Is low worker mobility evidence for monopsony power?

Major in Competition and Regulation

Correlates of intergenerational mobility and political violence

This work project aims at exploring the role of intergenerational immobility in political violence. A cross-country macro-level analysis is done where no significant results are found. Additionally, an individual micro-level analysis is done where intergenerational mobility (measured through a proxy variable) has a negative significant effect in political violence

Competition effects from patient mobility in the European Union

This paper studies the effects of reimbursement for medical tourism within the European Union. We use a spatial competition framework to study the effects on prices, qualities and patient flows between two countries. Patient mobility increases with the implementation of reimbursement mechanisms. The resulting equilibria in prices and qualities depend on the rule of reimbursements and possible differences in country specific parameters. Soft budget constraints that public providers may have, pose a competitive advantage over private providers and divert demand toward the former. Supranational coordination concerning soft budgets constraints is needed to address the potentially detrimental effects on aggregate welfar

Historic and potential technology transition paths of grid battery storage: Co-evolution of energy grid, electric mobility and batteries

Scarcity of fuels, changes in environmental policy and in society increased the interest in generating electric energy from renewable energy sources (RES) for a sustainable energy supply in the future. The main problem of RES as solar and wind energy, which represent a main pillar of this transition, is that they cannot supply constant power output. This results inter alia in an increased demand of backup technologies as batteries to assure electricity system safety. The diffusion of energy storage technologies is highly dependent on the energy system and transport transition pathways which might lead to a replacement or reconfiguration of embedded socio-technical practices and regimes (by creating new standards or dominant designs, changing regulations, infrastructure and user patterns). The success of this technology is dependent on hardly predictable future technical advances, actor preferences, development of competing technologies and designs, diverging interests of actors, future cost efficiencies, environmental performance, the evolution of market demand and design and evolution of our society.

How to improve urban mobility in Lisbon: intermodality and information and ticketing systems

Urban mobility is one of the main challenges facing urban areas due to the growing population and to traffic congestion, resulting in environmental pressures. The pathway to urban sustainable mobility involves strengthening of intermodal mobility. The integrated use of different transport modes is getting more and more important and intermodality has been mentioned as a way for public transport compete with private cars. The aim of the current dissertation is to define a set of strategies to improve urban mobility in Lisbon and by consequence reduce the environmental impacts of transports. In order to do that several intermodal practices over Europe were analysed and the transport systems of Brussels and Lisbon were studied and compared, giving special attention to intermodal systems. In the case study was gathered data from both cities in the field, by using and observing the different transport modes, and two surveys were done to the cities users. As concluded by the study, Brussels and Lisbon present significant differences. In Brussels the measures to promote intermodality are evident, while in Lisbon a lot still needs to be done. It also made clear the necessity for improvements in Lisbon’s public transports to a more intermodal passenger transport system, through integration of different transport modes and better information and ticketing system. Some of the points requiring developments are: interchanges’ waiting areas; integration of bicycle in public transport; information about correspondences with other transport modes; real-time information to passengers pre-trip and on-trip, especially in buses and trams. After the identification of the best practices in Brussels and the weaknesses in Lisbon the possibility of applying some of the practices in Brussels to Lisbon was evaluated. Brussels demonstrated to be a good example of intermodality and for that reason some of the recommendations to improve intermodal mobility in Lisbon can follow the practices in place in Brussels.

Human mobility patterns at the smallest scales

We present a study on human mobility at small spatial scales. Differently from large scale mobility, recently studied through dollar-bill tracking and mobile phone data sets within one big country or continent, we report Brownian features of human mobility at smaller scales. In particular, the scaling exponents found at the smallest scales is typically close to one-half, differently from the larger values for the exponent characterizing mobility at larger scales. We carefully analyze 12-month data of the Eduroam database within the Portuguese university of Minho. A full procedure is introduced with the aim of properly characterizing the human mobility within the network of access points composing the wireless system of the university. In particular, measures of flux are introduced for estimating a distance between access points. This distance is typically non-Euclidean, since the spatial constraints at such small scales distort the continuum space on which human mobility occurs. Since two different ex- ponents are found depending on the scale human motion takes place, we raise the question at which scale the transition from Brownian to non-Brownian motion takes place. In this context, we discuss how the numerical approach can be extended to larger scales, using the full Eduroam in Europe and in Asia, for uncovering the transi- tion between both dynamical regimes.

