Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae) (Mile-a-Minute): Its Distribution and Physical and Socioeconomic Impacts in Papua New Guinea

Mikania micrantha or mile-a-minute is regarded as a major invasive weed in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and is now the target of a biological control program. As part of the program, distribution and physical and socioeconomic impacts of M. micrantha were studied to obtain baseline data and to assist with field release of biological control agents. Through public awareness campaigns and dedicated surveys, M. micrantha has been reported in all 15 lowland provinces. It is particularly widespread in East New Britain, as well as in West New Britain and New Ireland. A CLIMEX model suggests that M. micrantha has the potential to continue to spread throughout all lowland areas in PNG. The weed was found in a wide range of land uses, impacting on plantations and food gardens and smothering papaya, young cocoa, banana, taro, young oil palms, and ornamental plants. In socioeconomic surveys, M. micrantha was found to have severe impacts on crop production and income generated through reduced yields and high weeding costs, particularly in subsistence mixed cropping systems. About 89% of all respondents had M. micrantha on their land, and 71% of respondents had to weed monthly. Approximately 96% of respondents in subsistence mixed cropping systems used only physical means of control compared with 68% of respondents in other farming systems. About 45% of all respondents estimated that M. micrantha causes yield losses in excess of 30%. These studies suggest that there would be substantial benefits to landholders if biological control of M. micrantha were to be successful.

Rabbi Leo Baeck's arrival at La Guardia Airport, New York from London for the Union of American Hebrew Congregations American Jewish Cavalcade Portraits; Groups

Sitting l-r Leo Baeck, Maurice N. Eisendrath, Oscar M. Lazrus; Standing l-r Jane Evans, Henry W. Levy, Saul Elgart, Rabbi Daniel L. Davis, Louis Rittenberg and Leonard H. Spring

Biological control of Mikania micrantha in Papua New Guinea and Fiji using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii

Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae), commonly known as ‘mile-a-minute’, is a neotropical plant species now found in 17 Pacific island countries and territories, invading small cropping areas and plantations, thereby reducing productivity and food security. In 2006, a biocontrol project on M. micrantha commenced in Fiji and Papua New Guinea (PNG). The distribution of M. micrantha as well as baseline data such as plant growth rates and socio-economic impacts were determined before the importation of any biocontrol agents. Mikania micrantha was recorded in all 15 lowland provinces in PNG and on all major islands in Fiji. Plants grow about 3.2cm/day in PNG and about 1.9cm/day in Fiji. A socio-economic survey, involving over 370 respondents in over 220 villages from 15 provinces in PNG, found that 78% of respondents considered M. micrantha a serious weed and about 44% had M. micrantha, which they needed to weed at least fortnightly, in over a third of their land. Over 80% of respondents used slashing and/or handpulling as the preferred method of weed control. About 40% of respondents considered that M. micrantha reduced crop yield by more than 30%. In Fiji, 52 respondents from four islands participated in the survey. Over 60% of respondents in Fiji considered M. micrantha a serious weed and 23% had about 30% of their farm lands infested with the weed. Only 15% of respondents needed to weed at least fortnightly, with 56% using slashing and/or hand-pulling as the preferred means of control. Over 65% of respondents estimated that they lost at least 30% of potential crop yield to M. micrantha. Nearly 90% of respondents used M. micrantha as a medicinal plant to treat cuts and wounds. The life history of the rust Puccinia spegazzinii de Toni (Pucciniales: Pucciniaceae), originating from Ecuador, and imported into PNG and Fiji in 2008, was studied. P. spegazzinii is a microcyclic and autoecious rust and has a life cycle of 18-22 days. An efficient culturing and field release method was developed. Since 2008, the rust has been released at over 450 sites in 15 provinces in PNG, establishing at nearly 70 sites in four provinces. From some sites, the rust has spread over 7 km in 12 months. In Fiji, the rust has been released at over 80 sites, on four of the main islands, namely Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Ovalau, and has established at 20 sites on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. Plant growth studies and field monitoring in PNG showed that P. spegazzinii can significantly reduce the growth and density of M. micrantha and offers great potential for the control of this weed.

[The Lipka family in Cincinnati].

