947 resultados para Redução da alíquota do imposto sobre produtos industrializados


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Numa sociedade e num mercado em convulsão, a insolvência de empresas é um tema na ordem do dia, pelas implicações sociais e económicas que acarreta. E em tempo de crise, como atualmente, há cada vez mais empresas em situação de insolvência. O fenómeno da insolvência empresarial tem sido objeto de estudo nas mais diversas áreas, e a controvérsia tem acompanhado, desde sempre, a sua abordagem. O tema é complexo, e torna-se ainda mais polémico quando abraça outro como a tributação das sociedades insolventes, também ele complexo. Este estudo pretende, assim, identificar e analisar os principais problemas suscitados pelo regime fiscal da tributação do produto da liquidação das sociedades insolventes. Para o efeito elaborámos um estudo empírico que avalia e confronta as opiniões de Administradores da Insolvência (AI), da Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira (AT) e de Magistrados Judiciais (MJ), com o objetivo de contribuir para uma melhor solução na tributação de empresas neste regime.

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As tributações autónomas encontram-se perfeitamente integradas no sistema fiscal português, sendo, hoje aceites de forma quase generalizada como necessárias à prossecução de objetivos de justiça fiscal, ao mesmo tempo que cumprem uma importante função no domínio da obtenção de receita fiscal. Ao longo dos anos as opções legislativas têm conduzido a sucessivos alargamentos da sua base tributável e ao agravamento das taxas, o que comprova a sua consolidação no nosso sistema fiscal. Considerando a incidência sobre determinados encargos e despesas dos sujeitos passivos, visam desincentivá-los de as praticar, sendo que são bastante mais gravosas relativamente às pessoas coletivas do que às pessoas singulares. O seu peso no total das receitas fiscais não é muito significativo, mas, num momento em que o Esta-do precisa de incrementar as suas receitas fiscais para garantir a sustentabilidade das finanças públicas, as tributações autónomas são muito relevantes na prossecução desse objetivo. Apesar de estarem diretamente ligadas aos impostos diretos, as tributações autónomas aproximam-se mais dos impostos indiretos pois incidem sobre a despesa e o consumo e não sobre o rendimento dos sujeitos passivos.

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From the second half of the twentieth century the state bega n to use exaction beyond your fiscalist character, also as a means of alignment deformities economic and social balance, influencing in different directions, according to economic, social and political policy. It is what is usually called the extrafiscalit y. It is in light of this phenomenon and the constitutional perspective, the present work aims to analyze item IV of article. 8 of Law n. 6.967/96, regulatory Property Tax Vehicle Automotive (property taxes) in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in view of its possible incompatibility with the principles of the Basic Statute and with international guidelines for protection of the environment The problem of this research is Seated in art. 225 of the Constitution, which provides that everyone has the right to an ecologically balanced environment. From the reading of this standard, extracted it is the responsibility of the state protecting the environment, which requires the adoption of suitable actions to that end. However, we look to state law cited follows th e constitutional path, since it exempts the collection of property taxes automotive vehicles with over 10 years of manufacturing, which could encourage the conservation of a fleet of old vehicles, mostly more polluting and harmful to the environment and hu man health. Would the state legislature oblivious to the constitutional principles and the global trend of environmental preservation? Thus questions whether such an incentive for more polluting vehicles, emitting more gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, th e international community is already moving through important conventions in an attempt to minimize and control global warming and climate change. Predicting the theme in CF/88 demonstrates that the country is no stranger to the issue. Thus, the work is a retelling of Law No. 6.967/96 order to check whether it is compatible with the existing system. The methodology consists of a documentary, deductive, dialectical literature. At the end of the survey, it was found that provide a tax benefit to these vehicle s is encouraged to maintain them in circulation and contribute to the increase in air and noise pollution, in addition to the traffic problems generated. Thus, this potiguar anything standard can be expressed extrafiscality because the medium and long term there is encouragement and worsening environmental problem. Despite the ability to pay clause, but this remission is an affront to legally protected interests. Thus, this device goes in reverse order compared to the values of the legal system and in relat ion to sustainable development. Modern Tax Law should be used as a tool to achieve the purposes collimated by the State, and not otherwise. It was noticed that the vast majority of Brazilian states does not follow this rule, including Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais have no such exemption. Therefore, the RN State does not constitute a model for sustainable public policies, nor example of environmental protection by state law.

