Vitreoretinal Interface Changes in Geographic Atrophy.

PURPOSE Geographic atrophy (GA) is the end-stage manifestation of atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The disease progresses slowly over time, eventually causing loss of central vision. Its cause and pathomechanism are not fully known. Previous studies have suggested that vitreoretinal traction (VRT) may contribute to the progression of neovascular AMD. The aim of this study was to examine whether an association between changes at the vitreoretinal interface (VRI), in particular traction (VRT), and the characteristics and progression of GA in eyes with dry AMD can be established. DESIGN Clinic-based prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 97 patients (age range, 61-90 years; mean, 78.4 years) with GA secondary to dry AMD were enrolled. Patients exhibiting neovascular signs on fluorescein angiography in either eye were excluded. METHODS The VRI changes were examined using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Characteristics of GA were examined using fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging. All imaging was performed using a Spectralis SLO+OCT device (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany); GA area was measured using the Region Finder (Heidelberg Engineering) software native to the Spectralis platform. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Area and increase in area of GA. RESULTS A total of 97 eyes were examined. Vitreoretinal traction was found in 39 eyes (40%). The GA area at baseline was 6.65±5.64 mm(2) in eyes with VRT and 5.73±4.72 mm(2) in eyes with no VRT. The annual rate of progression of GA area progression was 2.99±0.66 mm(2) in eyes with VRT and 1.45±0.67mm(2) in eyes without VRT. Differences between groups in both parameters were statistically significant (n = 97 total number of eyes; P<0.001). Multiple regression analysis confirmed this finding (B = 0.714, P<0.001; F3,93 = 72.542, P<0.001; adjusted R(2) = 0.691) CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate an association between VRT and an increased rate of progression of GA area in dry AMD. Monitoring VRT may contribute to an improved estimate of the prospective time of visual loss and to a better timing of emerging therapies in dry AMD.

Advances in understanding energy consumption behavior and the governance of its change - Outline of an integrated framework

Transforming today’s energy systems in industrialized countries requires a substantial reduction of the total energy consumption at the individual level. Selected instruments have been found to be effective in changing people’s behavior in single domains. However, the so far weak success story on reducing overall energy consumption indicates that our understanding of the determining factors of individual energy consumption as well as of its change is far from being conclusive. Among others, the scientific state of the art is dominated by analyzing single domains of consumption and by neglecting embodied energy. It also displays strong disciplinary splits and the literature often fails to distinguish between explaining behavior and explaining change of behavior. Moreover, there are knowledge gaps regarding the legitimacy and effectiveness of the governance of individual consumption behavior and its change. Against this backdrop, the aim of this paper is to establish an integrated interdisciplinary framework that offers a systematic basis for linking the different aspects in research on energy related consumption behavior, thus paving the way for establishing a better evidence base to inform societal actions. The framework connects the three relevant analytical aspects of the topic in question: (1) It systematically and conceptually frames the objects, i.e. the energy consumption behavior and its change (explananda); (2) it structures the factors that potentially explain the energy consumption behavior and its change (explanantia); (3) it provides a differentiated understanding of change inducing interventions in terms of governance. Based on the existing states of the art approaches from different disciplines within the social sciences the proposed framework is supposed to guide interdisciplinary empirical research.

Time Course of Antibiotic and Antifungal Concentrations in Corneal Organ Culture.

PURPOSE Contamination with bacteria and/or fungi is a serious complication in organ-cultured corneas. Hence, antibiotic and antifungal agents are added to the culture medium. The concentration of different antimicrobial and antifungal additives to the media over time has so far not been investigated in detail and is the aim of this study. METHODS Nine human fresh corneoscleral discs were stored in corneal culture medium consisting of 2% fetal bovine serum and minimal essential medium. In addition, the culture medium contained 1200 μg/mL penicillin G, 25 μg/mL amphotericin B, 120 μg/mL streptomycin, and 100 μg/mL voriconazole. The concentration of amphotericin B used was 10 times higher than in clinical routine to facilitate its detection. The cultures were kept at 37°C for 28 days. At days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, samples of the culture medium were harvested for analysis of antimicrobial concentrations by liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS During corneal storage, the concentration of all antibiotics and antifungal agents declined significantly. By day 28, penicillin G was reduced to 14% of the original concentration. Amphotericin B and streptomycin retained approximately 60% of the original concentration to the end of the experiment and voriconazole maintained stable concentrations after an initial decline to approximately 80% at 7 days. CONCLUSIONS Throughout the entire storage period, the concentrations of penicillin G, streptomycin, and voriconazole exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations of all common contaminants, obviating the need for a change of the medium for antimicrobial reasons. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentrations and our findings, the initial concentration of amphotericin B should be raised to 5 μg/mL.

'Muerte de Narciso', poema-umbral del orbe lezamiano

Este trabajo contempla la presencia de los subtextos de los Narcisos de Valéry y Ovidio, así como las poéticas de Garcilaso y Góngora en "Muerte de Narciso" de José Lezama Lima. En este primer poema publicado Lezama diseña su linaje colocando a Garcilaso como la figura emblemática del poeta y expone sus diferencias con respecto a Valéry y Góngora. A pesar de la distancia entre este texto y la noción de "era imaginaria" que Lezama construye posteriormente, nuestra lectura halla vínculos que permiten trazar en "Muerte de Narciso" una era imaginaria que traza el inicio de la poética lezamiana.

'Muerte de Narciso', poema-umbral del orbe lezamiano

Este trabajo contempla la presencia de los subtextos de los Narcisos de Valéry y Ovidio, así como las poéticas de Garcilaso y Góngora en "Muerte de Narciso" de José Lezama Lima. En este primer poema publicado Lezama diseña su linaje colocando a Garcilaso como la figura emblemática del poeta y expone sus diferencias con respecto a Valéry y Góngora. A pesar de la distancia entre este texto y la noción de "era imaginaria" que Lezama construye posteriormente, nuestra lectura halla vínculos que permiten trazar en "Muerte de Narciso" una era imaginaria que traza el inicio de la poética lezamiana.

