Implementació de la metodologia Scrum en una empresa de desenvolupament de Software

L’organització de la producció és sempre un factor clau en qualsevol empresa. No hi ha cap fórmula magistral que pugui servir per a tothom, perquè aquesta és molt depenent del sector i de la mida. Softvic S.A., l’empresa on treballo, em va demanar que implantés un sistema d’organització adequat a una empresa de desenvolupament de Software. Les empreses d’aquesta tipologia tenen dues característiques diferenciadores respecte una empresa de fabricació: les feines es fan una única vegada i es redefineixen freqüentment els projectes a fer al futur. És a dir, els requisits són inestables i requereixen rapidesa i flexibilitat. Actualment, Softvic S.A. ja té la ISO 9001:2008 al departament de programació. Aquesta ISO contempla com es creen les ordres de programació (OP) i ordres d’incidència (OI) i com es registra i avalua la feina realitzada. L’objectiu és implantar una metodologia que s’encarregui de la part anterior a aquesta, és a dir, definir les feines a fer en un període. Això s’ha d’integrar perfectament amb la part ja recolzada per la ISO. Per aquest fet es va escollir la metodologia Scrum que complia tots els requisits esmentats i estava contrastada per diferents empreses del món del Software. Primerament es van fer proves en les quals es guardava la informació en un Excel i s’imprimien manualment les feines a realitzar. Un cop es va haver decidit quina informació era útil i quina no en el cas de Softvic, es va crear una base de dades amb les taules i camps necessaris. Per treballar de forma més còmoda es va fer posteriorment un programa per a mantenir les dades i un formulari per imprimir etiquetes. A mesura que hem anat utilitzant la metodologia Scrum, hem anat ajustant aspectes cap on hem cregut convenient pel nostre cas en particular.

Tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen toteuttaminen teknologisessa innovaatioprosessissa

Through the ages technological changes have created new challenges and possibilities to develop products, services, processes or organizations. Management of the technology concerns all of those activities from technical invention to commercial application. Management of the technologic innovation process is the more challenging the more technology is involved in a process. Researches of the technological innovations are seldom concern the implementation of early phases and especially in product manufacturing company. Still there are research and development activities. Therefore the purpose of this research is to develop the pattern for implementation of research and development phases in technological innovation process. This study focuses the main elements of the technological innovation management and main obstacles and drivers. This study also focuses decision making and the other influencing elements of the decision making. The research design of this explorative research applies a qualitative research strategy where a case study method is utilized to collect and analyze the data. The study consisted of a single case to utilize of technological ideas and possibilities. The selected case company was the product manufacturing company which didn’t have own technological research and development organization. The case was a process which was analyzed from two different perspectives. The main unit of analysis was the whole process. The data collecting method of this study included semi-structured and open interviews, participant-observations and experimental tests. Analyzing the case data relies on the theoretical propositions of the framework based on the previous research. Based on this research the key elements of the research and development phases in technological innovation process were technical expertise and preliminary investigation. The obstacles and drivers in the R&D phases by the case were management of the whole process and resources and knowing objectives of process and learning during the process. In addition to the result of the research was the feature of decision making to optimize used time. The findings of this study gave further insight implementation of the technological innovation in the product manufacturing company. The research was based a single case which means the results cannot be generalized to different companies or industry fields. Therefore the results generalizing require further research with multiple researchers.

Tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen toteuttaminen teknologisessa innovaatioprosessissa

