Ulises es Sapo y es Topo : Rastros de Odisea en El viento en los sauces

La figura del retorno del héroe se ha repetido en la literatura durante siglos. La de un héroe en particular, Odiseo, también. Es así que en El viento en los sauces (The Wind in the Willows, 1908), la canónica novela de Kenneth Grahame, no es difícil encontrar similitudes, acercamientos, referencias o alusiones a Odisea. Desde el título del último capítulo "El retorno de Ulises" hasta sus personajes principales y las situaciones que experimentan, todo nos retrotrae a ese viaje al hogar que realiza el héroe que vuelve de la Guerra de Troya. Hay viaje, hay dificultades para continuarlo, hay peripecia, hay nostalgia, hay usurpadores del hogar que deben ser expulsados, hay regreso al fin, y hay gloria. Sin embargo, el escenario y el tiempo no son los mismos: ya no es el Mediterráneo clásico y sus islas, ni la Itaca ansiada, sino el Río y sus orillas, el "Bosque salvaje" y el "Ancho mundo", que se definen en un paisaje rural puramente inglés y de su época -el reinado de Eduardo VII, con su especial culto a la niñez, la nostalgia de la vida victoriana y las ansiedades causadas por los avances tecnológicos-. En el presente trabajo veremos que el protagonista tampoco es el mismo, sino que está partido en dos claros polos opuestos (aquí representados por el Topo y el Sapo), que hacían más humano al personaje homérico, al estar unificados, y en la novela que nos convoca comparten su amistad como dos entes independientes en la vida disipada de la campiña.

Understanding catalytic reactions over zeolites: A density functional theory study of selective catalytic reduction of NOX by NH3 over Cu-SAPO-34

Metal exchanged CHA-type (SAPO-34 and SSZ-13) zeolites are promising catalysts for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx by NH3. However, the understanding of the process at the molecular level is still limited, which hinders the identification of its mechanism and the design of more efficient zeolite catalysts. In this work, modelling the reaction over Cu-SAPO-34, a periodic density functional theory (DFT) study of NH3-SCR was performed using hybrid functional with the consideration of van der Waals (vdW) interactions. A mechanism with a low N–N coupling barrier is proposed to account for the activation of NO. The redox cycle of Cu2+ and Cu+, which is crucial for the SCR process, is identified with detailed analyses. Besides, the decomposition of NH2NO is shown to readily occur on the Brønsted acid site by a hydrogen push-pull mechanism, confirming the collective efforts of Brønsted acid and Lewis acid (Cu2+) sites. The special electronic and structural properties of Cu-SAPO-34 are demonstrated to play an essential role the reaction, which may have a general implication on the understanding of zeolite catalysis.

El sapo de sabana (Bufo xeros), una nueva especie de anfibio para el Sahara Occidental.

[ES] El sapo de sabana, Bufo xeros, es un bufónido de tamaño medio cuya área de distribución ocupa la franja saheliana comprendida entre Senegal y Somalia, así como algunas poblaciones aisladas en pleno Sahara en Níger, Malí, Argelia, Libia y Mauritania (LE BERRE, 1989, SALVADOR,1996). Hasta la fecha, sin embargo, no había sido citado en el Sahara Occidental (ver VALVERDE 1957, SALVADOR 1996, BONS & GENIEZ, 1996).

Evidencia electroforetica para especiacion entre poblaciones del Sapo Bufo Valliceps Wiegmann

Un problema de gran interés biológico consiste en explicaciones de los mecanismos evolutivos por medio de los cuales surgen nuevas especies.En una población con una pequeña distribución geográfica o ecológica, por ejemplo el sapo bufo periglenes, conocido únicamente del bosque nebuloso del Monte Verde, en la cordillera de Tillarán. Provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica es probable que haya amplio contacto entre todos los miembros de la población, de tal manera que una mutación genética,si es favorecida por selección natural (o sea, si no constituye una desventaja selectiva al individuo que lo lleva) podría pasar con rapidez a través de toda la población una circunstancia como esta podría resultar en cambios en morfología, comportamiento y fisiología llevados a través del tiempo o sea evolución filética.

