Aumento do índice de massa corporal após os 20 anos de idade e associação com indicadores de risco ou de proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis

OBJETIVO: Investigar fatores sociodemográficos, de risco ou de proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) que se associem ao aumento do índice de massa corporal (IMC) após os 20 anos de idade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 769 mulheres e 572 homens do Sistema Municipal de Monitoramento de Fatores de Risco para DCNT, 2005, Florianópolis, SC. O aumento do IMC foi definido em percentagem, pela diferença entre o IMC em 2005 e aos 20 anos. RESULTADOS: Desde os 20 anos, o aumento do IMC foi superior a 10% para a maioria dos indivíduos. Nas análises múltiplas, o aumento do IMC foi associado a aumento da idade, baixo nível educacional (mulheres), ser casado (homens), não trabalhar, baixo nível de percepção de saúde, pressão alta, colesterol/triglicerídeos elevados (homens), realização de dieta, sedentarismo e ex-tabagismo (mulheres). CONCLUSÕES: Estratégias de saúde para prevenir o ganho de peso em nível populacional devem considerar principalmente os fatores sociodemográficos.

Hipertensão arterial referida e indicadores antropométricos de gordura em idosos

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre hipertensão arterial referida (HAr) e indicadores antropométricos de gordura, corporal e abdominal em idosos do município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Os dados de 1894 idosos foram baseados na pesquisa Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento - SABE, 2000. Os indicadores antropométricos utilizados foram: Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), perímetro da cintura (PC), razão cintura/quadril (RCQ) e razão cintura/estatura (RCE). Utilizou-se regressão logística binária, estratificada por sexo. RESULTADOS: A hipertensão arterial associou-se aos indicadores antropométricos. No modelo final (ajustado para idade, escolaridade, tabagismo, atividade física e diabetes), em ambos os sexos, o IMC apresentou maior força estatística, apesar de, nas mulheres, apresentar-se similar aos outros indicadores. À exceção da RCE, em homens, a HAr associou-se, positiva e independentemente, aos outros indicadores. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem a relevância desses indicadores, para, precocemente, detectar os riscos para o desenvolvimento dessa doença e intervir na sua prevenção e controle.

A multidimensional approach to the group cohesion-group performance relationship

This study (a) examined the multidimensionality of both group cohesion and group performance, (b) investigated the relationship between group-level task and social cohesion and group effectiveness, and (c) examined the longitudinal changes in cohesion and performance and the direction of effect between cohesion and performance. First, the authors hypothesized that both task and social cohesion would predict positively all dimensions of group performance. Second, that a stronger relationship would be observed between task cohesion and task effectiveness and between social cohesion and system viability. Third, that all dimensions of cohesion and performance would increase over time. Finally, that cohesion would be both the antecedent and the consequence of performance but that the performance-cohesion relationship would be stronger than the cohesion-performance relationship. Results supported the hypothesized one-to-one relationship between specific dimensions of group cohesion and group performance. Task cohesion was the sole predictor of self-rated performance at both Time 1 and Time 2, whereas social cohesion was the only predictor of system viability at Time 1 and the stronger predictor at Time 2. Social cohesion at Time 2 predicted performance on group task. However, no longitudinal changes were found in cohesion or performance. Finally, group cohesion was found to be the antecedent, but not the consequence, of group performance.

Gender stereotypes and drinking cognitions as indicators of moderate and high risk drinking among young women and men

The study examined differences in gender stereotypes, restrained drinking and self-efficacy for alcohol refusal between moderate and high risk drinkers among a university sample of 301 women and 118 men. Both female and male high risk drinkers displayed a response conflict, typified by high scores on restrained drinking but low scores on self-efficacy. This pattern of response conflict was more pronounced for high risk drinking women, who also identified poorly with feminine trails (e.g. 'nurturing', 'love children', 'appreciative'). The findings are discussed in relation to society's double standard that accepts intoxication in men but condemns it in women. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Psychometric evaluation of the Early/Late Preferences Scale