Teknologiset muutokset ovat kautta aikojen luoneet uusia haasteita ja mahdollisuuksia tuotteiden, palveluiden, prosessien tai organisaatioiden kehittämiseen. Teknologian johtaminen tarkoittaa kaikki niitä toimia, joiden avulla teknologisesta keksinnöstä saadaan kaupallinen sovellus. Teknologisen innovaatioprosessin johtaminen on, sitä haasteellisempaa, mitä enemmän siinä on mukana teknologiaa. Harvoin teknologisten innovaatioiden tutkimukset ovat kohdistuneet prosessin varhaisen vaiheen toteutukseen ja erityisesti tuotannolliseen toimintaan keskittyvissä yrityksissä, vaikka kaikissa tuotteita valmistavissa teollisuuksissa tapahtuu tutkimus- ja kehitystyötä. Siksi tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kehittää toimintamalli teknologisen innovaatioprosessin tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen toteuttamiselle. Tutkimus keskittyy teknologisen innovaatioprosessin tärkeimpiin elementteihin johtamisen ja prosessin kannalta sekä sen estäviin ja edistäviin tekijöihin. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös päätöksentekoa ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tutkimus oli kartoittava ja sillä oli laadullinen tutkimusstrategia. Tarkempi tutkimusmenetelmä kerätä ja analysoida tutkimustietoa oli tapaustutkimus. Tämä tutkimus perustui yhteen tapaukseen teknologisten ideoiden ja mahdollisuuksien hyödyntämisestä. Valittu tapausyritys oli tuotteita valmistava yritys, jolla ei ollut varsinaista tutkimus- ja kehitysorganisaatiota teknologian kehittämistä varten. Itse tapaus oli prosessi, jota analysoitiin kahdesta eri näkökulmasta, mutta primääri analysointiyksikkö oli koko prosessi. Aineiston hankintamenetelmät olivat puolistrukturoidut ja avoimet haastattelut, osallistuva havainnointi ja kokeelliset tutkimukset. Aineiston analysointi perustui aikaisemmin tutkimuksen yhteydessä rakennettuun teoreettiseen viitekehykseen. Teknologisen innovaatioprosessin tutkimus- ja kehitysvaiheen tärkeimmät elementit tutkimuksen mukaan olivat oman teknologian asiantuntemus ja esitutkimusvaihe. Tekijät, jotka tutkimuksen mukaan estivät ja edistivät T&K -vaiheen onnistumista, olivat koko prosessin ja resurssien johtaminen sekä tietoisuus prosessin tavoitteista ja prosessin aikainen oppiminen. Tutkimuksessa löydettiin myös päätöksentekoon liittyvä ominaisuus optimoida siihen käytettävää aikaa. Tutkimuksen tulokset lisäsivät näkemystä teknologisten innovaatioiden toteuttamisesta tuotteita valmistavassa yrityksessä. Tutkimus perustui yhteen tapaukseen, minkä vuoksi tulokset eivät ole yleistettävissä muihin yrityksiin tai toimialoihin. Tulosten yleistämistä varten tutkimuksia tulisi suorittaa lisää ja käyttää useita tutkijoita.

Variation between three Eremanthus (Asteraceae) species in their ability to form a seed bank

Knowledge on seed bank function is fundamental for understanding the species regeneration patterns. This investigation was carried out to compare the ability of Eremanthus elaeagnus (Mart. ex DC.) Schultz-Bip, E. glomerulatus Less., and E. incanus (Less.) Less. to form a soil seed bank. Seeds (aquenes) of each of these three species were collected, stored in the laboratory and subsequently buried in the same area where they were collected, inside nylon bags. The bags were collected monthly or bimonthly for germination tests under continuous light and also in darkness at 20 °C (E. elaeagnus e E. glomerulatus) and at 25 °C (E. incanus). After 12 months, a further series of tests compared the germination of achenes that had been buried in soil and compared with those stored in the laboratory at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C. After three months of burial, the seeds of E. elaeagnus and E. glomerulatus failed to germinate, whereas the seeds of E. incanus, even after burial for 18 months, retained germination percentage of between 1% and 30%. After one year stored in laboratory, the seeds of E. glomerulatus were no longer viable and seeds of E. elaeagnus e E. incanus had a germination percentage below that of newly collected seeds. The results showed that E. elaeagnus and E. glomerulatus do not form seed banks while E. incanus may form a small and persistent soil seed bank.

