and δ34Spy pairs suggest hydrothermal activities were likely responsible for the isotopic changes. Under such a circumstance, vast amounts of greenhouse gases(CO2, CH4, H2S), with highly 13C-depleted carbon and 34S-depleted sulfur would be released into the ocean and atmosphere. A positive shift in δ34Scas and Δ34S values from the late Ediacaran to the Early Cambrian could be a reflection of enhanced bacterial sulfate reduction(BSR), strengthened by the intensified oceanic anoxia stimulated by hydrothermal activities. Based on the analyses of sedimentology and geochemistry, a model- “oceanic anoxia induced by hydrothermal–volcanic activies” was proposed to responsible for the formation of black chert-shales during this E-C transition. Under this case, hydrothermal-volcanic activies could release large large amount of greenhouse into atmosphere and metal micronutrients into the ocean, which may lead to global warming, stratified ocean, thereby a high palaeoproductivity; on the other hand, the massive releasing of reduced hydrothermal fluids with abundant H2S, could have in turn enhanced the ocean anoxia. All of these were favourable the for preservation of organic matter, and subsequent extensive deposition of black silica-shales.

藏北措勤盆地白垩纪碳酸盐岩沉积相及缺氧事件响应研究

As a part of Gangdisi-Nianqingtanggula plate, Cuoqin basin (N 29°3O'～33°20'; E 80°～90°) is situated in the west of the Tibet autonomous Region, with an area of 100000 square kilometers. Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate is widely distributed in this basin. Its accumulative thickness is more than 1000 meters. Sedimentary facies of cretaceous shallow-water carbonate and carbon isotope feature are studied in details here. On basis of two main sections researched comprehensively, five facies marks are found. With the combination of Wilson's model and ramp model, a platform-mild slope model are put forward, which is thought to be a comprehensive model for this area. There are three sedimentary circles which are comprised of terrestrial clastic tidal flat and carbonate platform facies in Duoba Member of Duoni Formation. Langshan Formation is mainly comprised of carbonate platform facies. We also studied the carbon isotope features influenced by Cretaceous Aptian-Albian's oceanic anoxic events (OAE). After correlating the δ~(13)C curves of the studied section with that of Peregrina Canyon section in Mexico, we find that there are similar δ~(13)C curves fluctuation styles, namely there is also a δ~(13)C positive excursion in shallow-water carbonate in the studied area, and the degree of δ~(13)C positive excursion in shallow-water carbonate is much higher. There are two main causes which should interpret above δ~(13)C positive excursion feature: on the one hand ,much organic carbon take much 12C off when they are buried with a higher speed during the OAE, which lead to the ~(12)C rise of oceanic total dissolved carbon (TDC),on the other hand, during the OAE there are stratification structures in pale-ocean, in the upper mixed layer with high carbon fixation (HCML). There are so much plankton organisms which absorb much ~(12)C as the ~(13)C of shallow-water carbonate in this layer rise higher. Furthermore, on the basis of the theories of carbonate isotope strata, we suggest that the currently used boundary between Aptian and Albian in the studied area is possibly above the international one, which means the main parts of Duoba Member of Duoni Foramatiom in this area should be belong to Albian in stead of Aptian.