'Muerte de Narciso', poema-umbral del orbe lezamiano

Este trabajo contempla la presencia de los subtextos de los Narcisos de Valéry y Ovidio, así como las poéticas de Garcilaso y Góngora en "Muerte de Narciso" de José Lezama Lima. En este primer poema publicado Lezama diseña su linaje colocando a Garcilaso como la figura emblemática del poeta y expone sus diferencias con respecto a Valéry y Góngora. A pesar de la distancia entre este texto y la noción de "era imaginaria" que Lezama construye posteriormente, nuestra lectura halla vínculos que permiten trazar en "Muerte de Narciso" una era imaginaria que traza el inicio de la poética lezamiana.

Poética mística sin relojes ni esquinas: análisis de la obra "Aguaespejo granadino" de José Val del Omar

Hay figuras que se escapan de sus contemporáneos como el agua entre los dedos. Autores difícilmente clasificables, cuya magnitud es apenas intuida hasta pasados muchos años del nacimiento de su obra. Hay autores que trabajan para siempre. Es el caso de artistas como Federico García Lorca, Antonio Gaudí, Franz Kafka, Víctor Erice, Andrei Tarkowski o tantos otros. Autores que avanzan en la oscuridad. Autores que caminan sin red por la cuerda floja, sin conocer hacia dónde van. Autores que exploran nuevos territorios en nombre de la humanidad. Autores que rozan lo inefable, que nos asoman al abismo insondable. Y a esta clase pertenece también el cineasta granadino José Val del Omar. Y se dice cineasta porque ni él mismo logró encontrar una palabra que definiera lo que hacía. Cinemista, cinegrafía, mecamística… son términos que necesitó forjar porque en la oscuridad los objetos se vuelven ininteligibles, pero necesitamos poner nombre a las cosas para que existan. Val del Omar está mucho más cerca de Rimbaud que de Willy Wilder a pesar de que las categorías convencionales digan lo contrario. La naturaleza de su obra se resiste por definición a cualquier análisis o método de razonamiento lógicodeductivo, y sin embargo sentimos la necesidad de abordarlo en el intento de adentrarnos un poco más en esas imágenes oníricas que sin saber porqué nos fascinan misteriosamente como mariposas atraídas por la luz, que diría el propio protagonista de este trabajo. Val del Omar dedicó su vida a producir apenas 61 minutos de celuloide, de los cuales 21 son objeto de este estudio, y sin embargo escribió literalmente miles de páginas sobre ello. Para escribir durante toda una vida basta observar lo que sucede en un vaso de agua, decía Valéry, y José Val del Omar descubrió, y nos descubrió a nosotros que el misterio se encierra en las cosas pequeñas, o como diría el maestro, “en los pliegues de lo chiquito”. Quien se dedica a profundizar en su entorno sabe bien que ése vislumbre se produce en contadas ocasiones y es sólo el premio de muchas horas, días, meses incluso años de trabajo. El genio de Granada filmó una y otra vez las pequeñas cosas de su entorno hasta prácticamente el día de su muerte, buscando desvelar este misterio de las cosas. José Val del Omar ha sido comparado en numerosas ocasiones con San Juan de la Cruz y Santa Teresa, ha sido definido como un inventor adelantado a su tiempo, ha sido calificado de visionario, de ingeniero, de artista, poeta…, y lo cierto es que todos y ninguno tienen razón, pues Val del Omar se transformó en su propia obra hasta el punto de confundirse con ella. Su figura resulta pues tan impenetrable como sus propias cintas y tan enigmática y fascinante como ellas...

The Convention on the Future of Europe: Extended Working Group or Constitutional Assembly? Research Papers in Law, 4/2005

From the Introduction. “We are a Convention. We are not an Intergovernmental Conference because we have not been given a mandate by Governments to negotiate on their behalf the solutions which we propose. We are not a Parliament because we are not elected by citizens to draft legislative texts. […] We are a Convention. What does this mean? A Convention is a group of men and women meeting for the sole purpose of preparing a joint proposal. […] It is a task modest in form but immense in content, for if it succeeds in accordance with our mandate, it will light up the future of Europe”.1 In his speech inaugurating the Convention process on 26 February 2002 in Brussels, Convention President VALÉRY GISCARD D’ESTAING raises three issues: first, he refers to the Convention’s nature and method; second, he talks of the Convention’s aim and output; and, third, he evokes the Convention’s historic and symbolic significance. All three aspects have been amply discussed in the past two years by politicians and academics analysing whether the Convention’s purpose and instruments differ fundamentally from those of previous reform rounds; whether the input into and output of the Convention process qualitatively improves European Treaty revision; and whether the Convention as an institution lived up to its symbolic and normative load, reflected in comparisons with “Philadelphia” or references to a “constitutional moment”.2

De la tolérance arbitraire et coupable du ministère à l'égard des Jesuites, de leur rétablissement légal ou de leur expulsion selon les lois du royaume; considérations politiques.

Mode of access: Internet.

Appel à l'épiscopat français pour la tenue d'un concile national.

Mode of access: Internet.

Observations sur la Lettre adressée par le cardinal de Bonald à M. le recteur de l'Académie de Lyon, 11 octobre 1843. Pour faire suite à l'ouvrage du même auteur intitulé: Appel à l'épiscopat français pour la tenue d'un concile national.

Reprinted from pp. [627]-661 of a larger work.

Ballades françaises.

Vols. 7- have title: Ballades françaises et chroniques de France.