The Costa Concordia disaster and the cruise industry: An analysis of risks and challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean

This FAL Bulletin analyses the relevance of the cruise industry for the region and particularly for Caribbean countries. The article begins with an overview of the tourism industry, followed by a discussion of the relevance of the cruise industry for the region, and finally an approach to maritime education and training.

Climate change and challenges for tourism in Central America

Incluye Bibliografía

Políticas públicas de ecoturismo e participação: a trajetória do PROECOTUR no Pólo Belém/Costa Atlântica

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a implementação da política pública de ecoturismo para a região amazônica, com recorte no Programa de Desenvolvimento do Ecoturismo na Amazônia Legal (PROECOTUR), no pólo Belém/Costa Atlântica. Objetiva-se, ainda, analisar a participação dos atores sociais neste processo bem como a contribuição do Programa para o desenvolvimento sustentável na área em questão. Este estudo tem por base levantamentos bibliográficos, documentais incluindo fotografias e mapas e pesquisa de campo para a coleta de dados. Com base nestes procedimentos, descreve-se o processo de implementação deste Programa e os fatores que contribuíram para sua descontinuidade. A análise de políticas públicas de turismo, notadamente de ecoturismo, revela que estes são realidades raramente analisadas. Procura-se, então, contribuir para a ampliação dos conhecimentos sobre as mesmas. E, também, colaborar para que os atores sociais envolvidos compreendam a importância de sua participação no processo de implementação destas políticas, de tal sorte que se possa promover o desenvolvimento sustentável tão almejado.

Entre o atlântico e a costa: confluência de rotas mercantis num porto periférico da América portuguesa (Santos, 1808-1822)

This paper has approached the coastal and Atlantic characters of such commercial activity in the port of Santos between 1808 and 1822 and the contradictions arising of this double condition, which is unique in the Southern coast of Portuguese America. This discussion was based on data collected in importation and exportation maps produced by customs of Santos to the Royal Board of Trade.

Hardware and software development of a multichannel readout board named CARLOSrx for the ALICE experiment

ALICE, that is an experiment held at CERN using the LHC, is specialized in analyzing lead-ion collisions. ALICE will study the properties of quarkgluon plasma, a state of matter where quarks and gluons, under conditions of very high temperatures and densities, are no longer confined inside hadrons. Such a state of matter probably existed just after the Big Bang, before particles such as protons and neutrons were formed. The SDD detector, one of the ALICE subdetectors, is part of the ITS that is composed by 6 cylindrical layers with the innermost one attached to the beam pipe. The ITS tracks and identifies particles near the interaction point, it also aligns the tracks of the articles detected by more external detectors. The two ITS middle layers contain the whole 260 SDD detectors. A multichannel readout board, called CARLOSrx, receives at the same time the data coming from 12 SDD detectors. In total there are 24 CARLOSrx boards needed to read data coming from all the SDD modules (detector plus front end electronics). CARLOSrx packs data coming from the front end electronics through optical link connections, it stores them in a large data FIFO and then it sends them to the DAQ system. Each CARLOSrx is composed by two boards. One is called CARLOSrx data, that reads data coming from the SDD detectors and configures the FEE; the other one is called CARLOSrx clock, that sends the clock signal to all the FEE. This thesis contains a description of the hardware design and firmware features of both CARLOSrx data and CARLOSrx clock boards, which deal with all the SDD readout chain. A description of the software tools necessary to test and configure the front end electronics will be presented at the end of the thesis.