SAPO campus: aprendizagem, ensino e pessoas em rede

As escolas portuguesas do ensino não superior estão dotadas com infraestruturas e equipamentos que permitem trazer o mundo para dentro da sala de aula, tornando o processo de ensino e de aprendizagem mais rico e motivador para os alunos. A adoção institucional de uma plataforma que segue os princípios da web social, o SAPO Campus (SC), definida pela abertura, partilha, integração, inovação e personalização, pode ser catalisadora de processos de mudança e inovação. O presente estudo teve como finalidade acompanhar o processo de adoção do SC em cinco escolas, bem como analisar o impacto no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem e a forma como os alunos e professores se relacionam com esta tecnologia. As escolas envolvidas foram divididas em dois grupos: o primeiro grupo, constituído por três escolas onde o acompanhamento teve uma natureza mais interventiva e presente, enquanto que no segundo grupo, composto por duas escolas, foram apenas observadas as dinâmicas que se desenvolveram no processo de adoção e utilização do SC. No presente estudo, que se assume como um estudo longitudinal de multicasos, foram aplicadas técnicas de tratamento de dados como a estatística descritiva, a análise de conteúdo e a Social Network Analysis (SNA), com o objetivo de, através de uma triangulação permanente, proceder a uma análise dos impactos observados pela utilização do SC. Estes impactos podem ser situados em três níveis diferentes: relativos à instituição, aos professores e aos alunos. Ao nível da adoção institucional de uma tecnologia, verificou-se que essa adoção passa uma mensagem a toda a organização e que, no caso do SC, apela à participação coletiva num ambiente aberto onde as hierarquias se dissipam. Verificou-se ainda que deve implicar o envolvimento dos alunos em atividades significativas e a adoção de estratégias dinâmicas, preferencialmente integradas num projeto mobilizador. A adoção do SC foi ainda catalisadora de dinâmicas que provocaram mudanças nos padrões de consumo e de produção de conteúdos bem como de uma atitude diferente perante o papel da web social no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. As conclusões apontam ainda no sentido da identificação de um conjunto de fatores, observados no estudo, que tiveram impacto no processo de adoção como o papel das lideranças, a importância da formação de professores, a cultura das escolas, a integração num projeto pedagógico e, a um nível mais primário, as questões do acesso à tecnologia. Algumas comunidades construídas à volta do SAPO Campus, envolvendo professores, alunos e a comunidade, evoluíram no sentido da autossustentação, num percurso de reflexão sobre as práticas pedagógicas e partilha de experiências.

Síntese, caracterização e estudo da regeneração do silicoaluminofosfato-11 (SAPO-11)

heterogeneous catalyst such as a silicoaluminophosphate, molecular sieve with AEL (Aluminophosphate eleven) structure such as SAPO-11, was synthesized through the hydrothermal method starting from silica, pseudoboehmite, orthophosphoric acid (85%) and water, in the presence of a di-isopropylamine organic template. For the preparation of SAPO-11 in a dry basis it was used as reactants: DIPA; H3PO4; SiO4; Pseudoboehmite and distilled water. The crystallization process occurred when the reactive hydrogel was charged into a vessel and autoclaved at 200ºC for a period of 72 hours under autogeneous pressure. The obtained material was washed, dried and calcined to remove the molecular sieves of DIPA. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nitrogen adsorption (BET) and thermal analysis (TG/DTG). The acidic properties were determined using adsorption of nbutylamine followed by programmed thermodessorption. This method revealed that SAPO-11 shows an acidity that ranges from weak to moderate. However, a small quantity of strong acid sites could be detected there. The deactivation of the catalysts was conducted by artificial coking followed by the cracking of the n-hexane in a fixed bed with a continuous flow micro-reactor coupled on line to a gas chromatograph. The main products obtained were: ethane, propane, isobutene, n-butane, n-pentane and isopentane. The Vyazovkin (model-free) kinetics method was used to determine the regeneration and removal of the coke

Chronic exposure to sub-lethal concentration of a glyphosate-based herbicide alters hormone profiles and affects reproduction of female Jundia (Rhamdia quelen)

This work was carried out to verify the effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide on Jundia hormones (cortisol, 17 beta-estradiol and testosterone), oocyte and swim-up fry production. Earthen ponds containing Jundia females were contaminated with glyphosate (3.6 mg/L); blood samples were collected from eight females from each treatment immediately before, or at 1, 10, 20 30 and 40 days following contamination. A typical post-stress rise in cortisol levels was observed at the 20th and 40th days following exposure to glyphosate. At the 40th day, 17 beta-estradiol was decreased in the exposed females. A similar number of oocytes were stripped out from females from both groups, however, a lower number of viable swim-up fry were obtained from the herbicide exposed females, which also had a higher liver-somatic index (LSI). The results indicate that the presence of glyphosate in water was deleterious to Rhamdia quelen reproduction, altering steroid profiles and egg viability. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Eugenol como anestésico para jundiá (Rhamdia voulezi) em diferentes pesos