贵州遵义地区早寒武世黑色岩系中镍钼多金属富集层的矿物学和地球化学研究

在新元古代-寒武纪交替阶段（~544Ma）的短短几百万年间，生物种类和数量剧增，这一事件被称之为“寒武纪生物大爆发”（Cambrian Exploration），同时在这一时期，也发生了全球的海洋缺氧事件（Ocean Anoxic Event，OAE）。这些事件造成了在世界范围内的寒武系底部普遍发育了一套富有机质的黑色岩系。在中国南方，从皖南、浙江经赣北、湘西北、贵州至云南一线，下寒武统黑色岩系的分布近2000公里。这些黑色岩系的发育程度在全球背景中很具特色，是全球背景中研究黑色岩系及其相关科学问题的理想场所。 我国南方大陆早寒武世黑色岩系广泛分布且层位稳定，并伴有Mo、Ni、Se、V、Ag、Au、PGE等多种元素富集层。由于其处在特殊的地球演化背景及地质条件，成为目前国内外研究的一个热点区域。基于此，本文在前人工作的基础上，以贵州遵义地区早寒武世黑色岩系中镍钼多金属富集层为研究对象，通过矿物学、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学等研究手段，探讨中国南方早寒武世黑色岩系中镍钼多金属富集层的成因机制。通过研究，取得以下几点认识： (1) 下寒武统镍钼多金属富集层中SiO2含量较低，MgO、Na2O、K2O、MnO、TiO2在炭质页岩和镍钼层中含量差别不大。镍钼多金属富集层中Fe、Ca、P的含量明显高于碳质页岩，这与镍钼层中硫化物、方解石和磷质的显著增加有关。 (2) 镍钼多金属富集层中微量元素Se、Mo、Cd、Ag、Tl、U、Ni，、Bi、Zn、Cu、V等均有较大富集，富集系数为n到n×103。其中尤以Se、Mo最为富集，两者的富集系数均超过30000，其中Mo元素的富集系数大于50000。 (3)通过多种地球化学指标判别，如Se在黑色岩系中超常赋存，U/Th比值远大于1，黑色页岩和镍钼多金属富集层的Ce具有负异常、Eu有微弱的正异常，多种成矿元素的相关关系等这些特征，都暗示了海底喷流热液和生物的共同作用。此外，黑色岩系中V/(V+Ni)的比值反映了它的沉积环境为缺氧环境。 (4)研究区下寒武统黑色岩系中镍钼多金属富集层的矿物组合以黄铁矿、白铁矿、针镍矿、辉砷镍矿、铁辉砷镍矿、紫硫镍矿、赫硫镍矿和碳硫钼矿为主。 矿物生成大多经历了两个成矿阶段：沉积－早期热液阶段和热液－生物阶段。 (5)根据电子探针分析，对于主要富集元素Ni、Mo而言，Ni以出现大量的镍矿物为特征。镍钼多金属富集层中Mo元素主要以“碳硫钼矿”（MoSC）的形式赋存。Se与As元素在硫化物中含量变化十分特征，如在黄铁矿中Se元素较少而As元素含量较高，在碳硫钼矿中情况相反，推测这是由于Se与As元素不同的地球化学性质以及上述两种矿物不同的形成期次造成的。 (6)同位素研究表明，镍钼多金属富集层的硒同位素的分布范围较窄，δ82/76Se范围为-1.56‰- +1.85‰,平均值+0.25‰。根据目前所测得的硒同位素数据，不支持从海水中还原金属元素沉积富集的机制。我们认为当硒通过海底喷流作用释放后，首先以类质同象的方式结合到硫化物相中，这一过程不会造成硒同位素的大的分馏。流体中剩余的少部分硒与海水混合，并且为藻类吸附而沉淀下来，这一过程会造成约1-2‰的硒同位素分馏。这一模式可较好的解释遵义地区下寒武统Ni-Mo-Se富集层的硒同位素组成特征和硒在不同物相中的分配形式。 (7) 镍钼多金属富集层和围岩的有机碳含量为1.75%～13.9%，平均9.16%，有机碳同位素组成为（δ13Corg）-30.6‰～-32.2‰,这一负偏移可能是由于寒武纪早期的海侵作用造成的。