Developmental norms for eight instruments used in the neuropsychological assessment of children: studies in Brazil

Norms for a battery of instruments, including Denckla's and Garfield's tests of Motor Persistence, Benton's Right-Left Discrimination, two recall modalities (Immediate and Delayed) of the Bender Test, Wechsler's Digit Span, the Color Span Test and the Human Figure Drawing Test, were developed for the neuropsychological assessment of children in the greater Rio de Janeiro area. Additionally, the behavior of each child was assessed with the Composite Teacher Rating Scale (Brito GNO and Pinto RCA (1991) Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13: 417-418). A total of 398 children (199 boys and 199 girls balanced for age) with a mean age of 9.3 years (SD = 2.8), who were attending a public school in Niterói, were the subjects of this study. Gender and age had significant effects on performance which depended on the instrument. Nonachievers performed worse than achievers in most neuropsychological tests. Comparison of our data to the available counterparts in the United States revealed that American children outperformed Brazilian children on the Right-Left Discrimination, Forward Digit Span, Color Span and Human Figure Drawing Tests. Further analysis showed that the neurobehavioral data consist of different factorial dimensions, including Human Body Representation, Motor Persistence of the Legs, Orbito-Orobuccal Motor Persistence, Attention-Memory, Visuospatial Memory, Neuropsychomotor Speed, Hyperactivity-Inattention, and Anxiety-Negative Socialization. We conclude that gender and age should be taken into account when using the normative data for most of the instruments studied in the present report. Furthermore, we stress the need for major changes in the Brazilian public school system in order to foster the development of secondary cognitive abilities in our children

Korkeasti kuormitetun soodakattilan likaantumisen ja päästöjen vähentäminen

Tässä työssä perehdytään korkeasti kuormitettujen soodakattiloiden tyypillisiin ongelmiin. Ongelmia ovat likaantuminen ja tukkeutuminen sekä liialliset päästöt. Työn teoriaosassa esitetään taustat likaantumiselle ja päästöjen muodostumiselle. Molemmat johtuvat suurelta osin tulipesän huonosta toiminnasta. Soodakattilan ilmajärjestelmä ja mustalipeän ruiskutus vaikuttavat tulipesän toimintaan. Usein tulipesän toimintaa voidaan parantaa ilmajärjestelmän ja lipeänruiskutuksen säätöjä muuttamalla. Suurempi muutos tulipesän toimintaan saadaan uusimalla perinteinen sekundääri-ilmajärjestelmä vertikaali-ilmajärjestelmäksi. Nykyaikainen vertikaali-ilmajärjestelmä sekoittaa savukaasut tehokkaasti ja saa aikaan tasaisemman virtauksen tulipesään. Myös mustalipeän korkea kloori- ja kaliumpitoisuus voivat aiheuttaa lämpöpintojen likaantumista. Oikea nuohointen sijainti on tärkeä tekijä kattilan puhtaana pysymisen kannalta. Työn kokeellisessa osassa selvitetään, kuinka erään eukalyptussellutehtaan korkeasti kuormitetun soodakattilan käytettävyyttä voidaan parantaa ja kapasiteettia nostaa soodakattilan toimintaa virittämällä. Kattilan nykyinen ajomalli ja ongelmat selvitettiin. Tulipesän toimintaa testattiin muuttamalla ilmajakoa primääri-, sekundääri- ja tertiääri-ilman välillä ja muuttamalla sekundääri-ilman syöttöä tulipesään. Testien ja kerätyn tiedon perusteella voitiin päätellä, miten soodakattilaa kannattaa modernisoida kapasiteetin nostamiseksi ja käytettävyyden parantamiseksi. Usein tulipesän toimintaa ja käytettävyyttä voidaan parantaa paljon jo pienilläkin muutostöillä. Kapasiteetin nostaminen vaatii tavallisesti suuremman investoinnin ja pidennetyn vuosihuoltoseisokin.

