Recognition, comorbidity, and outcome of DSM-IV bipolar I and II disorders in psychiatric care

This study is part of an ongoing collaborative bipolar research project, the Jorvi Bipolar Study (JoBS). The JoBS is run by the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research of the National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, and the Department of Psychiatry, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Espoo, Finland. It is a prospective, naturalistic cohort study of secondary level care psychiatric in- and outpatients with a new episode of bipolar disorder (BD). The second report also included 269 major depressive disorder (MDD) patients from the Vantaa Depression Study (VDS). The VDS was carried out in collaboration with the Department of Psychiatry of the Peijas Medical Care District. Using the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), all in- and outpatients at the Department of Psychiatry at Jorvi Hospital who currently had a possible new phase of DSM-IV BD were sought. Altogether, 1630 psychiatric patients were screened, and 490 were interviewed using a semistructured interview (SCID-I/P). The patients included in the cohort (n=191) had at intake a current phase of BD. The patients were evaluated at intake and at 6- and 18-month interviews. Based on this study, BD is poorly recognized even in psychiatric settings. Of the BD patients with acute worsening of illness, 39% had never been correctly diagnosed. The classic presentations of BD with hospitalizations, manic episodes, and psychotic symptoms lead clinicians to correct diagnosis of BD I in psychiatric care. Time of follow-up elapsed in psychiatric care, but none of the clinical features, seemed to explain correct diagnosis of BD II, suggesting reliance on cross- sectional presentation of illness. Even though BD II was clearly less often correctly diagnosed than BD I, few other differences between the two types of BD were detected. BD I and II patients appeared to differ little in terms of clinical picture or comorbidity, and the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity was strongly related to the current illness phase in both types. At the same time, the difference in outcome was clear. BD II patients spent about 40% more time depressed than BD I patients. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity of BD and MDD differed somewhat qualitatively. Overall, MDD patients were likely to have more anxiety disorders and cluster A personality disorders, and bipolar patients to have more cluster B personality disorders. The adverse consequences of missing or delayed diagnosis are potentially serious. Thus, these findings strongly support the value of screening for BD in psychiatric settings, especially among the major depressive patients. Nevertheless, the diagnosis must be based on a clinical interview and follow-up of mood. Comorbidity, present in 59% of bipolar patients in a current phase, needs concomitant evaluation, follow-up, and treatment. To improve outcome in BD, treatment of bipolar depression is a major challenge for clinicians.

Psychiatric disturbances in children with intellectual disability : Prevalence, risk factors and assessment

Children with intellectual disability are at increased risk for emotional and behavioural problems, but many of these disturbances fail to be diagnosed. Structured checklists have been used to supplement the psychiatric assessment of children without intellectual disability, but for children with intellectual disability, only a few checklists are available. The aim of the study was to investigate psychiatric disturbances among children with intellectual disability: the prevalence, types and risk factors of psychiatric disturbances as well as the applicability of the Finnish translations of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC-P) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in the assessment of psychopathology. The subjects comprised 155 children with intellectual disability, and data were obtained from case records and five questionnaires completed by the parents or other carers of the child. According to case records, a psychiatric disorder had previously been diagnosed in 11% of the children. Upon careful re-examination of case records, the total proportion of children with a psychiatric disorder increased to 33%. According to checklists, the frequency of probable psychiatric disorder was 34% by the DBC-P, and 43% by the CBCL. The most common diagnoses were pervasive developmental disorders and hyperkinetic disorders. The results support previous findings that compared with children without intellectual disability, the risk of psychiatric disturbances is 2-3-fold in children with intellectual disability. The risk of psychopathology was most significantly increased by moderate intellectual disability and low socio-economic status, and decreased by adaptive behaviour, language development, and socialisation as well as living with both biological parents. The results of the study suggest that both the DBC-P and the CBCL can be used to discriminate between children with intellectual disability with and without emotional or psychiatric disturbance. The DBC-P is suitable for children with any degree of intellectual disability, and the CBCL is suitable at least for children with mild intellectual disability. Because the problems of children with intellectual disability differ somewhat from those of children without intellectual disability, checklists designed specifically for children with intellectual disability are needed.