Radio mobility in the digital era: interactivity, participation and content share possibilities in Iberian broadcasters

In the context of the scientific research into radio, recent years have encouraged many theories about the meaning of a post-radio (Oliveira & Portela, 2011), thus enlisting several parameters regarding the inclusion of contemporary radio in the digital and online environments. This digital migration has led to the development of mobile applications for radio, broadening the communicative potential of audiences (Aguado, Feijoo & Martínez, 2013), as well as promoting convergence of interactive content among listeners-users. Aware of this opportunity, the main broadcasters in Spain and Portugal have broadened their radiophonic scope to the mobile platform, especially geared towards smartphones through the development of mobile applications, commonly known as apps (Cerezo, 2010). As a symbol of a culture in permanent changing, smartphones not only provide greater easiness in terms of access and interaction, but also afford larger opportunities for disseminating content among audiences, a phenomenon that some studies have labelled as user distributed content (Villi, 2012). This article presents an exploratory analysis of the current policies of the main Spanish and Portuguese radio broadcasters regarding mobile applications, evaluating the different levels of interaction and participation in these platforms. This observation led to the conclusion, among other findings, that the mobile platform represents a supplementary channel for traditional FM radio, rather than a new medium with its own language and expression.

Contribuição de eletrocardiografia dinâmica pelo sistema Holter na avaliação de pacientes com a síndrome congênita do QT longo

OBJETIVO: Avaliar pelo Holter-24h a dinâmica da repolarização ventricular de pacientes com a síndrome congênita do QT longo. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos seis pacientes, sendo os resultados confrontados com os observados em um grupo controle semelhante em número, idade e sexo. Analisaram-se nas gravações a morfologia da onda T e sua dinâmica, o intervalo QTc médio para as 24h, as relações entre QT e ciclo cardíaco, a variabilidade do QTc das 24h, bem como a sua dispersão (diferença entre o maior e menor QTc observado). Todas as variáveis foram definidas a partir da medida do intervalo QT obtida no 1º minuto de cada hora da gravação. RESULTADOS: Alterações morfológicas da onda T estiveram presentes em todos os pacientes, observando-se em cinco deles freqüentes episódios de alternância da onda T, achados ausentes no controle. QTc médio para as 24h - controle: 436,1±8,9ms; pacientes: 598,2±73,8ms (p=0,000). Correlação linear entre QT e ciclo cardíaco - controle: r= 0,967; pacientes: r= 0,812 (p=0,000). Variabilidade do QTc para as 24h - controle: 14,7±2,1ms; pacientes: 36,9±17,2ms (p=0,01). Dispersão do QTc - controle: 53,3±8,1ms; pacientes: 168,3±70,2ms (p=0,000). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados apresentaram ampla variabilidade dos intervalos QTc nas 24h, menor adaptabilidade do intervalo QT às flutuações dos ciclos cardíacos e significativa dispersão da repolarização ventricular nas 24h, confirmando mais uma vez a existência de importante alteração da vulnerabilidade ventricular nesses pacientes.

Effects of propranolol on the QT dispersion in congestive heart failure

OBJECTIVE - Studies have shown that therapy with beta-blockers reduces mortality in patients with heart failure. However, there are no studies describing the effects of propranolol on the QT dispersion in this population. The objective of this study was to assess the electrophysiological profile, mainly QT dispersion, of patients with heart failure regularly using propranolol. METHODS - Fifteen patients with heart failure and using propranolol were assessed over a period of 12 months. Twelve-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded prior to the onset of beta-blocker therapy and after 3 months of drug use. RESULTS - A significant reduction in heart rate, in QT dispersion and in QTc dispersion was observed, as was also an increase in the PR interval and in the QT interval, after the use of propranolol in an average dosage of 100 mg/day. CONCLUSION - Reduction in QT dispersion in patients with heart failure using propranolol may explain the reduction in the risk of sudden cardiac death with beta-blocker therapy, in this specific group of patients.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy of the right ventricle. Predictive value of QT interval dispersion to assess arrhythmogenic risk and sudden death

OBJECTIVE: To determine in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy the value of QT interval dispersion for identifying the induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia in the electrophysiological study or the risk of sudden cardiac death. METHODS: We assessed QT interval dispersion in the 12-lead electrocardiogram of 26 patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. We analyzed its association with sustained ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death, and in 16 controls similar in age and sex. RESULTS: (mean ± SD). QT interval dispersion: patients = 53.8±14.1ms; control group = 35.0±10.6ms, p=0.001. Patients with induction of ventricular tachycardia: 52.5±13.8ms; without induction of ventricular tachycardia: 57.5±12.8ms, p=0.420. In a mean follow-up period of 41±11 months, five sudden cardiac deaths occurred. QT interval dispersion in this group was 62.0±17.8, and in the others it was 51.9±12.8ms, p=0.852. Using a cutoff > or = 60ms to define an increase in the degree of the QT interval dispersion, we were able to identify patients at risk of sudden cardiac death with a sensitivity of 60%, a specificity of 57%, and positive and negative predictive values of 25% and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy have a significant increase in the degree of QT interval dispersion when compared with the healthy population. However it, did not identify patients with induction of ventricular tachycardia in the electrophysiological study, showing a very low predictive value for defining the risk of sudden cardiac death in the population studied.