季节性氧湖泊微量金属元素的界面地球化学行为

沉积物表层几厘米范围经常呈现某些微量金属元素富集的现象，过去常笼统地认为这是工业革命以来人为污染不断加剧的证据。但近来的研究却证明强烈的早期成岩作用可以在一定程度上造成微量金属元素在沉积物中的再迁移现象，使得其环境记录失真。因此沉积物中元素分布记录不能完全反映对流域输入的物质组成特征。另外，在一定条件下，沉积物中部分金属元素也可再次向上覆水体释放，造成“二次污染”问题，严重威胁到湖泊／水库的水质安全，成为埋藏在湖泊深处的一颗“定时炸弹”。各种地球化学过程在沉积物一水界面附近造成的重金属元素的源／汇效应因此日益受到人们的重视。近年来贵州红枫湖水质季节性恶化事件频繁出现，作为贵阳市饮用水源的阿哈湖水质也开始出现季节性恶化趋势。紧迫的环境问题及重要的科学意义促使我们系统开展了红枫湖、啊哈湖沉积物一水界面微量金属的地球化学行为研究。两湖都是黔中地区人工水库，具有岩溶湖泊的共性，也具有明显的区别。红枫湖湖水具有典型的岩溶水化学特征，湖水中度富营养化；而啊哈湖受矿山废水的影响，同时由于近年的人工石灰投放等原因，造成该湖湖水具有极硬水、硫酸盐型水特征，矿化度达到600tng／L。我们对上述两湖进行了详细研究，获得了如下的研究成果：1．硫酸盐还原细菌（SRB）及铁还原细菌（DIRB）的计数直观地指示了有机质早期成岩过程中各电子受体依次利用的分带性：即硫还原（锰还原）叶铁还原。孔隙水中硫酸根及溶解铁分布与SRB和D工RB的分布吻合。沉积物孔柱的模拟实验、各类还原性微生物计数及与孔隙水中铁锰、硫酸根分布的综合分析证实了微生物的作用是厌氧环境中各种还原反应的不可缺少的因素，界面附近氧含量的变化是引起水质恶化的基本外因。模拟实验的结果还解释了铁、锰、硫在季节性缺氧湖泊中的循环机理。2．微生物计数及生物大分子分析证实了上层沉积物（0-10厘米）是微生物活跃最为强烈的区域，易降解有机质在此区域被降解。红枫湖沉积物有机质降解持续的深度较深〔达到10cm），而啊哈湖沉积物有机质降解持续深度较浅，仅为4厘米，这主要是由于两湖都是季节性厌氧型湖泊，红枫湖在缺氧季节，有机质厌氧降解所需的电子受体迅速消耗，使得缺氧季节该湖有机质降解速率相对缓慢；啊哈湖受到大量煤矿废水注入，水体及沉积物中硫酸根、铁锰含量异常高，并在厌氧季节里为微生物厌氧呼吸提供充足的电子受体，因而易降解部分有机质在表层迅速被氧化，而且该湖沉积速率相对较慢，有机质有相对充裕的时间在上层被降解，避免了被掩埋的命运。3．啊哈湖沉积物孔隙水及界面水δ13CDIC及DIC浓度的分析，显示啊哈湖沉积物产甲烷过程很弱或不明显。这主要是受到硫酸盐还原作用的抑制。从δ34SSO42-SO42-相关关系及硫酸盐还原菌分布特征，可以在深度上划分为两种还原过程及硫同位素分馏过程：慢速还原阶段（6厘米以下），硫同位素分馏程度较大，最大分馏达13．71％。分馏因子约为1.024-1.026之间；快速还原阶段（0-6厘米），硫同位素具有明显分馏，最大达到38‰，这与快速还原过程硫同位素分馏较小的规律相反，主要原因是由于表层同时出现有还原态硫的氧化反应．产生较负的δ34S-so41，δ34S-SO42--SO42-的变化反映出混合过程。通过研究我们进一步还推断，采样点沉积物下部还有煤矿硫源的输入。4．两湖沉积物中铁、锰、硫的还原作用发生位置都具有季节性沿沉积深度上下迁移的特性，部分微量金属元素扩散通量因此发生季节性变化。受沉积物中铁锰含量的控制，红枫湖沉积物一水界面铁锰循环作用比啊哈湖弱。啊哈湖锰含量很高，导致界面附近锰的循环剧烈且远强于铁的循环，并在一定程度上引起部分微量金属在沉积物上层强烈富集。5．通过红枫湖后五沉积物剖面研究，我们发现各种微量元素由于其自身不同的地球化学性质差异，早期成岩过程对其在沉积物中的垂直分布特征的改造程度是不同的。①锰具有明显的向上富集趋势，铁在沉积物中的分布特征的后期改造作用就比较弱。②钻、镍分布的后期改造程度与铁相似，从总量来看再迁移程度比较弱。③铜、锌在早期成岩过程中逐渐向沉积物中上部富集，这主要是与铜锌强烈的亲硫性引起的。钥的表层富集现象最为明显，沉积后再迁移效应显著。由其含量在上层沉积物中的两重峰值，可以指示界面剧烈的锰循环及界面下硫酸盐还原作用对它的联合控制。6．与红枫湖相比，啊哈湖沉积物金属元素再迁移特征有很大的不同：①通过部分微量金属元素地球化学相态分析，各相态微量金属分布主要服从其总量分布特征。②沉积物稀土配分模式明确指示了啊哈湖成湖基底的位置，即沉积物－水界面下18-19厘米以下。③通过Ti、Zr、ΣREE＋Y等的分析也显示了成湖前原始基底的存在位置，同时它们在沉积物中的含量变化特征还反映了该湖扩容后陆源输入的减少。④在沉积深度上铁锰及部分微量金属元素出现明显的分离现象。⑤通过相关性分析，Fe与Cu，U、Mn与Pb，C0，Ni，Cd，Zn等都存在很好的相关性，表明它们之间具有相似的界面地球化学行为。Fe型元素与Mn型元素分布差异的原因可以简约的概括为：锰的界面循环极为强烈，导致再迁移程度很高；而铁的循环相对较弱，又容易受到上层硫酸盐还原作用的抑制，因此再迁移程度不高。此外，由岩溶地区湖泊较强的酸中和能力及近年来的人为石灰投放，沉淀PH不同导致微量金属元素间发生分离，引起下游大坝处金属元素的输入差异。因此，啊哈湖大坝附近沉积物中微量金属元素的分布特征应受到沉积后再迁移和受 pH控制的煤矿废水输送差异联合制约。