This paper examines the psychometric quality of the Early/Late Preferences Scale (PS) relative to that of the Composite Morningness Scale (CS). Questionnaires were completed by 670 undergraduate students aged 16-37 years (mean 22.5), of whom 64% were female. Both scales displayed satisfactory inter-item correlations and similar total mean scores to those reported previously, although the CS had higher variability. Principal axis factor analysis produced single-factor solutions for both scales, although loadings for Items 7 and 9 on the PS were low. Internal consistencies for both scales were good (PS=0.86, CS=0.90) with only a small improvement achieved by deleting Items 7 and 9 from the PS. Test-retest reliability over 11 weeks was good for both scales (PS=0.92, CS=0.89). Differences between morning, evening and intermediate groups in self-rated alertness at different times of day, and significant correlations with other indices of morning-evening orientation, provided evidence of validity for both scales. These results indicate that PS is psychometrically comparable with CS. In view of its simpler format and lower cultural specificity, PS may be considered a preferable measure for most applications.

Rhythmic variations in pain, stiffness, and manual dexterity in hand osteoarthritis

Objective: To explore circadian variation in pain, stiffness, and manual dexterity inpatients with hand osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Twenty one patients with hand OA, as defined by ACR criteria (17 women, four men, mean age 62.2 years, range 52-74 years) self rated pain and stiffness on separate 10 cm horizontal visual analogue scales and performed bead intubation coordinometry (BIC) six times each day (on waking up, at bedtime, and every four hours in between) for 10 consecutive days. Each series (using data with the trend removed if there was a significant trend) was analysed for circadian rhythmicity by a cosine. vector technique (single cosinor). With individual data expressed as the percentage of the mean, group rhythm characteristics at period 24 hours were summarised for each variable by population mean cosinor analysis. Results: Individual analyses identified significant circadian rhythms at pless than or equal to0.05 for pain (n=15/21), stiffness (n=16/20), and dexterity (n=18/21), and a significant circadian rhythm on a group basis was identified for pain (p=0.013), stiffness (p

Avaliação do risco cardiovascular e fatores associados na população de Anchieta-ES

As doenças cardiovasculares são as principais causas de morte no mundo e muitos constituem os fatores de risco para essas doenças. Objetiva-se investigar o risco cardiovascular para evento coronariano agudo de acordo com o escore de Framingham em população adulta do município de Anchieta-ES. Estudo transversal com dados da linha de base do estudo Carmen Anchieta, iniciado em 2010. A amostra foi sistemática e estratificada por micro área de abrangência das Unidades de Saúde da Família, sexo e idade e 539 pessoas foram selecionadas para este estudo por terem os dados completos. Os dados foram coletados mediante entrevista no domicílio, exames laboratoriais de sangue, verificação da pressão arterial e antropometria nas Unidades de Saúde. As variáveis de exposição constituem escolaridade, raça-cor, renda familiar, residência em espaço urbano ou rural, estado civil, consumo de álcool, atividade física, índice de massa corpórea e autoavaliação de saúde. Para a classificação do risco cardiovascular utilizou-se o escore de Framingham. Foi realizada análise bivariada e regressão logística multinomial para testar a hipótese de associação entre as variáveis e o risco cardiovascular mediante o cálculo da razão de chances (RC) e intervalo de confiança de 95%. O nível de significância foi p < 0,05. Os resultados mostraram predominância de pessoas nas faixas etárias entre 25 a 54 anos, casadas, pardas, ensino fundamental incompleto, baixa renda, insuficientemente ativas, com sobrepeso e obesidade em mais da metade da amostra, 38,6% ingeriam bebida alcoólica e 55,7% relaram saúde muito boa ou boa. O risco cardiovascular foi baixo em 74%, intermediário em 11,3% e elevado em 14,7%. Estiveram associados ao risco cardiovascular intermediário ser analfabeto 8,89 (3,193-24,756), ter ensino fundamental incompleto 3,17 (1,450-6,964) e ser viúvo/ separado 2,55 (1,165-5,583) e associados ao risco cardiovascular elevado ser analfabeto 11,34 (4,281-30,049), ensino fundamental incompleto 2,95 (1,362-6,407) e autoavaliação da saúde muito ruim/ruim 2,98 (1,072-8,307) e regular 2,25 (1,294-3,925). Ser solteiro constituiu fator de proteção 0,40 (0,183-0,902).