Suicidal ideation and attempts among psychiatric patients with major depressive disorder

This study is part of an ongoing collaborative research and development project, the Vantaa Depression Study (VDS), between the National Public Health Institute, Helsinki and the Department of Psychiatry of Helsinki University Hospital (HUCH), Peijas hospital, Vantaa. The VDS is a prospective, naturalistic cohort study of 269 secondary-level care psychiatric out- and inpatients with a new episode of DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD). 269 patients (Nmales=72, Nfemales=197) with a current DSM-IV MDD were interviewed with semistructured interviews to assess all other psychiatric diagnoses. At 6- and 18-month follow-up the interviews were repeated. Suicidal behaviour was investigated both at intake and follow-up by using a psychometric scale (Scale for Suicidal Ideation) and interviewer's questions as well as the patient's psychiatric records. Patients, who reported suicidal ideation while entering the study were followed up weekly, and their level of suicidal ideation, hopelessness, anxiety and depression was measured. In this study suicidal ideation was common among psychiatric patients with MDD. Almost 60% of the depressed patients reported suicidal ideation and 15% of patients attempted suicide at the baseline. Patients with suicidal ideation or attempts had a clearly higher level of overall psychopathology than non-suicidal patients. During the 18-month follow-up period 8% of patients attempted suicide. The risk of an attempt was markedly higher (RR=7.54) during an episode of major depression compared with a period of remission. Suicide attempt during the follow-up period was predicted by lack of partner, a history of previous suicide attempts and time spent in depression. Suicidal ideation resolved for most of the suicidal patients during the first 2 to 3 months. The duration of suicidal ideation was longer for patients with an initially higher level of psychopathology. Declines both in depression and hopelessness independently predicted the subsequent decline in suicidal ideation. They both could have a causal role in reversing the suicidal process. Thus effective treatment of depression is a credible measure in suicide prevention. Patients with suicidal behaviour often received more antidepressants and had more frequent appointments with mental health professionals than non-suicidal patients. Suicidal patients had also more favourable attitudes towards antidepressant treatment and comparable adherence to treatment than those not suicidal. This study does not support the conception that patient attitudes or adherence to treatments would be a factor differentiating suicidal patients from non-suicidal. Instead, problems with adherence or attitudes seem to be generic to all psychiatric care.

The profile of psychiatric symptoms exacerbated by methamphetamine use

Background Methamphetamine use can produce symptoms almost indistinguishable from schizophrenia. Distinguishing between the two conditions has been hampered by the lack of a validated symptom profile for methamphetamine-induced psychiatric symptoms. We use data from a longitudinal cohort study to examine the profile of psychiatric symptoms that are acutely exacerbated by methamphetamine use. Methods 164 methamphetamine users, who did not meet DSM-IV criteria for a lifetime primary psychotic disorder, were followed monthly for one year to assess the relationship between days of methamphetamine use and symptom severity on the 24-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms with methamphetamine use was quantified using random coefficient models. The dimensions of symptom exacerbation were examined using principal axis factoring and a latent profile analysis. Results Symptoms exacerbated by methamphetamine loaded on three factors: positive psychotic symptoms (suspiciousness, unusual thought content, hallucinations, bizarre behavior); affective symptoms (depression, suicidality, guilt, hostility, somatic concern, self-neglect); and psychomotor symptoms (tension, excitement, distractibility, motor hyperactivity). Methamphetamine use did not significantly increase negative symptoms. Vulnerability to positive psychotic and affective symptom exacerbation was shared by 28% of participants, and this vulnerability aligned with a past year DSM-IV diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis (38% vs. 22%, _2 (df1) = 3.66, p = 0.056). Conclusion Methamphetamine use produced a symptom profile comprised of positive psychotic and affective symptoms, which aligned with a diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis, with no evidence of a negative syndrome.

Review of Diagnostic Screening Instruments for Alcohol and Other Drug Use and Other Psychiatric Disorders

In recent years there has been a growing recognition that many people with drug or alcohol problems are also experiencing a range of other psychiatric and psychological problems. The presence of concurrent psychiatric or psychological problems is likely to impact on the success of treatment services. These problems vary greatly, from undetected major psychiatric illnesses that meet internationally accepted diagnostic criteria such as those outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association (1994), to less defined feelings of low mood and anxiety that do not meet diagnostic criteria but nevertheless impact on an individual’s sense of wellbeing and affect their quality of life. Similarly, the presence of a substance misuse problem among those suffering from a major psychiatric illness, often goes undetected. For example, the use of illicit drugs such as cannabis and amphetamine is higher among those individuals suffering from schizophrenia (Hall, 1992) and the misuse of alcohol in people suffering from schizophrenia is well documented (e.g., Gorelick et al., 1990; Searles et al., 1990; Soyka et al., 1993). High rates of alcohol misuse have also been reported in a number of groups including women presenting for treatment with a primary eating disorder (Holderness, Brooks Gunn, & Warren, 1994), individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (Seidel, Gusman and Aubueg, 1994), and those suffering from anxiety and depression. Despite considerable evidence of high levels of co-morbidity, drug and alcohol treatment agencies and mainstream psychiatric services often fail to identify and respond to concurrent psychiatric or drug and alcohol problems, respectively. The original review was conducted as a first step in providing clinicians with information on screening and diagnostic instruments that may be used to assess previously unidentified co-morbidity. The current revision was conducted to extend the original review by updating psychometric findings on measures in the original review, and incorporating other frequently used measures that were not previously included. The current revision has included information regarding special populations, specifically Indigenous Australians, older persons and adolescents. The objectives were to: ● update the original review of AOD and psychiatric screening/diagnostic instruments, ● recommend when these instruments should be used, by whom and how they should be interpreted, ● identify limitations and provide recommendations for further research, ● refer the reader to pertinent Internet sites for further information and/or purchasing of assessment instruments.