Interoperability for IoT Health Systems Using HL7 Standard

Internet of Things or IoT is revolutionizing the world we are living in, similarly the way Internet and the web did few decades ago. It is changing how we interact with the things surrounding us. Electronic health and remote patient monitoring are the ways of utilizing these technological improvements towards the healthcare. There are many applications of IoT in eHealth such as, it will open the gate to provide healthcare to the remote areas of the world, where healthcare through traditional hospital systems cannot be provided. To connect these new eHealth IoT systems with the existing healthcare information systems, we can use the existing interoperability standards commonly used in healthcare information systems. In this thesis we implemented an eHealth IoT system based on Health Level 7 interoperability standard for continuous data transmission. There is not much previous work done in implementing the HL7 for continuous sensor data transmission. Some of the previous work was limited to sensors which are not continuous in nature and some of it is only theatrical architecture. This thesis aims to prove that it is possible to implement an eHealth IoT system by using sensors which require continues data transmission, such as respiratory sensors, and to connect it with the existing eHealth information system semantically by using HL7 interoperability standard. This system will be beneficial in implementing eHealth IoT systems for those patients, who requires continuous healthcare personal monitoring. This includes elderly people and patients, whose health need to be monitored constantly. To implement the architecture, HL7 v2.5 is selected due to its ease of implementation and low size. We selected some open source technologies because of their open licenses and large developer community. We will also review the most efficient technology available in every layer of eHealth IoT system and will propose an efficient system.

An Extended Pearson System Useful In Reliability Analysis

In the present environment, industry should provide the products of high quality. Quality of products is judged by the period of time they can successfully perform their intended functions without failure. The cause of the failures can be ascertained through life testing experiments and the times to failure due to different cause are likely to follow different distributions. Knowledge of this distribution is essential to eliminate causes of failures and thereby to improve the quality and the reliability of products. The main accomplishment expected to the study is to develop statistical tools that could facilitate solution to lifetime data arising in such and similar contexts

Speech Analysis using Modern Techniques of Nonlinear Dynamics

Medical fields requires fast, simple and noninvasive methods of diagnostic techniques. Several methods are available and possible because of the growth of technology that provides the necessary means of collecting and processing signals. The present thesis details the work done in the field of voice signals. New methods of analysis have been developed to understand the complexity of voice signals, such as nonlinear dynamics aiming at the exploration of voice signals dynamic nature. The purpose of this thesis is to characterize complexities of pathological voice from healthy signals and to differentiate stuttering signals from healthy signals. Efficiency of various acoustic as well as non linear time series methods are analysed. Three groups of samples are used, one from healthy individuals, subjects with vocal pathologies and stuttering subjects. Individual vowels/ and a continuous speech data for the utterance of the sentence "iruvarum changatimaranu" the meaning in English is "Both are good friends" from Malayalam language are recorded using a microphone . The recorded audio are converted to digital signals and are subjected to analysis.Acoustic perturbation methods like fundamental frequency (FO), jitter, shimmer, Zero Crossing Rate(ZCR) were carried out and non linear measures like maximum lyapunov exponent(Lamda max), correlation dimension (D2), Kolmogorov exponent(K2), and a new measure of entropy viz., Permutation entropy (PE) are evaluated for all three groups of the subjects. Permutation Entropy is a nonlinear complexity measure which can efficiently distinguish regular and complex nature of any signal and extract information about the change in dynamics of the process by indicating sudden change in its value. The results shows that nonlinear dynamical methods seem to be a suitable technique for voice signal analysis, due to the chaotic component of the human voice. Permutation entropy is well suited due to its sensitivity to uncertainties, since the pathologies are characterized by an increase in the signal complexity and unpredictability. Pathological groups have higher entropy values compared to the normal group. The stuttering signals have lower entropy values compared to the normal signals.PE is effective in charaterising the level of improvement after two weeks of speech therapy in the case of stuttering subjects. PE is also effective in characterizing the dynamical difference between healthy and pathological subjects. This suggests that PE can improve and complement the recent voice analysis methods available for clinicians. The work establishes the application of the simple, inexpensive and fast algorithm of PE for diagnosis in vocal disorders and stuttering subjects.