Impact of socioeconomic status on Brazilian elderly health

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of socioeconomic status on elderly health. METHODS: The study was based on cross-sectional data from Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean. The sample comprised 2,143 non-institutionalized elderly aged 60 years and older living in the urban area of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Linear regression models estimated the effect of socioeconomic status indicators (years of schooling completed, occupation and purchasing power) on each one of the following health indicators: depression, self-rated health, morbidity and memory capacity. A 5% significance level was set. RESULTS: There was a significant effect of years of education and purchasing power on self-rated health and memory capacity when controlled for the variables number of diseases during childhood, bed rest for at least a month due to health problems during childhood, self-rated health during childhood, living arrangements, sex, age, marital status, category of health insurance, intake of medicines. Only purchasing power had an effect on depression. Despite the bivariate association between socioeconomic status indicators and number of diseases (morbidity), this effect was no longer seen after including the controls in the model. CONCLUSIONS: The study results confirm the association between socioeconomic status indicators and health among Brazilian elderly, but only for some dimensions of socioeconomic status and certain health outcomes.

Interactions between physical and psychosocial demands of work associated to low back pain

OBJECTIVE: To examine the interaction between physical and psychosocial demands of work associated to low back pain. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in a stratified proportional random sample of 577 plastic industry workers in the metropolitan area of the city of Salvador, Northeast Brazil in 2002. An anonymous standard questionnaire was administered in the workplace by trained interviewers. Physical demands at work were self-rated on a 6-point numeric scale, with anchors at each end of the scale. Factor analysis was carried out on 11 physical demand variables to identify underlying factors. Psychosocial work demands were measured by demand, control and social support questions. Multivariate analysis was performed using the likelihood ratio test. RESULTS: The factor analysis identified two physical work demand factors: material handling (factor 1) and repetitiveness (factor 2). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factor 1 was positively associated with low back pain (OR=2.35, 95% CI 1.50;3.66). No interaction was found between physical and psychosocial work demands but both were independently associated to low back pain. CONCLUSIONS: The study found independent effects of physical and psychosocial work demands on low back pain prevalence and emphasizes the importance of physical demands especially of material handling involving trunk bending forward and trunk rotation regardless of age, gender, and body fitness.

Depressive symptoms in institutionalized older adults

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms among institutionalized elderly individuals and to analyze factors associated with this condition. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study involving 462 individuals aged 60 or older, residents in long stay institutions in four Brazilian municipalities. The dependent variable was assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Poisson’s regression was used to evaluate associations with co-variables. We investigated which variables were most relevant in terms of presence of depressive symptoms within the studied context through factor analysis. RESULTS Prevalence of depressive symptoms was 48.7%. The variables associated with depressive symptoms were: regular/bad/very bad self-rated health; comorbidities; hospitalizations; and lack of friends in the institution. Five components accounted for 49.2% of total variance of the sample: functioning, social support, sensory deficiency, institutionalization and health conditions. In the factor analysis, functionality and social support were the components which explained a large part of observed variance. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of depressive symptoms, with significant variation in distribution, was observed. Such results emphasize the importance of health conditions and functioning for institutionalized older individuals developing depression. They also point to the importance of providing opportunities for interaction among institutionalized individuals.