Substance misuse problems during pregnancy with special emphasis on buprenorphine

Maternal drug abuse during pregnancy endangers the future health and wellbeing of the infant and growing child. On the other hand, via maternal abstinence, these problems would never occur; so the problems would be totally preventable. Buprenorphine is widely used in opioid maintenance treatment as a substitute medication. In Finland, during 2000 s buprenorphine misuse has steadily increased. In 2009 almost one third of clientele of substance treatment units were in treatment because of buprenorphine dependence. At Helsinki Women s Clinic the first child with prenatal buprenorphine exposure was born in 2001. During 1992-2001 in the three capital area maternity hospitals (Women s clinic, Maternity hospital, Jorvi hospital) 524 women were followed at special antenatal clinics due to substance abuse problems. Three control women were drawn from birth register to each case woman and matched for parity and same place and date of the index birth. According to register data mortality rate was 38-fold higher among cases than controls within 6-15 years after index birth. Especially, the risk for violent or accidental death was increased. The women with substance misuse problems had also elevated risk for viral hepatitis and psychiatric morbidity. They were more often reimbursed for psychopharmaceuticals. Disability pensions and rehabilitation allowances were more often granted to cases than controls. In total 626 children were born from these pregnancies. According to register data 38% of these children were placed in out-of-home care as part of child protection services by the age of two years, and half of them by the age of 12 years, the median follow-up time was 5.8 years. The risk for out-of-home care was associated with factors identifiable during the pre- and perinatal period. In 2002-2005 67 pregnant women with buprenorphine dependence were followed up at the Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Their pregnancies were uneventful. The prematurity rate was similar and there were no more major anomalies compared to the national statistics. The neonates were lighter compared to the national statistics. They were also born in good condition, with no perinatal hypoxia as defined by standard clinical parameters or certain biochemical markers in the cord blood: erythropoietin, S100 and cardiac troponin-t. Almost 80% of newborns developed neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) and two third of them needed morphine medication for it. Maternal smoking over ten cigarettes per day aggravated and benzodiazepine use attenuated NAS. An infant s highest urinary norbuprenorphine concentration during their first 3 days of life correlated with the duration of morphine treatment. The average length of infant s hospital stay was 25 days.

Undertreatment of human immunodeficiency virus in psychiatric inpatients: a cross-sectional study of seroprevalence and associated factors

Background: The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of HIV and its associated demographic and clinical factors among psychiatric inpatients of a general hospital. Methods: This was a single-center, observational, cross-sectional study that included patients consecutively admitted to our unit aged 16 years or older and with no relevant cognitive problems. The patients were evaluated using a semistructured interview and an appropriate test for HIV infection. Results: Of the 637 patients who were screened, 546 (86%) who consented to participate were included in the analyses. Twenty-five (4.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0-6.8) patients were HIV-positive. The prevalence was higher among patients with substance misuse (17.4%, 95% CI 9.7-28.8). All except one of the 25 patients knew of their seropositive condition prior to participation in the study. Only 14 (56%) of the 25 seropositive patients had previously received pharmacological treatment for their infection. According to the multiple logistic regression analysis, the likelihood of HIV infection was lower in patients with higher levels of education and higher among patients who were single, had history of intravenous drug use, and had an HIV-positive partner, particularly if they did not use condoms. Among the patients with HIV infection, 18 (72%) had a history of suicide attempts compared with 181 (34.7%) of the patients without HIV infection (relative risk 2.1, 95% CI 1.6-2.7; P<0.001). Conclusion: HIV infection is highly prevalent in patients admitted to a psychiatric unit, especially those with a diagnosis of substance misuse. Seropositive patients show very poor treatment adherence. The risk of suicide seems to be very high in this population. Implementing interventions to reduce the suicide risk and improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy and psychotropic medications seems crucial.

