Betydelser i barnfamiljsbroschyrer : Systemisk-funktionell analys av den tänkta läsaren och institutionen

This thesis concerns Swedish and Finland-Swedish brochures to families with children, presenting family allowances from the social insurance institutions in the two countries. The aim of the study is to analyse what meanings are conveyed with reference to the conceivable reader and the institution in the brochures. The material consists of information brochures in Swedish from Kela, the social insurance institution of Finland, and Försäkringskassan, the Swedish social insurance agency, issued during 2003–2006. The general theoretical framework is systemic-functional linguistics (SFL) as presented by Halliday & Matthiessen (2004) and Holmberg & Karlsson (2006). The study consists of a quantitative study of the lexical choices of the social insurance brochures. Furthermore, a qualitative process and participant analysis is annotated with the UAM Corpus tool and the results are quantified. Speech functions and modal auxiliaries are analysed qualitatively. The analysis shows that material and relational processes are most common. The relational and verbal processes are used more in the Sweden-Swedish brochures, while the material processes are more common in the Finland-Swedish brochures. The participants in the brochures are the institution, mentioned by its name, and the conceivable reader, directly addressed with “you” (du). In addition, the referent “child” is often mentioned. The participants assigned for the reader are Actor, Receiver, Carrier and Speaker. In the Finland-Swedish texts, the reader is often an Actor, while the reader in the Sweden-Swedish texts is a Carrier. Thus, the conceivable reader is an active participant who takes care of his or her own matters using the internet, communicates actively to the institution and has legal rights and obligations. The institution is visible in the texts but does not have an active role as the name of the institution is mostly used in circumstances. The institution is not often a participant, but when it is, it is Actor, Receiver, Listener and Carrier, expecting the clients to address it. Speech functions are performed in different ways. For instance, questions structure the reading process and commands are realised by modal auxiliaries, not by imperatives. The most common modal auxiliary is kan (can, may), and another common auxiliary is ska (shall, must). Statements are surrounded by subordinate clauses and adverbs that describe situations and criteria. The results of the study suggest that the brochures in the two countries are similar, in particular when produced in similar ways, that is, when the Finland-Swedish texts are not translated. Existing differences reflect the differences in the institutions, the social insurance systems and the cultural contexts. KEYWORDS: Finland-Swedish, Swedish, comparative analysis, SFL, discourse analysis, administrative language, institutional discourse, institutional communication

Lagöversättning som process och produkt : Revideringar och institutioner vid lagöversättning till svenska i Finland

The thesis studies the translation process for the laws of Finland as they are translated from Finnish into Swedish. The focus is on revision practices, norms and workplace procedures. The translation process studied covers three institutions and four revisions. In three separate studies the translation process is analyzed from the perspective of the translations, the institutions and the actors. The general theoretical framework is Descriptive Translation Studies. For the analysis of revisions made in versions of the Swedish translation of Finnish laws, a model is developed covering five grammatical categories (textual revisions, syntactic revisions, lexical revisions, morphological revisions and content revisions) and four norms (legal adequacy, correct translation, correct language and readability). A separate questionnaire-based study was carried out with translators and revisers at the three institutions. The results show that the number of revisions does not decrease during the translation process, and no division of labour can be seen at the different stages. This is somewhat surprising if the revision process is regarded as one of quality control. Instead, all revisers make revisions on every level of the text. Further, the revisions do not necessarily imply errors in the translations but are often the result of revisers following different norms for legal translation. The informal structure of the institutions and its impact on communication, visibility and workplace practices was studied from the perspective of organization theory. The results show weaknesses in the communicative situation, which affect the co-operation both between institutions and individuals. Individual attitudes towards norms and their relative authority also vary, in the sense that revisers largely prioritize legal adequacy whereas translators give linguistic norms a higher value. Further, multi-professional teamwork in the institutions studied shows a kind of teamwork based on individuals and institutions doing specific tasks with only little contact with others. This shows that the established definitions of teamwork, with people co-working in close contact with each other, cannot directly be applied to the workplace procedures in the translation process studied. Three new concepts are introduced: flerstegsrevidering (multi-stage revision), revideringskedja (revision chain) and normsyn (norm attitude). The study seeks to make a contribution to our knowledge of legal translation, translation processes, institutional translation, revision practices and translation norms for legal translation. Keywords: legal translation, translation of laws, institutional translation, revision, revision practices, norms, teamwork, organizational informal structure, translation process, translation sociology, multilingual.