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One of the main problems related to the use of diesel as fuel is the presence of sulfur (S) which causes environmental pollution and corrosion of engines. In order to minimize the consequences of the release of this pollutant, Brazilian law established maximum sulfur content that diesel fuel may have. To meet these requirements, diesel with a maximum sulfur concentration equal to 10 mg/kg (S10) has been widely marketed in the country. However, the reduction of sulfur can lead to changes in the physicochemical properties of the fuel, which are essential for the performance of road vehicles. This work aims to identify the main changes in the physicochemical properties of diesel fuel and how they are related to reduction of sulfur content. Samples of diesel types S10, S500 and S1800 were tested according with the methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The fuels were also characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and subjected to physical distillation (ASTM D86) and simulated distillation gas chromatography (ASTM D2887). The results showed that the reduction of sulfur turned the fuel lighter and fluid, allowing a greater applicability to low temperature environments and safer for transportation and storage. Through the simulated distillation data was observed that decreasing sulfur content resulted in higher initial boiling point temperatures and the decreasing of the boiling temperature of the medium and heavy fractions. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a loss event mass attributed to volatilization or distillation of light and medium hydrocarbons. Based on these data, the kinetic behavior of the samples was investigated and it was observed that the activation energies (Ea) did not show significant changes throughout conversion. Considering the average of these energies, the S1800 had the highest Ea during the conversion and the S10 the lowest values

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Direito, 2016.

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Trata-se de estudo exploratório em que se busca compreender sentidos e significados presentes no olhar de consumidores sobre um filme e as embalagens que fazem parte da campanha publicitária de uma linha de biscoitos industrializados, lançada no ano de 2008. Trabalhando a partir dos referenciais da pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizados oito grupos focais, envolvendo 42 participantes, dentre os quais estudantes do Curso de Graduação em Nutrição e Comunicação Social, estudantes do Curso de Mestrado em Alimentação, Nutrição e Saúde, nutricionistas e trabalhadoras de empresa prestadora de serviços de limpeza. O tema alimentação saudável, fortemente presente em todos os grupos focais, foi tomado para discussão. O que se encontrou neste estudo foi uma combinação entre publicidade e biomedicina nutricional, que resulta num conjunto normativo de prescrições com foco em aumento de vendas que não dão conta do complexo que formam a alimentação, a saúde e a felicidade.

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Analisa aspectos , do ponto de vista político-econômico, referentes ao imposto sobre grandes fortunas, que são os patrimônios constituídos de imóveis urbanos, rurais, culturas, rebanhos, fábricas, equipamentos, instalações comerciais e de serviços, títulos, ações e aplicações financeiras.

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In this work physical and behavioral models for a bulk Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (RSOA) modulator in Radio over Fiber (RoF) links are proposed. The transmission performance of the RSOA modulator is predicted under broadband signal drive. At first, the simplified physical model for the RSOA modulator in RoF links is proposed, which is based on the rate equation and traveling-wave equations with several assumptions. The model is implemented with the Symbolically Defined Devices (SDD) in Advanced Design System (ADS) and validated with experimental results. Detailed analysis regarding optical gain, harmonic and intermodulation distortions, and transmission performance is performed. The distribution of the carrier and Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) is also demonstrated. Behavioral modeling of the RSOA modulator is to enable us to investigate the nonlinear distortion of the RSOA modulator from another perspective in system level. The Amplitude-to-Amplitude Conversion (AM-AM) and Amplitude-to-Phase Conversion (AM-PM) distortions of the RSOA modulator are demonstrated based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and a generalized polynomial model. Another behavioral model based on Xparameters was obtained from the physical model. Compensation of the nonlinearity of the RSOA modulator is carried out based on a memory polynomial model. The nonlinear distortion of the RSOA modulator is reduced successfully. The improvement of the 3rd order intermodulation distortion is up to 17 dB. The Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) is improved from 6.1% to 2.0%. In the last part of this work, the performance of Fibre Optic Networks for Distributed and Extendible Heterogeneous Radio Architectures and Service Provisioning (FUTON) systems, which is the four-channel virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), is predicted by using the developed physical model. Based on Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM) techniques, four-channel signals with 100 MHz bandwidth per channel are generated and used to drive the RSOA modulator. The transmission performance of the RSOA modulator under the broadband multi channels is depicted with the figure of merit, EVM under di erent adrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) level of 64 and 254 for various number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers of 64, 512, 1024 and 2048.

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