Estado de bienestar y cambio: la transformación de las políticas públicas de salud en Costa Rica, (1990-2014)

Durante muchos años Costa Rica se ha reconocido por la construcción histórica de su Estado de bienestar, reconocido por el acceso igualitario y universal a la educación y la salud con avances significativos que le permite mantener indicadores de desarrollo humano en niveles comparados con los países desarrollados. Sin embargo, luego de la crisis internacional de 1980, que afectó fuertemente a Latinoamérica, Costa Rica, comenzó a sufrir una transformación en su modelo de desarrollo en un contexto de globalización neoliberal, en el que se fortalece cada vez más, el sector privado de servicios de bienestar, en especial, los servicios de educación y posteriormente, los dirigidos a la atención de la salud. Los servicios del Estado empezaron a sufrir recortes presupuestarios haciéndose más profundos dichos fenómenos a partir de la década de los 90́s en presencia de servicios públicos cada vez más deteriorados. Esta investigación explicará los cambios del Estado Costarricense por medio del estudio de las políticas públicas de salud establecidas a partir de 1990 y la transformación del sistema de salud, haciendo una construcción histórica de los principales acontecimientos y fenómenos desde una perspectiva del neo-institucionalismo histórico. El Ministerio de Salud, con la crisis de 1980 y la Reforma de 1990, se ve reducido en su función y presupuesto al ser trasladada a la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, los servicios de prevención de atención primaria, la cual debería ser asumida a partir de dicha reforma, con los recursos de las cuotas de cotización del seguro de salud. Los problemas de sostenibilidad financiera y una gestión política y administrativa que refleja lo expuesto en el enfoque de ¨ path dependence ¨ de las instituciones antes mencionadas, giraron alrededor de la crisis del sistema de salud, constituyéndose en uno de los principales temas relevantes del debate nacional. El deterioro de los servicios de salud, ha significado una oportunidad para el sector privado, donde los ciudadanos encuentran una opción para resolver sus problemas de salud, ante las largas listas de espera y la calidad del servicio, generado por problemas de infraestructura sumamente serios. La transformación del sistema de salud, conforme la teoría de sistema de salud, se resume en una financiación mayor del gasto privado, resaltando los gastos de bolsillo de los ciudadanos, ante la ausencia de un mercado de seguros. No obstante, con el Tratado de Libre Comercio, se espera en un futuro próximo, la consolidación de este mercado conjuntamente con un sector privado que ha diversificado todos sus servicios y ha visto crecer su demanda. Lo anterior, significa una variación en la prestación de servicios, que antes correspondían casi de manera exclusiva a la CCSS. Todo esto nos lleva a concluir sobre la transformación del sistema de salud que pasa de ser sostenido por las cuotas de la seguridad social a uno mixto con un alto componente de financiación y prestación de servicios privados. En ese nuevo contexto, la regulación es clave para garantizar una sana competencia de las empresas y la mayor información para los usuarios del servicio, sin embargo, Costa Rica refleja serias debilidades en esta regulación, por parte del Ministerio de Salud, cuya ausencia de rectoría encuentra dificultades ante una amplia gama de actores involucrados en las políticas de salud, que hace sumamente compleja las políticas públicas de salud. Los ciudadanos, reflejan una mayor preferencia hacia los servicios privados de la salud, ante las débiles políticas públicas que se desarrollan en el intento estatal de fortalecer su sistema de salud frente a una creciente mercantilización de los servicios de salud en Costa Rica, con riesgos de una ruptura de los principios solidarios y universales del Estado de Bienestar Costarricense

The "other" cities: urban planning and architecture for tourism: the case of the Spanish Mediterranean (1945-1975)

There we analyce the first touristic nucleus arouse in the Spanish Mediterranean coast between World War II and the Petroleum Crisis (1945-75). Special attention is payed to the characteristics of these new villages: the relation of their urban frame with nature -original or artificial- and the lack of industry. We make a distintion of three types: cluster nucleus (La Manga and El Saler), tridimentional urbanism (Playa de San Juan y Urbanova) and extreme typologies (Campoamor and Benidorm). With them the cities for vacations are discovered, mainly for second home purpouse (vacation home/holiday home). The panorama after the current crisis is a lineal chain of small urban settlements on the coast. Finally, Finally, we can see how these "secondary cities" without industry and specialized in leisure, are developing to our days until become new cities of services, doubling the existing ones; now they are "the other cities".