Relation between the behaviors of P-wave and QT dispersions in elderly patients with heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relation between P-wave and QT dispersions in elderly patients with heart failure. METHODS: Forty-seven elderly patients (75.6±6 years) with stable heart failure in NYHA functional classes II or III and with ejection fractions of 37±6% underwent body surface mapping to analyze P-wave and QT dispersions. The degree of correlation between P-wave and QT dispersions was assessed, and P-wave dispersion values in patients with QT dispersion greater than and smaller than 100 ms were compared. RESULTS: The mean values of P-wave and QT dispersions were 54±14 ms and 68±27 ms, respectively. The correlation between the 2 variables was R=0.41 (p=0.04). In patients with QT dispersion values > 100 ms, P-wave dispersion was significantly greater than in those with QT dispersion values < 100 ms (58±16 vs 53±12 ms, p=0.04 ). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that, in elderly patients with heart failure, a correlation between the values of P-wave and QT dispersions exists. These findings may have etiopathogenic, pathophysiologic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications, which should be investigated in other studies.

Análise da dispersão do intervalo QT em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio: efeito da reperfusão coronariana

OBJETIVO: Estudar o efeito da reperfusão precoce da artéria relacionada ao infarto sobre a dispersão do intervalo QT(deltaQT), e seu valor como marcador de reperfusão coronária e de arritmias ventriculares. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 106 pacientes com reperfusão (CR) e 48 pacientes sem reperfusão (SR) que receberam terapia trombolítica na fase aguda do infarto. Foram analisados os eletrocardiogramas realizados na admissão e no 4º dia de evolução. A deltaQT, definido como a diferença entre o maior e o menor intervalo QT, foram medidos no ECG de 12 derivações. RESULTADOS: Na evolução do grupo com reperfusão, houve redução significativa da deltaQT de 89,66±20,47ms para 70,95±21,65ms (p<0,001). Por outro lado, no grupo sem reperfusão, houve aumento significativo da deltaQT de 81,27±20,52ms para 91,85±24,66ms (p<0,001). Análise de regressão logística demonstrou que a magnitude de redução entre a deltaQT pré e pós-trombólise foi o fator independente que identificou mais efetivamente a reperfusão coronária (OR 1,045, p<0,0001; IC 95%). Não houve diferença significativa das medidas de dispersão quando comparados os pacientes que apresentaram arritmias ventriculares nas primeiras 48 h com aqueles sem arritmias. CONCLUSÃO: Esse estudo mostra que a deltaQT reduz significativamente em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio submetidos à trombólise com sucesso, aumentando nos pacientes que evoluem com a artéria fechada. A redução deltaQT entre a situação pré e pós-trombólise foi fator preditor de reperfusão coronária nesses pacientes, não apresentando correlação com arritmias ventriculares.

Os efeitos da metformina sobre a dispersão do intervalo QT e QTc de ratos diabéticos

FUNDAMENTO: Diversos fármacos podem causar aumento do intervalo QT, bem como da sua dispersão (QTd) em registros eletrocardiográficos (ECG). O QTd pode ser um marcador potencialmente sensível ao aumento do risco de arritmias cardíacas e morte súbita cardíaca. Metformina é uma substância de eficácia anti-hiperglicêmica utilizada no tratamento do diabete. Entretanto, estudos têm relacionado efeitos dose-dependentes da metformina sobre a glicemia e marcadores de riscos cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos dose-resposta da metformina sobre o QT e QTd de ratos diabéticos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos foram distribuídos em cinco grupos: controle não-tratado (C), diabético não-tratado (D), diabéticos tratados com metformina nas doses 3,5, 30 e 74 µg/kg/pc (DM 3,5, DM 30 e DM 74). O diabete foi induzido por uma injeção de aloxana (40 mg/kg, i.v.). O ECG foi registrado (1º, 15º e 30º dias) através de quatro eletrodos inseridos na camada subcutânea das patas. Ambos os intervalos, RR e QT, foram medidos, e então os valores do QT corrigido e da dispersão de QT foram calculados. RESULTADOS: Os grupos DM 3,5 e DM 30 mostraram significativa redução da glicemia (p< 0,05) quando comparados à alta dose (DM 74). Ratos do grupo DM 74 apresentaram aumento dos intervalos QTc, QTd e QTcd, enquanto os ratos dos grupos DM 3,5 e DM 30 apresentaram menor prolongamento desses intervalos. CONCLUSÃO: A metformina em altas doses proporcionou maior dispersão do intervalo QT, em razão, provavelmente, do aumento da não-homogeneidade do processo de repolarização ventricular, enquanto em baixas doses houve diminuição do intervalo QT em ratos diabéticos.