The study aimed to find the better concentration of eugenol for anesthesia of silver catfish (Rhamdia voulezi) with different weights. Were used 240 catfish distributed in randomized blocks in factorial scheme (5x4) total 20 treatments, in others words, five different weights: 32,5; 75; 150; 300 e 450g and four eugenol concentrations: 50, 75, 100 e 125 mg.l(-1). For each treatment were used 12 fish randomly chosen and exposed individually for each concentration. After of anesthesia the fish were transferred for net-cage with 0,7m(3), being fed and observed by 96 hours for monitoring of mortality. The eugenol was efficient for anesthesia in silver catfish all concentrations and weights and after of 96 hours no mortality have been verified. At these experimental conditions the best concentration of eugenol for anesthetic inducing and recuperation of silver catfish with weight varying from 32,5 and 450 g is 50 mg.l(-1).

Aspectos motores da Paralisia Cerebral Espástica diparética : o Nintendo WII 'MARCA REGISTRADA' como atividade motora complementar = Motor aspects of Spastic Cerebral Palsy : the Nintendo WII 'TRADEMARK' as a supplementary motor activity

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Natural history and population data of fishes in caves of the Serra do Ramalho karst area, Middle São Francisco basin, northeastern Brazil

During the exploration and mapping of new caves in Serra do Ramalho karst area, southern Bahia state, cavers from the Grupo Bambuí de Pesquisas Espeleológicas - GBPE (Belo Horizonte) noticed the presence of troglomorphic catfishes (species with reduced eyes and/or melanic pigmentation), which we intensively investigated with regards to their ecology and behavior since 2005. Non-troglomorphic fishes regularly found in the studied caves were included in this investigation. We present here data on the natural history of two troglobitic (exclusively subterranean troglomorphic species) fishes - Rhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005 (Heptapteridae; Gruna do Enfurnado) and Trichomycterus undescribed species (Trichomycteridae; Lapa dos Peixes and Gruna da Água Clara), and non-troglomorphic Hoplias cf. malabaricus, probably a troglophile (able to form populations both in epigean and subterranean habitats) in the Gruna do Enfurnado, and Pimelodella sp., a species with a sink population in the Lapa dos Peixes.

Surface and subterranean ichthyofauna in the Serra do Ramalho karst area, northeastern Brazil, with updated lists of Brazilian troglobitic and troglophilic fishes

After an ichthyofaunistic survey in several epigean (surface) water bodies of the Serra do Ramalho, southern Bahia, conducted in May 2007, 44 species were recorded; in addition, three non-troglomorphic (normally eyed and pigmented) and two troglomorphic species were recorded only in caves, totaling 49 species of fishes for the area, which represents a little more than one fourth of the total registered in the literature for the entire Rio São Francisco basin. In these caves, which have been studied since 2005, eight non-troglomorphic species were sampled and their presence in both epigean and subterranean habitats, associated to the lack of morphological differences, indicate that they may be either troglophiles (species encompassing individuals able to live and complete their life cycle either in the surface or in the subterranean environment), trogloxenes (individuals regularly found in subterranean habitats, but which must return periodically to the surface in order to complete their life cycle) or even accidental in caves. In addition, two troglomorphic species (with reduced eyes and melanic pigmentation when compared to close epigean relatives), belonging respectively to the genera Rhamdia and Trichomycterus, were recorded exclusively in caves, thus classified as troglobites. Interestingly, no epigean representative of the genus Trichomycterus was collected. The new data are integrated into updated lists of Brazilian troglobitic and troglophilic fishes, based on published data and new records recently confirmed.

