Yet another reason to tax goods

The optimal taxation of goods, labor and capital income is considered in a two period model where: i) private information changes through time; ii) savings are not observed, and; iii) savings a§ect preferences conditional on the realization of types. The simultaneous appearance of these three elements cause optimal commodity taxes to depend on o§-equilibrium savings. As a consequence, separability no longer su¢ ces for the uniform taxation prescription of Atkinson and Stiglitz (AS) to obtain. If preferences are homothetic AS is partially restored: taxes are uniform within periods, however, future consumption is taxed at a higher rate than current consumption.

Yet another reason to tax goods

When, in a dynamic model, choices by an agent : i) are not observed, and; ii) affect preferences conditional on the realization of types, new and unexpected features come up in Mirrlees’ (1971) optimal taxation frame- work. In the simplest possible model where a non-trivial filtration may be incorporated, we show how these two characteristics make it neces- sary for IC constraints to be defined in terms of strategies rather than pure announcements. Tax prescriptions are derived, and we are able to show that uniform taxation prescription of Atkinson and Stiglitz fails to hold, in general. Clean results regarding capital income taxation are not easy to come about because usual assumption on preferences do not allow for determining which constraints bind at the optimum. However, in the most ’natural’ cases, we show that return on capital ought to be taxed.

Fenologia e mistura de reguladores vegetais e de fertilizante foliar no metabolismo da videira cv. sweet sunshine em clima semiárido

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA

NDVI and vegetation phenology dynamics under the influence of sunshine duration on the Tibetan plateau

Climate change has significantly influenced vegetation dynamics on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Past research mainly focused on vegetation responses to temperature variation and water stress, but the influence of sunshine duration on NDVI and vegetation phenology on the TP is not well understood. In this study, NDVI time series from 1982-2008 were used to retrieve spatiotemporal vegetation dynamics on the TP. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was conducted to understand the spatiotemporal variations of NDVI. The Start of Season (SOS) was estimated from NDVI time series with a local threshold method. The first EOF, accounting for 35.1% of NDVI variations on the TP, indicates that NDVI variations are larger in areas with shorter sunshine duration. The needle-leaved forest and shrub in the southeastern TP are more sensitive to sunshine duration anomalies (p < 0.01) than broad-leaved forest, steppe, and meadow due to spatial and altitudinal distribution of sunshine duration and vegetation types. The decrease in sunshine duration for the growing season on the TP has resulted in a decreased NDVI trend in some areas of southeastern TP (p ranging from 0.32-0.05 with threshold ranging from 0.05 to 0.25) in spite of the overall NDVI increase. SOS dynamics in most parts of the TP were mainly related to temperature variability, with precipitation and sunshine duration playing a role in a few regions. This study enhances our understanding of vegetation responses to climatic change on the TP.

When "Reason" Is In the Eye of the Beholder: A Reexamination of the "Reasonable Man" Standard as Applied to Organizational Management

“Specifically, issues of race, gender, disability, status, etc. provide a new context in which to judge the reasonableness of an individual’s actions.”

[Vasculitis as a reason of chronic headache]

A 13-year-old girl presented to our emergency with a one week history of fever and skin rash and new onset of chorea for the last three days. There was a long standing history of right predominant headache; followed by personality change, fatigue, arthralgia and weight loss over the last few months. Previous investigations by head CT and ophthalmological examination did not explain the symptoms. Further investigations revealed peri- and pancarditis with aortic insufficiency, a renal involvement with elevated creatinin, protein- and hematuria and a hemolytic anemia. Diagnosis of lupus eythematodes was confirmed by high ANA, anti-dsDNS and Anticardiolipin antibodies. Within the first 48 hours after admission there was significant deterioration with reduced vigilance and dysarthria. MRI of the brain and dopplersonography of cerebral vessels showed a complete thrombosis of the right medial cerebral artery with a small net of collaterals, irregularities of the left cerebral artery due to vasculitis and several subacute leftsided ischemias. Immunosuppressive therapy with high-dose corticosteroids and cyclophosphamid together with antithrombotic therapy induced an improvement of neurologic, renal and cardiac function.

Neoatherosclerosis as reason for stent failures beyond 5 years after drug-eluting stent implantation

A 69-year-old male (case 1) was admitted due to acute non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Eight years earlier, he had previously undergone treatment with a sirolimus-eluting stent (SES). Four years after stent implantation, a follow-up angiography was obtained showing a patent stent without obstructive in-stent restenosis (Panel A). Angiograms obtained at the time of NSTEMI (Panel B) disclosed subtotal occlusion in the middle of the SES (arrowheads). Optical coherence tomography revealed a signal intense luminal layer with an underlying, highly attenuating, diffusely demarcated area, suggestive for an instent fibroatheroma (Panel D) with a minimal cap thickness of 80 µm. Accordingly, ischaemia was caused by the high degree of stenosis (Panel E). Similarly, a 59-year-old male (case 2) was admitted due to STEMI. Nine years before, he had received a paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES). Five years after stent implantation, a follow-up angiography revealed a patent stent (Panel F). Angiograms obtained at the time of STEMI (Panel G) disclosed total occlusion in the proximal of PES (arrowheads). Optical coherence tomography showed a rupture of thin cap fibroatheroma within the stented segment (Panel I). The thin cap fibroatheroma caused a severe stenosis with superimposed thrombus (Panel J). Neoatherosclerosis has been recently described as particular disease entity being responsible for very late stent failures. These two cases illustrate that the presence of a favourable long-term angiographic result years after DES implantation does not exclude a future neoatherosclerosis-related event (restenosis or stent thrombosis). Large observational and long-term intracoronary imaging studies are required to fully elucidate the dynamics and clinical relevance of neoatherosclerosis.