Konstruktioner i interaktion. : de e som resurs i samtal

This study concerns the most common word pair in spoken Swedish, de e (it is, third person pronoun + copula-verb in present tense). The aim of the study is twofold, with an empirical aim and a theoretical aim. The empirical aim is to investigate if and how the string de e can be understood and described as a construction in its own right with characteristics that distinguishes it from other structures and resources in spoken Swedish. The theoretical aim is to test how two different linguistic theories and methods, interactional linguistics and construction grammar, can be combined and used to describe and explain patterns in languaging that traditional grammar does take into account. The empirical analysis is done within the interactional linguistic framework with sequence analyses of excerpts from authentic conversation data. The data consists of approximately ten hours of recorded conversation from Finland and Sweden. The sequence analysis suggests that the string de e really is used as a resource in its own right. In most cases, the string is also used in ways consistent with abstract grammatical patterns described by traditional grammar. Nevertheless, there are instances where de e is used in ways not described before: with numerals and infinitive phrases as complements, without any complements at all and together with certain complements (bra, de) in idiomatic ways. Furthermore, in the instances where de e is used according to known grammatical patterns the function of the particular string de e is clearly contextually specific and in various ways linked to the micro-context in which it is used. A new model is suggested for understanding and concluding the results from the sequence analyses. It consists of two different types of constructions grammatical and interactional. The grammatical constructions show how the string is used in eleven structurally different ways. The interactional constructions show seven different sequential positions and functions in which the string occurs. The two types of constructions are also linked to each other as potentials. This is a new way to describe how interactants use and responds to a concrete string like de e in conversation.

Kampen om Eros : Om kön och kärlek i Pahlensviten

The Struggle for Eros: On Love and Gender in the Pahlen Series The present dissertation examines how gender, sexuality and motherhood are constructed in the novel series Fröknarna von Pahlen (The Misses von Pahlen, I VII, 1930 1935) by the Swedish author Agnes von Krusenstjerna. The aim of the study is to analyze how the Pahlen series relates to the discourses on gender and sexuality circulating in the 1930s, and how the series opens a dialogue with the feminist thinking of the time especially with the book Lifslinjer I (Love and Marriage, 1903) by the Swedish author Ellen Key. Fröknarna von Pahlen holds a central position in the research on Agnes von Krusenstjerna partly due to the literary debate that the novel series triggered. The debate was connected to the development taking place in the Swedish society in the beginning of the 1930s, in the so-called second phase of the Modern Breakthrough. Sweden was at that time characterized by struggle over the definitions of gender, sexuality and parenthood, and this struggle is also visible in the Pahlen series. The literary debate took place in 1934 1935 and it began after an article by the modernist writer Karin Boye was published in Social-Demokraten on 28 January 1934. In her polemic article, Boye saw the Pahlen series as a sign that the family institution is on the verge of a breakdown and with it the whole moral system that has come to existence through it . Boye went on to state that Krusenstjerna only sees and describes and that she explores neither new literary forms nor new values. Boye wrote the article before the last two parts of the novel series were published, so obviously she could not discuss the utopian vision characterizing those parts. This study, however, strives to demonstrate that Krusenstjerna not only sees and describes, but that she like many of her contemporary female colleagues appears to take the request of Friedrich Nietzsche to revaluate all values seriously. Like the works of her contemporaries, Krusenstjerna s Pahlen series is marked by a double vision on the one hand a critique of the prevailing social order, and on the other hand a dream of a new world and a new human being. In this research the vision of the Pahlen series is characterized as queer in order to emphasize that the series not only criticizes the prevailing gender order and its morals, but is also open for new ways of doing gender, parenthood, and family.