Nonparametric Estimation of Survivor Function in Bivariate Competing Risk Models’

So far, in the bivariate set up, the analysis of lifetime (failure time) data with multiple causes of failure is done by treating each cause of failure separately. with failures from other causes considered as independent censoring. This approach is unrealistic in many situations. For example, in the analysis of mortality data on married couples one would be interested to compare the hazards for the same cause of death as well as to check whether death due to one cause is more important for the partners’ risk of death from other causes. In reliability analysis. one often has systems with more than one component and many systems. subsystems and components have more than one cause of failure. Design of high-reliability systems generally requires that the individual system components have extremely high reliability even after long periods of time. Knowledge of the failure behaviour of a component can lead to savings in its cost of production and maintenance and. in some cases, to the preservation of human life. For the purpose of improving reliability. it is necessary to identify the cause of failure down to the component level. By treating each cause of failure separately with failures from other causes considered as independent censoring, the analysis of lifetime data would be incomplete. Motivated by this. we introduce a new approach for the analysis of bivariate competing risk data using the bivariate vector hazard rate of Johnson and Kotz (1975).

Automated Transcription System for Malayalam Language

Malayalam is one of the 22 scheduled languages in India with more than 130 million speakers. This paper presents a report on the development of a speaker independent, continuous transcription system for Malayalam. The system employs Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for acoustic modeling and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) for feature extraction. It is trained with 21 male and female speakers in the age group ranging from 20 to 40 years. The system obtained a word recognition accuracy of 87.4% and a sentence recognition accuracy of 84%, when tested with a set of continuous speech data.

Quantile based reliability aspects of partial moments

Partial moments are extensively used in literature for modeling and analysis of lifetime data. In this paper, we study properties of partial moments using quantile functions. The quantile based measure determines the underlying distribution uniquely. We then characterize certain lifetime quantile function models. The proposed measure provides alternate definitions for ageing criteria. Finally, we explore the utility of the measure to compare the characteristics of two lifetime distributions