International residential tourism in north east Brazil: a stakeholder analysis

This paper analyses the system of actors involved in the development of residential tourism on the north east coast of Brazil. The study observes the socio-political effects of the 2001-2008 real estate boom, focused on the promotion of second homes in closed residential areas. Stakeholder Analysis (SA) is used to identify the various actors’ roles and positions within a particular social space in a tourist setting which is exposed to transnational and real estate interests. The method reveals an unequal and conflict-ridden social reality. The results show that residential tourism shapes the local socio-political configuration, strengthening some actors (urban developers, real estate companies) whilst positioning others in a situation of dependence (local communities, cities).

Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Commitment Among Private Club Board and Committee Volunteer Leaders: A Pilot Study

This pilot study explored the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment among provate club board and committee volunteer members. The top three items, ranked by mean scores, of each of three EI dimensions -- IN, OUT, and RELATIONSHIPS wer discussed. A sample of 57 volunteer leaders furhter was split into high EI and low EI groups based on respndents' overall EO median score. Statistical differences between high and low EI groups in three aspects of organizational commitment - affective, continuance, and normative commitment - wer present. 4 t-test results showed that the difference between high and low EI groups in affective commitment among private club volunteer leaders was statistcally significant at p <.05.

Sustentabilidade e gestão da pesca artesanal na costa do Semiárido Potiguar (RN), Brasil

T he socio - economy of the coastal municipalities of Rio Grande do Norte semiarid coast was analyzed th r ou g h by the actors, ant hropogenic implications, fishing environment and composition of its fish fauna, as well as the trend of product ion landed by the artisanal fleet with the aim of identifying the sustainability and management. In this study, were used participatory methodologies, monthly data of rainfall between September 2001 and December 2010; landings of the artisanal fleet during January 2001 to December 2010; and socioeconomic (IBGE, 2002/2010), (IDEMA, 2011/2012), (MPA, 2010; 2012), UNDP and MS (2013). Based on these data, we performed analysis of variance were performed using the method of Analytic Hierarchy Process (HAP) and s tatistical models of multiple regression and time series. It was identified that the occupation of the coastal and marine zone through salt industry, tourism, shrimp farming, oil and gas and wind energy reconfigured the environment and attracted new actors . Rainfall influenced the catches, of which 35% occur in the rainy season, 40% in the dry season and 25% independent. Production increased 55%, in the period analyzed , being landed in 31 ports spread over 11 municipalities, cap tured in environments mangrov e/ estuarine (23%), coastal (46%) and oceanic (31%). Despite market up 41 species, were commercialized in the region production concentrated in eight, mainly landed in Macau and Caiçara North, by vessels of small and medium - sized (motorized and sailboats) . Highlights included three species ( Hirundichthys affins , Coryphaena hippurus and Opisthonema oglinum ), which together accounted for 63.3% of the whole volume. It was found that the motorized vessels tripled in number while sailboats reduced by half. Landin gs by different types of vessels tend to increase over time, while the small sailboats vessels, decrease. The introduction of more new motorized vessels and sailboats also tend to increase production. The study concluded that GDP and HDI of coastal countie s increased however inequality persisted. The potential of artisanal fishing is in the stage “ unfavorable ” of development and the trend in fish production is to grow over time and with the entry of more vessels. However, it is urgent that the state actions to promote and enhance planning to restore fish stocks in a sustainable and profitable fisheries standards. Therefore, it is recommend the strategic use of natural resources in a sustainable development perspective.

The beginning of tourism in La Palma Island: Sixty years of the XX century

The sixties was a time of great interest for tourism development on the La Palma island. Various actions of public and private, as the policy of building a new airport, various tourist resorts, the tourism plan of 1968 or insular government also creating public entity "La Palma, Tourism SA” in 1969, will be the basis for future development of tourism on the island and will result push for private investment in this economic sector. Indeed, in the sixties, private investors had opened two hotels, while at least three others over a hundred beds each, weren´t finished.