Genus i östra Nyland : från dialektutjämning till dialektmarkör

Gender in eastern Nyland – from dialect levelling to identity marking The study of dialect leveling in eastern Nyland focuses on variation and change in the Swedish dialects of Nyland (Fi. Uusimaa) on the south coast of Finland. During the last century the grammatical gender system of the dialects in the area has been reduced from a three-gender system to a two-gender system (cf. Corbett 1991). The present study is based on five linguistic variables in the gender system: the anaphoric pronouns (han, hon, den) when used for inanimates; the neuter pronouns he(t) and de(t) – when used anaphorically or as expletives; and three different types of morphological postposed definite articles. For all these variables, both dialect variants and standard variants are used in the dialects. Within the study of processes of variation and change, the work focuses on the mechanisms of leveling, simplification and reallocation; cf. Trudgill (1986) and Hinskens, Auer Kerswill (2005). With regard to the reductions of the gender system, the possibility that some of these variables might have turned into becoming dialect markers (Labov 1972) in the modern varieties of eastern Nyland is given special attention. The primary data consist of tape recordings with 25 informants done in the 1960s and 1970s. The informants were born in 1881–1913. In addition, recent changes were investigated in detail in tape recordings from 2005–2008 with 15 informants, who were born in the period 1927–1947 or 1976–1988. The study combines quantitative and qualitative methods in the systematic analysis of the data. Theoretically and methodologically the study relies on methods and results from variation studies and socio-dialectology, as well as on methods and results from traditional dialectology; cf. Ahlbäck (1946) and the dictionary of Swedish dialects, Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål, (1976–). The results show that there are different strategies among the informants in their use of the features studied. In the modern varieties of the dialects, most of the informants use only two genders, uter and neuter. Of the variables, the masculine pronoun for inanimates, the traditional neuter pronoun he(t) and some variants of the traditional definite articles have received a new function as dialect markers in my data. These changes first affect the gender distinctions, and the function of marking gender is lost; gradually the features then get new functions as dialect markers through processes of dialect leveling and reallocation. These processes are connected to changes taking place in the communities in eastern Nyland because of urbanization. When the dialect speakers experience that the traditional values of both the dialects and the culture are threatened, they begin to mark their dialectal identity by using dialect markers in their speech.

Bedömningen av muntliga språkkunskaper i svenska : en analys av bedömarnas reflektioner kring elevbedömningens reliabilitet