Quantitative assessment of postural alignment in young adults based on photographs of anterior, posterior, and lateral views

Objective: Postural assessment through photography is a simple method that allows the acquisition of quantitative values to define the alignment of body segments. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess the postural alignment of several body segments in standing through anterior, posterior, and lateral views. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 122 subjects were initially evaluated. Seven subjects were excluded from the study after cluster analysis. The final sample had 115 subjects, 75% women with a mean age of 26 + 7 years. Photographs were taken from anterior, posterior, and lateral views after placement of markers on specific anatomical points. Photographs were analyzed using free Postural Analysis Software/Software of Postural Analysis (PAS/SAPO). Quantitative values for postural analysis variables were ascertained for head, upper and lower limbs, and trunk, along with the frequency of inclinations to the left and to the right. Results: Regarding the head, 88% of the sample presented some inclination, 67% of which was to the right. There was a predominance of right inclination of the shoulder and pelvis in 68% and 43% of study subjects, respectively. Lower limbs presented mean alignment of 178 in the anterior view, and the trunk showed predominant right inclination in 66% of participants. Conclusion: Small asymmetries were observed in anterior and posterior views. This study suggests that there is no symmetry in postural alignment and that small asymmetries represent the normative standard for posture in standing. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2011;34:371-380)

Growth performance and body composition of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887) in response to dietary protein and energy levels

Improper dietary protein and energy levels and their ratio will lead to increased fish production cost. This work evaluated effects of dietary protein : energy ratio on growth and body composition of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Fingerling pacu (15.5 +/- 0.4 g) were fed twice a day for 10 weeks until apparent satiation with diets containing 220, 260, 300, 340 or 380 g kg-1 crude protein (CP) and 10.9, 11.7, 12.6, 13.4 or 14.2 MJ kg-1 digestible energy (DE) in a totally randomized experimental design, 5 x 5 factorial scheme (n = 3). Weight gain, specific growth rate increased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when CP increased from 220 to 271, 268 and 281 g kg-1 respectively. Pacu was able to adjust feed consumption in a wide range of dietary DE concentration. Fish fed 260 CP diets showed best (P < 0.05) protein efficiency ratio and FCR with 11.7-12.6 MJ kg-1; but for the 380 CP-diets group, significant differences were observed only at 14.2 MJ kg-1 dietary energy level, suggesting that pacu favours protein as energy source. DE was the chief influence on whole body chemical composition. Minimum dietary protein requirement of pacu is 270 g kg-1, with an optimum CP : DE of 22.2 g MJ-1.

Estimating Amino Acid Requirement of Brazilian Freshwater Fish from Muscle Amino Acid Profile

Information on nutritional requirement of some Brazilian farmed fish species, especially essential amino acids (EAA) requirements, is scarce. The estimation of amino acids requirements based on amino acid composition of fish is a fast and reliable alternative. Matrinxa, Brycon amazonicus, and curimbata, Prochilodus lineatus, are two important Brazilian fish with potential for aquaculture. The objective of the present study was to estimate amino acid requirements of these species and analyze similarities among amino acid composition of different fish species by cluster analysis. To estimate amino acid requirement, the following formula was used: amino acid requirement = [(amount of an individual amino acid in fish muscle tissue) x (average totalEAA requirement among channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio)]/(average fish muscle totalEAA). Most values found lie within the range of requirements determined for other omnivorous fish species, in exception of leucine requirement estimated for both species, and arginine requirement estimated for matrinxa alone. Rather than writing off the need for regular dose-response assays under the ideal protein concept to determine EAA requirements of curimbata and matrinxa, results set solid base for the study of tropical species dietary amino acids requirements.

Growth and haematology of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, fed diets with varying protein to energy ratio

Haematopoiesis and blood cells` functions can be influenced by dietary concentration of nutrients. This paper studied the effects of dietary protein:energy ratio on the growth and haematology of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Fingerling pacu (15.5 +/- 0.4 g) were fed twice a day for 10 weeks until apparent saciety with diets containing 220, 260, 300, 340 or 380 g kg(-1) crude protein (CP) and 10.88, 11.72, 12.55, 13.39, 14.22 MJ kg(-1) digestible energy (DE) in a totally randomized experimental design, 5 x 5 factorial scheme (n=3). Weight gain and specific growth rate were affected (P < 0.05) by protein level only. Protein efficiency ratio decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary protein at all levels of dietary energy. Daily feed intake decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary energy. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration was affected (P < 0.05) by DE and interaction between dietary CP and DE. Total plasma protein increased (P < 0.05) with dietary protein and energy levels. Plasma glucose decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary protein. The CP requirement and optimum protein:energy ratio for weight gain of pacu fingerlings, determined using broken-line model, were 271 g kg(-1) and 22.18 g CP MJ(-1) DE respectively. All dietary CP and DE levels studied did not pose damages to fish health.