Family history

On the Modal Content of A Posteriori Necessities

This paper challenges the Kripkean interpretation of a posteriori necessities. It will be demonstrated, by an analysis of classic examples, that the modal content of supposed a posteriori necessities is more complicated than the Kripkean line suggests. We will see that further research is needed concerning the a priori principles underlying all a posteriori necessities. In the course of this analysis it will emerge that the modal content of a posteriori necessities can be best described in terms of a Finean conception of modality – by giving essences priority over modality. The upshot of this is that we might be able to establish the necessity of certain supposed a posteriori necessities by a priori means.

A New Definition of A Priori Knowledge: In Search of a Modal Basis

In this paper I will offer a novel understanding of a priori knowledge. My claim is that the sharp distinction that is usually made between a priori and a posteriori knowledge is groundless. It will be argued that a plausible understanding of a priori and a posteriori knowledge has to acknowledge that they are in a constant bootstrapping relationship. It is also crucial that we distinguish between a priori propositions that hold in the actual world and merely possible, non-actual a priori propositions, as we will see when considering cases like Euclidean geometry. Furthermore, contrary to what Kripke seems to suggest, a priori knowledge is intimately connected with metaphysical modality, indeed, grounded in it. The task of a priori reasoning, according to this account, is to delimit the space of metaphysically possible worlds in order for us to be able to determine what is actual.

Estudio para la rehabilitación y desarrollo de la pequeña ganadería de la zona seca Sur de la Región I, Nicaragua

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de contribuir a impulsar un programa de rehabilitación y desarrollo sostenido de la pequeña ganadería a corto y mediano plazo en la zona seca sur de la Región l. El estudio estuvo integrado por seis componentes: la Caracterización Biofísica y Socio Económica de la Zona, la Situación de la Ganadería en Nicaragua, la Situación de la Ganadería en la Región 1, Caracterización de la Pequeña Ganadería, Conclusiones y el Plan de Acciones. La información necesaria para el estudio fue obtenida a través de datos primarios (Observación de Campo) y apoyada por la elaboración de una ficha de entrevista, la información secundaria fue obtenida a través de revisión bibliográfica y consultas con Personal de Instituciones como BND, MED, MAG, Casas Comerciales, etc. Los resultados del estudio se consolidaron y analizaron estadísticamente; finalmente se presentaron conclusiones y limitantes encontradas, así como las recomendaciones tendientes a superar los problemas encontrados. En general la situación de la pequeña ganadería en la zona seca evidencian un potencial deterioro; sus índices técnicos, el bajo nivel tecnológico adoptado y la baja rentabilidad encontrada refuerzan esta aseveración. Concluyéndose que existe una diversidad de prácticas las que no tienen ningún fundamento técnico; que el subsistema pecuario es susceptible de considerables mejoras a pesar de su ingreso neto favorable; que existe la necesidad de organizar a los productores para mejorar la comercialización de sus productos. Basados en la realidad se planteó un plan de acciones el cual se diseñó en función de cumplir con los objetivos de: Realizar un reordenamiento de los recursos de la finca para aprovechar al máximo las interacciones de los subsistemas, Maximizar el uso de los recursos de la finca y el proceso de producción. Se diseñó un plan de manejo sanitario, reproductivo y de alimentación bovina, así como las medidas de acompañamiento para la introducción de vientres y sementales, las que se relacionan con la raza de animales a introducir, zonas de intervención, capacitación y mecanismos de divulgación tecnológica.

Evaluación de dosis y momentos de aplicación del humus de lombriz sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo del maiz (Zea mays L.) variedad NB-S