Tutkielmassa käsitellään ruotsin suullisen kielitaidon kriteeripohjaista arviointia Eurooppalaiseen viitekehykseen perustuvan arviointiskaalan avulla arvioijan näkökulmasta. Tutkielmassa analysoidaan seitsemän arvioijan arviointiprosessin reflektointia. Arvioijat osallistuvat poikkitieteelliseen HY-TALK-pilottitutkimukseen Helsingin yliopistossa. Tutkielman tavoitteena on eritellä, miten arvioijat kokevat peruskoulu- ja lukio-opetuksen opetussuunnitelmiin sisältyvän kriteeripohjaisen kielitaidon skaalan käytön ruotsin kielen suullisen taidon arviointityön pohjana. Erityisesti painotetaan arvioijien subjektiivista kokemusta skaalan avulla arvioinnista. Lisäksi analysoidaan kyseisten arvioijien arviointitulosten reliabiliteettia HY-TALK-tutkimuksessa. Aineistona käytetään arvioijien avoimilla haastatteluilla kerättyjä kommentteja skaalan käytöstä ja arvioinnista, sekä samojen arvioijien oppilasarviointituloksia HY-TALK-pilottitutkimuksesta. Tutkimusmetodi on kvalitatiivinen kokeenjälkeinen tapaustutkimus. Tutkielman teoriatausta nojautuu suullisen kielitaidon arvioinnin tutkimukseen. Suullisen kielitaidon arvioinnin perustana voidaan pitää Bachman ja Palmerin (1996) teoriaa kommunikatiivisesta kielitaidosta. Kielitaito jaetaan organisatoriseen ja pragmaattiseen kompetenssiin. Kokeen reliabiliteetti ja validiteetti nousevat tutkielmassa keskeisiksi käsitteiksi. Suullisen kielitaidon mittaamisessa ongelmana on kommunikaation arviointi. Koetyyppinä suorituskoe, jossa kokelas arvioidaan kommunikatiivisessa tilanteessa, ei yleisen käsityksen mukaan vastaa autenttista kielenkäyttötilannetta. Kokeen perusteella halutaan kuitenkin tehdä yleistys kokelaan kielitaidosta ja selviytymisestä oikeissa kielenkäyttötilanteissa. Arvioinnissa tehdään ero analyyttisen ja holistisen arvioinnin välille. Kriteeripohjaisessa arvioinnissa pyritään pitäytymään analyyttisessa arvioinnissa, jolloin arvioija kiinnittää huomiota monipuolisesti kokelaan kielitaidon eri osa-alueisiin. Tutkielman tuloksena seitsemän analysoidun arvioijan välillä on suuria eroja arvioinnin lähtökohdissa ja subjektiivisissa painotuksissa. Osa arvioijista painotti organisatorista kompetenssia, ja osa taas pragmaattista kompetenssia. Interaktion ja kommunikaation roolista suullisen kielitaidon arvioinnissa oli suuria mielipide-eroja. Osa arvioijista painotti arvioinnissa kommunikaation tärkeyttä ja muita pragmaattiseen kompetenssiin kuuluvia osa-alueita, kun taas osa mainitsi esimerkiksi oikeakielisyyden ja rakenteiden hallinnan. Kolme arvioijaa painotti pragmaattista kompetenssia, kaksi mainitsi piirteitä molemmista, ja kaksi painotti organisatorista kompetenssia. Osa eroista selittyy arviointitapahtumien eroilla sekä arvioijien kokemuksella. Toisaalta, nämä erot arvioinnin subjektiivisissa painotuksissa eivät suuresti näy itse pilottitutkimuksen viitekehyspohjaisen arviointiskaalan avulla saaduissa oppilasarviointituloksissa. Arvioijien välisiä eroja oppilasarvioinnissa kuitenkin esiintyy. Organisatorista kompetenssia painottavat antoivat osalle oppilaista hieman muita parempia arvosanoja. Tutkielman päätelmä on, että tässä tapaustutkimuksessa arviointityössä oli subjektiivisia painotuksia, ja että jonkin verran eroja kriteeripohjaisessa oppilasarvioinnissa löytyi. Erot eivät kuitenkaan yleisesti ottaen olleet kovin suuria.

"Han är en trollkarl. Alla skriver laudatur som går på hans lektioner" : en studie om elevernas uppfattningar om orsakerna till toppresultat i svenska i tre finska gymnasier

Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma on tehty osana Svenska i toppen -projektia, joka alkoi syksyllä 2008 Pohjoismaisten kielten ja pohjoismaisen kirjallisuuden laitoksella. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat lukiolaisten näkökulmasta hyvien tulosten saavuttamiseen ruotsin ylioppilaskirjoituksissa kolmessa suomenkielisessä lukiossa, jotka sijaitsevat Turun, Tampereen ja Joensuun seuduilla. Lisäksi tavoitteena on selvittää, miten maantieteelliset tekijät vaikuttavat opiskelijoiden ruotsin kielen osaamiseen sekä mitä eroja on keskipitkän ja pitkän ruotsin oppimäärän opiskelijoiden asenteissa kieltä kohtaan. Tutkielman aineistona on kolme ryhmähaastattelua, joihin on osallistunut 14 lukiolaista, 11 tyttöä ja 3 poikaa. Haastattelut on tehty joulukuussa 2008 sekä tammi- ja maaliskuussa 2009. Haastatteluissa on käytetty strukturoitua kyselylomaketta, jossa kysytään opiskelijoiden näkemyksiä ruotsin opiskelusta. Tutkimusmenetelmänä on kvalitatiivinen tutkimusote, jossa on piirteitä kolmesta eri menetelmästä: tapaustutkimuksesta, etnografisesta tutkimuksesta sekä temaattisesta analyysistä. Tärkeimpänä teoriataustana on ruotsi toisena kielenä -tutkimus, oppiminen sosiokonstruktivistisena ilmiönä sekä motivaatiotutkimus. Tarkastelen kielenoppijaa luokkahuoneessa sosiaalisena osallistujana omassa oppimisprosessissaan. Oppiminen nähdään kokonaisuutena, johon kuuluu eri osa-alueita, esimerkiksi koulujen käytännöt, yhteisön vaikutus oppimiseen sekä opiskelijan identiteetin muokkautuminen kouluyhteisössä. Motivaatiota tarkastelen kielenoppimisen näkökulmasta, ja se koostuu erilaisista dynaamisista vaiheista, esimerkiksi tavoitteiden asettamisesta oppimisprosessin alussa, valintojen tekemisestä sekä motivaation ylläpitämisestä oppimisprosessin kuluessa. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että suurin yksittäinen syy menestykseen opiskelijoiden näkökulmasta on opettaja, joka omalla toiminnallaan voi merkittävästi parantaa opiskelijoiden oppimisedellytyksiä. Työhön panostaminen, opiskelijoiden yksilöllinen kohtaaminen myös luokkahuoneen ulkopuolella ja esimerkiksi omien oppimateriaalien valmistaminen ovat opettajaan liittyviä tekijöitä, jotka voivat nostaa opiskelijoiden motivaatiota huomattavasti. Myös lukion maantieteellisellä sijainnilla on vaikutusta. Paikkakunnilla, joilla ruotsin kieltä käytetään vähän, korostuu opettajan rooli kielellisen oppimisympäristön luomisessa. Keskipitkän ja pitkän ruotsin opiskelijoiden välillä ei tutkimuksessa ilmene eroja asenteissa kieltä kohtaan.