Environmental impacts of the coal ash spill in Kingston, Tennessee: an 18-month survey.

An 18 month investigation of the environmental impacts of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) coal ash spill in Kingston, Tennessee combined with leaching experiments on the spilled TVA coal ash have revealed that leachable coal ash contaminants (LCACs), particularly arsenic, selenium, boron, strontium, and barium, have different effects on the quality of impacted environments. While LCACs levels in the downstream river water are relatively low and below the EPA drinking water and ecological thresholds, elevated levels were found in surface water with restricted water exchange and in pore water extracted from the river sediments downstream from the spill. The high concentration of arsenic (up to 2000 μg/L) is associated with some degree of anoxic conditions and predominance of the reduced arsenic species (arsenite) in the pore waters. Laboratory leaching simulations show that the pH and ash/water ratio control the LCACs' abundance and geochemical composition of the impacted water. These results have important implications for the prediction of the fate and migration of LCACs in the environment, particularly for the storage of coal combustion residues (CCRs) in holding ponds and landfills, and any potential CCRs effluents leakage into lakes, rivers, and other aquatic systems.

Nitrogen cycle feedbacks as a control on euxinia in the mid-Proterozoic ocean

Geochemical evidence invokes anoxic deep oceans until the terminal Neoproterozoic similar to 0.55 Ma, despite oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere nearly 2 Gyr earlier. Marine sediments from the intervening period suggest predominantly ferruginous (anoxic Fe(II)-rich) waters, interspersed with euxinia (anoxic H2S-rich conditions) along productive continental margins. Today, sustained biotic H2S production requires NO3- depletion because denitrifiers outcompete sulphate reducers. Thus, euxinia is rare, only occurring concurrently with (steady state) organic carbon availability when N-2-fixers dominate the production in the photic zone. Here we use a simple box model of a generic Proterozoic coastal upwelling zone to show how these feedbacks caused the mid-Proterozoic ocean to exhibit a spatial/temporal separation between two states: photic zone NO3- with denitrification in lower anoxic waters, and N-2-fixation- driven production overlying euxinia. Interchange between these states likely explains the varying H2S concentration implied by existing data, which persisted until the Neoproterozoic oxygenation event gave rise to modern marine biogeochemistry.