Screening for depressive symptoms in older adults in the Family Health Strategy, Porto Alegre, Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of depression in older adults and associated factors. METHODS Cross-sectional study using a stratified random sample of 621 individuals aged ≥ 60 from 27 family health teams in Porto Alegre, RS, Southern Brazil, between 2010 and 2012. Community health agents measured depression using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. Scores of ≥ 6 were considered as depression and between 11 and 15 as severe depression. Poisson regression was used to search for independent associations of sociodemographic and self-perceived health with both depression and its severity. RESULTS The prevalence of depression was 30.6% and was significantly higher in women (35.9% women versus 20.9% men, p < 0.001). The variables independently associated with depression were: female gender (PR = 1.4, 95%CI 1.1;1.8); low education, especially illiteracy (PR = 1.8, 95%CI 1.2;2 6); regular self-rated health (OR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.6;3.0); and poor/very poor self-rated health (PR = 4.0, 95%CI 2.9;5.5). Except for education, the strength of association of these factors increases significantly in severe depression. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of depression was observed in the evaluations conducted by community health agents, professionals who are not highly specialized. The findings identified using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale in this way are similar to those in the literature, with depression more associated with low education, female gender and worse self-rated health. From a primary health care strategic point of view, the findings become still more relevant, indicating that community health agents could play an important role in identifying depression in older adults.

Caracterização dos níveis de atividade física das pessoas com 75 ou mais anos e a sua relação com a auto-perceção de saúde e a dor