A study on the performance of flexible pavements on mature soil subgrades

The country has witnessed tremendous increase in the vehicle population and increased axle loading pattern during the last decade, leaving its road network overstressed and leading to premature failure. The type of deterioration present in the pavement should be considered for determining whether it has a functional or structural deficiency, so that appropriate overlay type and design can be developed. Structural failure arises from the conditions that adversely affect the load carrying capability of the pavement structure. Inadequate thickness, cracking, distortion and disintegration cause structural deficiency. Functional deficiency arises when the pavement does not provide a smooth riding surface and comfort to the user. This can be due to poor surface friction and texture, hydro planning and splash from wheel path, rutting and excess surface distortion such as potholes, corrugation, faulting, blow up, settlement, heaves etc. Functional condition determines the level of service provided by the facility to its users at a particular time and also the Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC), thus influencing the national economy. Prediction of the pavement deterioration is helpful to assess the remaining effective service life (RSL) of the pavement structure on the basis of reduction in performance levels, and apply various alternative designs and rehabilitation strategies with a long range funding requirement for pavement preservation. In addition, they can predict the impact of treatment on the condition of the sections. The infrastructure prediction models can thus be classified into four groups, namely primary response models, structural performance models, functional performance models and damage models. The factors affecting the deterioration of the roads are very complex in nature and vary from place to place. Hence there is need to have a thorough study of the deterioration mechanism under varied climatic zones and soil conditions before arriving at a definite strategy of road improvement. Realizing the need for a detailed study involving all types of roads in the state with varying traffic and soil conditions, the present study has been attempted. This study attempts to identify the parameters that affect the performance of roads and to develop performance models suitable to Kerala conditions. A critical review of the various factors that contribute to the pavement performance has been presented based on the data collected from selected road stretches and also from five corporations of Kerala. These roads represent the urban conditions as well as National Highways, State Highways and Major District Roads in the sub urban and rural conditions. This research work is a pursuit towards a study of the road condition of Kerala with respect to varying soil, traffic and climatic conditions, periodic performance evaluation of selected roads of representative types and development of distress prediction models for roads of Kerala. In order to achieve this aim, the study is focused into 2 parts. The first part deals with the study of the pavement condition and subgrade soil properties of urban roads distributed in 5 Corporations of Kerala; namely Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Thrissur and Kozhikode. From selected 44 roads, 68 homogeneous sections were studied. The data collected on the functional and structural condition of the surface include pavement distress in terms of cracks, potholes, rutting, raveling and pothole patching. The structural strength of the pavement was measured as rebound deflection using Benkelman Beam deflection studies. In order to collect the details of the pavement layers and find out the subgrade soil properties, trial pits were dug and the in-situ field density was found using the Sand Replacement Method. Laboratory investigations were carried out to find out the subgrade soil properties, soil classification, Atterberg limits, Optimum Moisture Content, Field Moisture Content and 4 days soaked CBR. The relative compaction in the field was also determined. The traffic details were also collected by conducting traffic volume count survey and axle load survey. From the data thus collected, the strength of the pavement was calculated which is a function of the layer coefficient and thickness and is represented as Structural Number (SN). This was further related to the CBR value of the soil and the Modified Structural Number (MSN) was found out. The condition of the pavement was represented in terms of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) which is a function of the distress of the surface at the time of the investigation and calculated in the present study using deduct value method developed by U S Army Corps of Engineers. The influence of subgrade soil type and pavement condition on the relationship between MSN and rebound deflection was studied using appropriate plots for predominant types of soil and for classified value of Pavement Condition Index. The relationship will be helpful for practicing engineers to design the overlay thickness required for the pavement, without conducting the BBD test. Regression analysis using SPSS was done with various trials to find out the best fit relationship between the rebound deflection and CBR, and other soil properties for Gravel, Sand, Silt & Clay fractions. The second part of the study deals with periodic performance evaluation of selected road stretches representing National Highway (NH), State Highway (SH) and Major District Road (MDR), located in different geographical conditions and with varying traffic. 8 road sections divided into 15 homogeneous sections were selected for the study and 6 sets of continuous periodic data were collected. The periodic data collected include the functional and structural condition in terms of distress (pothole, pothole patch, cracks, rutting and raveling), skid resistance using a portable skid resistance pendulum, surface unevenness using Bump Integrator, texture depth using sand patch method and rebound deflection using Benkelman Beam. Baseline data of the study stretches were collected as one time data. Pavement history was obtained as secondary data. Pavement drainage characteristics were collected in terms of camber or cross slope using camber board (slope meter) for the carriage way and shoulders, availability of longitudinal side drain, presence of valley, terrain condition, soil moisture content, water table data, High Flood Level, rainfall data, land use and cross slope of the adjoining land. These data were used for finding out the drainage condition of the study stretches. Traffic studies were conducted, including classified volume count and axle load studies. From the field data thus collected, the progression of each parameter was plotted for all the study roads; and validated for their accuracy. Structural Number (SN) and Modified Structural Number (MSN) were calculated for the study stretches. Progression of the deflection, distress, unevenness, skid resistance and macro texture of the study roads were evaluated. Since the deterioration of the pavement is a complex phenomena contributed by all the above factors, pavement deterioration models were developed as non linear regression models, using SPSS with the periodic data collected for all the above road stretches. General models were developed for cracking progression, raveling progression, pothole progression and roughness progression using SPSS. A model for construction quality was also developed. Calibration of HDM–4 pavement deterioration models for local conditions was done using the data for Cracking, Raveling, Pothole and Roughness. Validation was done using the data collected in 2013. The application of HDM-4 to compare different maintenance and rehabilitation options were studied considering the deterioration parameters like cracking, pothole and raveling. The alternatives considered for analysis were base alternative with crack sealing and patching, overlay with 40 mm BC using ordinary bitumen, overlay with 40 mm BC using Natural Rubber Modified Bitumen and an overlay of Ultra Thin White Topping. Economic analysis of these options was done considering the Life Cycle Cost (LCC). The average speed that can be obtained by applying these options were also compared. The results were in favour of Ultra Thin White Topping over flexible pavements. Hence, Design Charts were also plotted for estimation of maximum wheel load stresses for different slab thickness under different soil conditions. The design charts showed the maximum stress for a particular slab thickness and different soil conditions incorporating different k values. These charts can be handy for a design engineer. Fuzzy rule based models developed for site specific conditions were compared with regression models developed using SPSS. The Riding Comfort Index (RCI) was calculated and correlated with unevenness to develop a relationship. Relationships were developed between Skid Number and Macro Texture of the pavement. The effort made through this research work will be helpful to highway engineers in understanding the behaviour of flexible pavements in Kerala conditions and for arriving at suitable maintenance and rehabilitation strategies. Key Words: Flexible Pavements – Performance Evaluation – Urban Roads – NH – SH and other roads – Performance Models – Deflection – Riding Comfort Index – Skid Resistance – Texture Depth – Unevenness – Ultra Thin White Topping