Linnunkiikut ja kallen kaulukset : Kotitekoiset kuukautissiteet 1900-luvun alkupuolen Suomessa

The aim of this thesis was to study what kind of home-made menstrual pads were used in the early 20th century in Finland, how the home-made pads were made and which techniques and materials were used. The use and taking care of menstrual pads were also explored. The history of menstrual pads has been studied in Sweden, Germany and United States but none of those studies has concentrated on home-made pads. Instead, there are many studies about womanhood and menstruation. In many studies home-made menstrual pads are only briefly mentioned. Menstrual pads were not commonly used in Finland at the beginning of the 20th century, but already in the 1940s the use of menstrual pads had become common in every stratum of society. Home-made menstrual pads were used even until the 1960s. In Finland, factory-made disposable menstrual pads became common only in the 1930s and they were only slowly accepted. The study material consisted of nine interviews, three archival inquiries, health care guidebooks from 1893 to 1943 and authentic menstrual pads, menstrual belts and other objects related to them. The interviewed women were born between 1915 and 1939. The narrative approach was used in the study and it also guided the analysis. The interview and archival data were studied according to the basic rules of oral history studies. Literature consisted of publications from several disciplines. The extensive primary material played the most important role in this study. The reconstructions of the menstrual pads were made according to the interviewed women s advice. In Finland there were innumerable variations of home-made menstrual pads. The pads were most commonly crocheted and knitted either by hand or by knitting machine. Pads were also sewn of cloth, old bed linen or old underwear. The menstrual pads were self-made or made by a female relative. Word of mouth was important in spreading information on how to make pads, because there were hardly any instructions available. The biggest pads were 54 cm long and 13 cm wide. The most widely used pad model was a rectangle, which had triangle-shaped ends with a buttonhole or a loop. The pad was attached to the menstrual belt or to the buttons of the suspender belt. Knitted and crocheted pads had one, two or three layers. In sewn pads, there could be even more layers. Cellulose wadding or pieces of cloth could be placed inside the pad to increase the absorption ability. The experiences of the comfort of self-made pads varied. The crocheted and sewn pads were found chafing, knitted ones were found soft and comfortable. The menstrual pads were laborious to wash and boil in lye water. Therefore disposable pads made everyday life easier. The home-made menstrual pads were part of a unique tradition of handicrafts and folk culture. Hand-made pads were one of the most common handicraft products and were a part of every woman s life. Even so, the menstrual pads were unnoticeable. The large number of variations was probably caused by the silence around menstrual topics and by the lack of instructions for making pads. Variations are also explained by the uniqueness of every handicraft product. In Finland the home-made pads were used until relatively recent times. This was caused by the conditions of wartime and the following years and the rarity of commercial pads. Furthermore, until the late 20th century Finland was an agricultural society where all innovations spread slowly. Home-made menstrual pad was a secret handicraft of women and every woman needed to know how to make it by herself.