RESUMO: A atividade física (AF) surge como uma estratégia constante no combate aos efeitos nefastos do envelhecimento e nesse sentido, surgem recomendações, mundialmente aceites, de que os idosos deverão realizar pelo menos 150 minutos de atividade moderada por semana, aumentar as atividades ligeiras e reduzir os comportamentos sedentários (ACSM, 2010). Contudo não sabemos se os idosos cumprem ou não estas recomendações e ao que corresponde objetivamente aumentar os níveis de atividade ligeira e diminuir os comportamentos sedentários: que proporção ocupam ou deverão ocupar na vida dos idosos? Os benefícios da AF são vastos e amplamente aceites, nomeadamente ao nível da melhoria da autoperceção de saúde (ApS) e redução da dor, no entanto, desconhece-se a relação existente entre o nível de AF e estas variáveis e o estudo desta relação revela-se de extrema importância tendo em conta o seu impacto na funcionalidade, bem-estar e qualidade de vida do idoso. Objetivo: Caracterizar os níveis de AF e os comportamentos sedentários de indivíduos com mais de 75 anos e analisar a sua relação com a auto-perceção de saúde e a dor. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de correlação, com uma amostra constituída por 66 participantes, com média de idade de 80.1 (±3.83) anos. As variáveis em estudo foram o nível de AF, os comportamentos sedentários, a ApS e a dor. Foi aplicado um protocolo de avaliação, constituído por um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e do nível de AF, o Yale Física Activity Survey (YPAS), o MOS Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) e a Escala Numérica de Dor. Resultados: Os resultados revelaram que os participantes despendiam em média 50% do seu tempo semanal em comportamentos sedentários; 38.5% em atividades ligeiras e 480.23 minutos, ou seja, 11%, em atividades moderadas. Verificou-se uma relação positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre a ApS geral e a quantidade de AF moderada (Rs=0.490,p=0.000), o gasto total energético semanal (Rs=0.231, p=0.031), a pontuação de caminhada (Rs=0.422, p=0.000) e a pontuação de movimento (Rs=0.313, p=0.005); uma associação negativa, estatisticamente significativa, entre a dor e a pontuação de posição de pé (Rs=-0.305,p=0.006); e entre a pontuação de posição de sentado do YPAS e a ApS geral (Rs=-0.342,p=0.003). Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que os participantes ocupavam metade da sua semana em comportamentos sedentários, contudo em termos da quantidade de AF moderada vão de encontro aos mínimos propostos pelas guidelines internacionais para se obter benefícios de saúde. No entanto, a distribuição, quer em termos de intensidade como de frequência, destas atividades ao longo da semana poderá não ser a mais adequada. O presente estudo aponta ainda para a existência de uma relação positiva entre o nível de AF e a ApS, ou seja, na nossa amostra um maior nível de AF estava associado a uma melhor ApS; uma relação negativa entre o nível de AF e a dor, um maior nível de AF estava também associado a uma menor intensidade de dor; e uma relação negativa entre os comportamentos sedentários e a ApS, ou seja, na amostra de utentes, com mais de 75 anos, em estudo, um score mais elevado de comportamentos sedentários estava associado a uma pior ApS.---------ABSTRACT: Background: Physical activity (PA) has been widely pointed as an answer to overcome aging’s negative impact. In this sense, recommendations have arise supporting that older adults should perform, at least, 150 minutes of moderate intensity PA per week, increase their light intensity PA and decrease sedentary behaviours (ACSM, 2010). Nevertheless, it is unclear whether older adults reach these recommendations or not and, also, what exactly means to increase light intensity PA and to reduce sedentary behaviours: which proportion they fill or should fill in older adults life? PA’s benefits are extensive and widely accepted, namely improvements in self-related health (SRH) and pain reduction, however, the relation between these variables and PA level and sedentary behaviours is still unknown, and we find it extremely important to clarify the nature of this relation considering its impact on older adults functional level, wellbeing and quality of life. Purpose: Characterize older adults, over 75 years old, PA levels and sedentary behaviours and to investigate its relation to self-rated health and pain. Methods: We conducted a descriptive-correlational study, with a geographic convenience sample of 66 participants with a mean age of 80.1 (±3.83) years. Our study variables were PA level, sedentary behaviours, SRH and pain. We applied an assessment protocol, including a socio-demographic and PA level questionnaire, Yale Physical Activity Survey (YPAS), MOS Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) and Numeric Pain Scale. Results: Revealed that participants spent an average of 50% of their total weekly time in sedentary behaviours; 38.5% in light intensity PA; and 480.23 minutes per week, meaning 11.04%, in moderate intensity PA. We encountered a positive relation, with statistical significance, between global SRH and moderate intensity PA amount (Rs=0.490, p=0.000), total energy expenditure (Rs=0.231, p=0.031), walking score (Rs=0.422, p=0.000) and movement score (Rs=0.313, p=0.005); a negative association, with statistical significance, between pain and standing score (Rs=-0.305, p=0.006); and between sitting score and global SRH (Rs=-0.342,p=0.003). Conclusions: Our results unveil that the subjects in our sample spent half of their week in sedentary behaviours, nonetheless they met moderate intensity PA recommendations to obtain health benefits. However, activities distribution, regarding both its intensity and frequency, throughout the week might not be the most appropriate. This study points towards the existence of a positive relation between PA level and SRH, meaning that, in our sample, a higher PA level was associated to a better SRH; a negative relation between PA level and pain, i.e. a higher PA level was associated to less pain; and a negative relation between sedentary behaviours and SRH, meaning that a higher sitting score was associated to a worse SRH, in the sample of older adults over 75 years in study.

Factores sociodemográficos na saúde oral : influências nos comportamentos de rotinas de saúde oral, frequências de idas a consultas, auto avaliação do estado de saúde oral e presença de dor em jovens de 12 anos