3D Simultaneous Inversion for Seismic Structure and Local Hypocenters in Germany under Consideration of Seismic Anisotropy in the Upper Mantel

The main task of this work has been to investigate the effects of anisotropy onto the propagation of seismic waves along the Upper Mantle below Germany and adjacent areas. Refraction- and reflexion seismic experiments proved the existence of Upper Mantle anisotropy and its influence onto the propagation of Pn-waves. By the 3D tomographic investigations that have been done here for the crust and the upper mantle, considering the influence of anisotropy, a gap for the investigations in Europe has been closed. These investigations have been done with the SSH-Inversionprogram of Prof. Dr. M. Koch, which is able to compute simultaneously the seismic structure and hypocenters. For the investigation, a dataset has been available with recordings between the years 1975 to 2003 with a total of 60249 P- and 54212 S-phase records of 10028 seismic events. At the beginning, a precise analysis of the residuals (RES, the difference between calculated and observed arrivaltime) has been done which confirmed the existence of anisotropy for Pn-phases. The recognized sinusoidal distribution has been compensated by an extension of the SSH-program by an ellipse with a slow and rectangular fast axis with azimuth to correct the Pn-velocities. The azimuth of the fast axis has been fixed by the application of the simultaneous inversion at 25° - 27° with a variation of the velocities at +- 2.5 about an average value at 8 km/s. This new value differs from the old one at 35°, recognized in the initial residual analysis. This depends on the new computed hypocenters together with the structure. The application of the elliptical correction has resulted in a better fit of the vertical layered 1D-Model, compared to the results of preceding seismological experiments and 1D and 2D investigations. The optimal result of the 1D-inversion has been used as initial starting model for the 3D-inversions to compute the three dimensional picture of the seismic structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle. The simultaneous inversion has showed an optimization of the relocalization of the hypocenters and the reconstruction of the seismic structure in comparison to the geology and tectonic, as described by other investigations. The investigations for the seismic structure and the relocalization have been confirmed by several different tests. First, synthetic traveltime data are computed with an anisotropic variation and inverted with and without anisotropic correction. Further, tests with randomly disturbed hypocenters and traveltime data have been proceeded to verify the influence of the initial values onto the relocalization accuracy and onto the seismic structure and to test for a further improvement by the application of the anisotropic correction. Finally, the results of the work have been applied onto the Waldkirch earthquake in 2004 to compare the isotropic and the anisotropic relocalization with the initial optimal one to verify whether there is some improvement.

Seguros de desempleo: revisión de literatura y propuesta para Colombia

En este artículo se estudia la posibilidad de introducir seguros de desempleo en Colombia. En una primera parte, se propone una revisión de literatura de los seguros de desempleo en la cual se exponen las ventajas generadas por una cobertura contra este riesgo, así como sus inconvenientes. En una segunda parte, se estudian varios escenarios para introducir seguros de desempleo en Colombia. Después de haber presentado el contexto del mercado laboral y de las normas que lo vigilan, se proponen varios diseños que abordan la gestión y la administración del riesgo de desempleo en Colombia. Igualmente se presentan algunas consideraciones teóricas para la valoración del costo del aseguramiento, las cuales incorporan los efectos del riesgo moral sobre la duración y la incidencia del desempleo.