Julius Spanier Collection 1900-1959

Obituaries; photos with family; newspaper clippings.

Leo Taub Collection 1900-

Two telegrams from Hungary (early 1900s) and five picture postcards (Austria Hungary)

Jacobs family collection 1877-1900

Vital documents of the Jacobs family: marriage certificate (1907); military certificate (1899); birthday poem for Selig Loewenstein (1926); school certificates; birth certificate.

"From Ghetto to Ghetto" : [1900-1933].

Childhood and education in Grodno and Lemberg; poor family background; active as soccer player; acting school of Max Reinhardt in Berlin; engagements in Munich, Zurich and Frankfurt; visit to Poland and short engagement with Yiddish theater troupe; description of theater in Weimar Germany; activities in "Juedischer Kulturbund" after 1933; main role in Kulturbund performance of "Nathan the Wise".

A Berlin Childhood ca. 1900 1900

English translation of "Berliner Kindheit um 1900" by Shierry Weber Nicholsen.

Mediaş Jewish Community Photograph Collection 1900-1930s bulk: undated

The collection contains more than 60 black and white photographs from the first decades of the 20th century found in the synagogue of Mediaş (Mediasch, Medgyes), Romania. The photographs were found in the process of an on-going clean-up and restoration project and for the most part are unidentified. The photographs are of community members and their relatives and friends; they consist of group family portraits, individual portraits, babies, and children. Some of the photographs originate from Mediaş and other nearby Transylvanian towns, while others were printed by foreign printing shops and were presumably sent to relatives living in Mediaş.

Komplexa tal - vad är det?

Komplexa tal har traditionellt undervisats i de finländska gymnasierna som en valbar kurs. Denna situation har förändrats i och med de nya läroplanerna som tagits i bruk senast hösten 2005. Den nya, striktare läroplanen ger inte lika stora valmöjligheter för skolorna att bestämma undervisningsstoffet, inte ens för de valbara kurserna, och därför har många gymnasier varit tvungna att sluta undervisa om komplexa tal. För att fortsättningsvis ge en möjlighet för gymnasieelever att studera komplexa tal finns detta kompendium. Kompendiet fyller två syften. I de gymnasier där komplexa tal fortfarande finns med i läroplanen kan kompendiet användas som läromedel på ifrågavarande kurs. Kompendiet torde vara önskat eftersom det inte existerar något modernt, finlandssvenskt läromedel där de komplexa talen tas upp. Kompendiets andra, huvudsakliga syfte är att finnas till att ge en möjlighet för de elever, som inte går ett gymnasium där komplexa tal undervisas, att på egen hand lära sig grunder om komplexa tal. Kunskap om utvidgandet av talområdet från reella talen till komplexa hör till matematisk allmänbildning, och är till stor nytta om man är intresserad av att fortsätta studera matematik eller naturvetenskaper efter gymnasiet. Kompendiet kommer att läggas ut på nätet för att få det lättillgängligt. I det första kapitlet behandlas matematikens uppkomst. Det andra kapitlet är en introduktion till varför man behöver komplexa tal, där gås tal- och mängdlära igenom samtidigt som de i kompendiet använda beteckningarna introduceras. I det tredje kapitlet behandlas de komplexa talen; grundläggande räkneregler, absolutbelopp och argument, komplexa tal i polär form och lösning till högregradsekvationer är centrala begrepp. de Moivers formel är ett av de viktigare målen, även Eulers formel behandlas kort. Problematik med negativa kvadratrötter tas också upp. Det fjärde kapitlet handlar om de komplexa talens intressanta historia. I kompendiet finns rikligt med exempel och övningsuppgifter. Kapitel fem innehåller extra övningsuppgifter och i kapitel sex finns lösningarna till samtliga uppgifter. Trots att kompendiets omfång avsevärt ökas i och med dessa lösningar är det av värde att de finns med för att kompendiets huvudsakliga syfte skall uppfyllas: att eleverna på egen hand skall kunna lära sig stoffet.