RESUMO - Introdução: A saúde oral é uma componente essencial na saúde geral e no bem-estar dos indivíduos. Sabe-se que os problemas de saúde oral afectam predominantemente os elementos de níveis socioeconómicos mais baixos, evidenciando a influência dos determinantes sociais da saúde na saúde oral das populações. Os objectivos deste estudo são caracterizar os comportamentos de rotinas diárias de higiene oral, frequências de idas a consultas de saúde oral, auto-avaliação do estado de saúde oral e percepção de dor na cavidade oral em crianças de 12 anos em Portugal e analisar a associação entre estes e os factores sociodemográficos. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, abrangendo 1309 jovens e baseado em informação recolhida no III Estudo Nacional de Prevalência de Doenças Orais (ENPDO). Para além das estatísticas descritivas usuais, as estatísticas inferenciais basearam-se predominantemente em modelos de regressão logística binária. Resultados: Dos participantes, 70.6% (n=924) escova “duas ou mais vezes por dia” com associação com todas as variáveis sociodemográficas. Na análise multivariada, o género masculino (OR=2.088; IC95%: 1.574-2.770, em relação ao género feminino), a área de residência predominantemente rural ou mediamente urbana (OR= 1.800; IC95%: 2.587; OR=1.516; IC95%: 1.093-2.103, em relação a zonas predominantemente urbanas), a escolaridade da mãe ser o ensino básico (OR= 2.112; IC95%: 1.408-3.168, em relação ao ensino superior) e a actividade laboral do pai ser desempregado (OR= 1.938; IC95%: 1.280-2.934, em relação a ser trabalhador) foram as variáveis com mais impacto para a adopção de comportamentos de escovagem potencialmente inadequados (p<0.05). A maioria dos inquiridos (94.2%; n=1247) já tinham ido a uma consulta de saúde oral e 74.5% (n=860) nos últimos 12 meses, 95.5% (n=1250) encontram-se satisfeitos com a saúde oral e 44.5% (n=578) afirma ter tido algum tipo de dor na cavidade oral nos últimos 12 meses. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com a literatura em termos de factores de associação. Desta forma, a saúde oral nos jovens de 12 anos em Portugal, nos diversos contextos aqui analisados, pode ser considerada como satisfatória. A única excepção relevante é a componente da dor, com valores alarmantes embora de natureza mais subjectiva. A influência dos factores sociodemográficos sugere que futuras abordagens para a promoção da saúde oral tenham em conta os determinantes de saúde no delineamento de estratégias quer a nível individual quer a nível comunitário.

Semantics bias in cross-national comparative analyses : Is it good or bad to have "fair" health?

The Health Behavior in School-aged Children is a cross-national study collecting data on social and health indicators on adolescents in 43 countries. The study provides comparable data on health behaviors and health outcomes through the use of a common protocol, which have been a back bone of the study sine its initiation in 1983. Recent years, researchers within the study have noticed a questionable comparability on the widely used item on self-rated health. One of the four response categories to the item "Would you say your health is….?" showed particular variation, as the response category "Fair" varied from 20 % in Latvia and Moldova to 3-4 % in Bulgaria and Macedonia. A qualitative mini-survey of the back-translations showed that the response category "Fair" had a negative slant in 25 countries, a positive slant in 10 countries and was considered neutral in 9 countries. This finding indicates that there are what may be called semantic issues affecting comparability in international studies, since the same original word (in an English original) is interpreted differently across countries and cultures. The paper test and discuss a few possible explanations to this, however, only leaving to future studies to hold a cautious approach to international comparisons if working with the self-rated health item with four response categories.

Benzodiazepine use and associated factors in elderly in the city of Dourados, MS, Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective The use of benzodiazepines (BZD) and associated factors in the elderly of Dourados, MS, Brazil was investigated. Methods This is a cross-sectional population-based study using a multistage sampling design. Participants were 1,022 individuals aged ≥ 60 years. Measurements socioeconomic status, schooling, demographic aspects, marital status, physical activity, hospitalizations, self-rated health, use of alcohol beverages and smoking were assessed by standard questionnaire. The drugs used were obtained by checking the prescription or package and classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Index. Chi-square test, Chi-square for linear tendency, Fisher's exact test and Poisson regression were used to assess association between variables. Results The prevalence of use of BZD was 6.5% (CI95%: 5.1-8.2%). The oldest group (PR: 1.60 for 70-79 years and PR: 1.79 for ≥ 80 years), non-use of alcohol (PR: 4.14) and use of antidepressants (PR: 8.73) were the statistically associated characteristics. Conclusions The prevalence of use of BZD in the study population was low, similar to findings of more recent Brazilian studies and lower than those obtained in international studies. The prevalence of use of BZD increased with aging and use of antidepressants.