Movilidad social en barrios de Córdoba: Villa La Tela y áreas colindantes. Social Mobility in Neighborhoods of Cordoba: Villa La Tela and Adjacent Areas.

Esta investigación propone aproximarse al conocimiento y comprensión de los diversos mecanismos de movilidad social en Villa La Tela barrios adyacentes (ciudad de Córdoba). Si bien las poblaciones objetivo poseen diferentes niveles de vida, este proyecto no se propone la comparación entre ambos sectores urbanos, sino la identificación de diversos patrones de movilidad social vigentes. Se intenta también aproximarse indirectamente al esquema de estratificación social vigente en la ciudad de Córdoba. El equipo se propone avanzar en la definición de una estrategia metodológica que permita comprender de una manera integral los diversos mecanismos de movilidad social. Se propone articular una triangulación de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos que aproveche las fortalezas de cada enfoque para efectuar una mirada multidisciplinaria de las condiciones de vida de la población en estudio. Se intenta también aprovechar la inserción que ya tienen algunos de los investigadores del equipo en los barrios, a fin de aportar conocimientos útiles a las organizaciones que realizan actividades de intervención social. El trabajo se propone en tres fases constituidas por tres instancias que no necesariamente se corresponden con tiempos cronológicos: análisis de información secundaria (censos de población, relevamientos de organismos gubernamentales y civiles) y de resultados de investigaciones previas; en otra fase se generará un espacio recreativo en la comunidad que permita identificar las percepciones subjetivas de los actores locales en relación a las condiciones de vida y la experiencia de movilidad social (etnodrama, etnografía fotográfica); finalmente se realizará una fase de trabajo de encuestas y entrevistas en profundidad a partir de los insumos producidos en las dos fases antes mencionadas. Se tomará para ello, como unidad de análisis socio-económica a los hogares, considerados como el espacio físico y social desde el cual se diseñan e implementan las estrategias familiares de vida de sus miembros. Se considera que el proyecto puede transferir los resultados -parciales y finales- alcanzados a las instituciones intervinientes en los barrios considerados. Esta transferencia constituye una actividad de extensión concreta, dado que las intervenciones en marcha están destinadas a mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población en términos materiales y culturales. La acción sinérgica entre las diversas instituciones que intervienen o investigan sobre estas comunidades es un compromiso, ya que de ello depende la calidad del impacto en las propias comunidades. En este sentido, la descripción de las experiencias intergeneracionales de movilidad social de los hogares y su significación subjetiva, puede considerarse de interés tanto para las instituciones como para la comunidad misma. De esta manera se espera devolver a las comunidades lo que éstas le ofrezcan al equipo de investigación, como flujo de intercambio recíproco de conocimiento y desarrollo humano. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, el equipo espera realizar una evaluación de los distintos abordajes cuantitativos y cualitativos a escala microsocial, a fin de realizar propuestas válidas para nuevas investigaciones en ámbitos locales. This research proposes to approach the knowledge and understanding of the various mechanisms of social mobility in adjacent neighborhoods of Villa La Tela (Cordoba, Argentina). Although the target populations have different levels of life, this project does not intend to compare urban areas, but the identification of different patterns of social mobility nowadays. Indirect approach is also intended to outline the existing social stratification in Cordoba city. We plan to define a methodological approach based on triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods, exploiting the strengths of each approach to make a multidisciplinary vision of the population living conditions. Project proposes phases consisting of three instances, that do not necessarily correspond with chronological time: 1) secondary data analysis (population censuses, surveys of government agencies and civilian organizations) and previous research results; 2) promotion of a recreation space in the community to identify the subjective perceptions of local actors in relation to living conditions and experience of social mobility; 3) finally there will be a phase of survey work and deep interviews from inputs produced in the two phases mentioned above. Households will be taken as socio-economic unit, also considered as social and physical space where family strategies of life are designed and implemented by its members. We considere this project can transfer the obtained results to the institutions involved in the concerned districts. This transfer is a specific outreach activity, since the interventions in place are aimed to improving the living conditions of population in material and cultural terms.