El presente trabajo se planificó con el propósito de determinar la influencia de diferentes dosis (3, 4 y 5 t ha-1) de humus de lombriz y dos momentos de aplicación (100 % a los 25 dds y 50 % a los 25 dds y 50 % a los 45 dds) sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de maíz (Zea mays L), variedad NB-S, bajo las condiciones ecológicas de la finca La Concepción, Nagarote León. El ensayo se estableció en la época de Primera del año 2004, utilizándose un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglos en parcelas divididas y estableciéndose cuatro repeticiones. Se encontró que las variables altura de planta y diámetro del tallo, mostraron efecto significativo para el Factor A (Dosis de Humus de lombriz), Factor B (Momento de aplicación) y la interacción de ambos factores solamente a los 45 y 60 dds; así mismo, el diámetro del tallo y el peso de 1000 granos en gramos mostraron efecto no significativo para el efecto de los niveles de los Factor A (Dosis de Humus de lombriz), B (Momento de aplicación) y la interacción dosis de humus de lombriz y momento de aplicación; los resultados para las variables altura de inserción de mazorca, plantas acamadas, plantas cosechadas, diámetro de la mazorca, longitud de mazorca y el numero de hileras por mazorca mostraron diferencias estadísticas ante el efecto de las dosis de humus de lombriz y la interacción dosis fraccionamiento. Para el rendimiento de grano, los niveles a 2(3 t ha-1), a 3(4 t ha-1) y a 4(5 t ha-1) del Factor A (dosis de humus de lombriz), b 2 (momento aplicación: 50 por ciento a los 25 dds y 50 % a los 45 dds) del Factor B y la interacción a 3b2 indujeron obtener los mayores rendimiento de grano, y cuando se aplicaron 3, 4 y 5 t ha-1 de humus de lombriz, fraccionado 50 % a los 25 dds y 50 % a los 45 dds (tratamientos a 3b2, a 4b2 y a 2b2) se obtuvieron rendimientos de grano de 4 600, 4 580 y 4 500 kg ha-1.

‘Neptune’ between ‘Hesperus’ and ‘Vulcan’: On descriptive names and non-existence

[EN]This work will focus on some aspects of descriptive names. The New Theory of Reference, in line with Kripke, takes descriptive names to be proper names. I will argue in this paper that descriptive names and certain theory in reference to them, even when it disagrees with the New Theory of Reference, can shed light on our understanding of (some) non-existence statements. I define the concept of descriptive name for hypothesised object (DNHO). My thesis being that DNHOs are, as I will specify, descriptions: a proposition expressed by the utterance ‘n is F’, where ‘n’ is a DNHO, is not singular at all; it is a descriptive proposition. To sum up, concerning proper names, the truth lies closer to the New Theory of Reference, but descriptivism is not altogether false. As for DNHOs descriptivism is, in some cases, the right fit.

Mecanismos celulares e moleculares envolvidos com alterações na expressão de glicanos durante a progressão do câncer colorretal

O câncer colorretal representa uma das maiores causas de morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas ao câncer. No Brasil, é o terceiro tipo de câncer mais frequente em homens e mulheres. Muitos estudos estão sendo desenvolvidos no sentido de esclarecer os diversos aspectos moleculares que regulam as alterações fenotípicas exibidas pelas células que constituem o câncer colorretal, no entanto, comparativamente, ainda são poucos os que são dedicados a investigar o papel de modificações co- e pós-traducionais neste processo. Entre os vários tipos destas modificações que ocorrem em proteínas, a glicosilação é a mais comum. Cogita-se que aproximadamente cinquenta por cento de todas as proteínas são glicosiladas. Durante a transformação maligna, mudanças no perfil de expressão de glicanos (carboidratos covalentemente ligados a proteínas ou lipídios) estão envolvidas em uma variedade de mecanismos celulares, tais como: perda da adesão célula-célula e célula matriz, migração, invasão e evasão da apoptose. Neste estudo, foi investigada a atividade antitumoral de inibidores da biossíntese de N-glicanos, swainsonina e tunicamicina, em células derivadas de câncer colorretal (Caco-2, HCT-116 e HT-29). Os resultados obtidos mostram que o tratamento das células HCT-116 com tunicamicina inibe mecanismos celulares relacionados ao fenótipo maligno, como formação de colônia dependente e independente de ancoragem, migração e invasão. Estes resultados sugerem que modulação da biossíntese de N-glicanos parece ser uma potencial ferramenta terapêutica para o tratamento do câncer colorretal. Em outra etapa do trabalho, foram avaliados também o impacto da estimulação com insulina e IGF-1 na expressão N-glicanos bissectados em células tumorais MDA-MB-435. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram também a existência de uma relação entre a estimulação dos receptores de insulina e IGF-1 e a regulação da expressão de N-glicanos bissectados em células tumorais MDA-MB-435, fornecendo assim informações relevantes sobre o papel desempenhado pela sinalização de insulina e IGF-1 durante a progressão de carcinomas.