El uso de los yacimientos arqueológicos musealizados. Contextualización y caracterización de sus visitas en el ámbito de la Costa Brava

A principios del siglo XX el yacimiento arqueológico de Empúries abrió sus puertas a las visitas. Desde aquellos momentos hasta nuestros días numerosos yacimientos de la zona están preparados para ser visitados. Estas actuaciones, en muchas ocasiones, se encuentran relacionadas con su uso como elementos de atracción turística. En este trabajo se analizan las características del uso de estos yacimientos por parte de sus visitantes y se hace un especial hincapié en el interés de situar estas visitas en el contexto más general de las estancias turísticas o las salidas excursionistas.

Controle social do espaço público: uma análise do conselho turístico pólo costa das dunas

The managing Conselho of public politics constitute one of the main experiences of democracy in Brazil contemporary representing a conquest for construction of a democratic institutionalism. The historical newness consists of the intensification and the institutionalization of the dialogue between government and society - in public and plural canals - as condition for an allocation more efficient joust and of the public resources. In this context the present study it objectified to understand from readings of the performance of represented group of bencheses the dynamics of functioning of the Tourist Conselho Pólo Costa das Dunas while space of participation and social control. The bibliographical research contemplated diverse sources in order to compile knowledge of credential authors in the quarrel of inherent subjects to the civil society and the public sphere to the construction of the citizenship to the conception formation and dynamics of the social control through Conselho of public politics. A qualitative perspective the case study was adopted as research method and for attainment of the data interviews with the members of the Conselho had been carried through beyond consultation the referring documents the dynamics of functioning of the Conselho. The profiles capacities and limitations of the members of the Conselho had been identified constitution social and dynamic organization of functioning of the Conselho and the readings of the members of the Conselho concerning the power to decide instances and participation. The results had shown that the allotment of being able in the Conselho does not occur of equal form. The functions of coordination of the activities of the Conselho are assumed by the representatives of the public agencies. Level of qualification of council members also if presents as difficulty to development of activities of Conselho since the majority of the interviewed ones disclosed unreliability and unfamiliarity when thematic specific that runs away from its organizacional reality they are boarded in the assemblies. Of this form the Conselho if presents more as half of institutional legitimation of what half of characterization of the creation of a public sphere properly said. Finally he could himself be concluded that a democratic culture inexists that inside crosses practical the institutional ones of the Conselho thus limiting the possibility to reach the effective social control of the public politics of tourism in the Rio Grande do Norte

Achieving forms of sustainable and competitive tourism in coastal areas: the case of Baixo Vouga

Tourism has become the world’s largest industry, and has overcome economic sectors such as oil production and car manufacturing. It is foreseen that tourism will continue to expand in the future and will spread all around the world. In Europe, the tourism sector is made of 440 million international arrivals that are responsible for accounting about 10% of European GDP and generating 20 million jobs. Coastal destinations are major tourist destinations. This is due to their physical attractiveness, beautiful landscapes, and fine open space for leisure activities. Nevertheless, sun-sea-sand tourism depends very much on the environment. In this way, coastal destination ought to be properly planned so they do not exceed the limits of acceptable change (LAC) of the ecosystems, and keep their attractiveness. Being an economic activity, it is essential that coastal tourism is competitive, and show capacity to attracting new and enlarged markets. Coastal destinations should diversify its products and services, smooth seasonality and become more competitive. Diversification should create more growth and employment, and also reduce environmental, economic and social impact caused by the concentration of tourism activity in a few months of the year and the use of only the beach resource. This paper aims at analyzing the application of the competitiveness concept to tourism in coastal areas (Ria de Aveiro region, Central Portugal), and draws attention to the principle of environmental, economical and social sustainability.