Panorama das internações psiquiátricas de longa permanência e práticas de desinstitucionalização na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Esta dissertação se dirigiu ao estudo sobre as internações psiquiátricas de pacientes em longa permanência e as ações voltadas aos processos de desinstitucionalização desta clientela na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Ao se considerar que as práticas na saúde mental, bem como na saúde geral, estiveram relacionadas aos contextos sociais, econômicos e políticos do país, compreende-se que a existência da situação das internações de longa permanência dentro de hospitais psiquiátricos públicos e clínicas conveniadas têm relação direta com as políticas de saúde que vigoraram ao longo do tempo no país e com o trabalho específico sobre este campo na própria cidade. Assim também há a consideração de que a Reforma Psiquiátrica e suas inovações conceituais também estiveram ligadas a um novo momento das políticas de saúde no país, onde se direcionava com o SUS pela saúde de acesso universal, descentralizada e hierarquizada, o que possibilitou grandes mudanças no cenário da assistência. Estudou-se nesta pesquisa, portanto, as ações de desinstitucionalização na cidade, tomando?se como uma das primeiras iniciativas de gestão a reorganização da assistência psiquiátrica pela implantação dos Pólos de Internação, numa estratégia de co-gestão do Ministério da Saúde e Inamps ainda na década de 80. Seguido a esta reorganização que culminou em maior regulação da porta de entrada das internações psiquiátricas e diminuição das internações nas clínicas conveniadas, o município teve sua entrada como gestor na saúde mental na cidade, como novas ações implementadas. Para pesquisa destas ações utilizou-se como metodologia entrevistas semi-estruturadas com pessoas que participaram das iniciativas de gestão no município do Rio de Janeiro e análise documental de Relatórios de Gestão publicados pela Coordenação Municipal de Saúde Mental. No estudo, destacou-se a potência do serviço público enquanto direcionador de ações na saúde e ainda, a importância do trabalho de desconstrução do manicômio feito pelas internações psiquiátricas quando promovem restrições ao pensamento deste dispositivo como solução para problemas psiquiátricos e sociais de diversas ordens, e na orientação de descentralização como desmontagem do aparato manicomial pela lógica da atenção psicossocial.

A transinstitucionalização no caso do fechamento da Casa de Saúde Dr. Eiras- Paracambi: uma questão paradoxal

O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar o processo de fechamento da Casa de Saúde Dr. Eiras- Paracambi, uma clínica psiquiátrica privada que esteve em processo de fechamento por 12 anos e que efetivamente foi fechada em março de 2012. Este processo envolveu a gestão estadual de saúde mental, o município de Paracambi, os municípios que tinham pacientes internados, o Ministério Público Federal e Estadual e a Área Técnica de Saúde Mental do Ministério da Saúde. A pesquisa pretendeu analisar as respostas políticas que o município do Rio de Janeiro, que apresentava o maior número de internações, articulou para seus munícipes que se encontravam internados nesta instituição, focando na transinstitucionalização, ou seja, na transferência dos pacientes da Casa de Saúde Dr. Eiras-Paracambi para outras instituições de internações psiquiátricas ou clínicas. Procurou-se entender por que essa resposta foi pensada e como foi realizada por este município e compreender, a partir dos profissionais, como foi feita a passagem dos pacientes da Casa de Saúde Dr. Eiras-Paracambi para outra instituição e quais são as perspectivas para a continuidade do acompanhamento dos casos transinstitucionalizados. A pesquisa se dividiu em duas fases, em ambas foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas. A primeira fase partiu do recolhimento das falas de gestores, numa visada mais geral do processo, inclusive investigando a participação de outros municípios. A segunda fase, por sua vez, priorizou a experiência dos profissionais, que trabalham ou trabalharam mais diretamente com os pacientes transferidos no município do Rio de Janeiro. As instituições escolhidas para a segunda fase foram o Instituto Municipal Nise da Silveira e o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Torquato Neto. Constatamos que além de diferentes sentidos para desinstitucionalização (desospitalização; desassistência;desconstrução; novas institucionalidades e intencionalidade do tratamento), podemos falar em vários tipos de transinstitucionalização: para hospital ou outro estabelecimento asilar; para estabelecimento privado ou público; para estabelecimento psiquiátrico ou clínico. O tema da transinstitucionalização foi abordado como um paradoxo, superando a dicotomia problema- solução.

Avaliação da terceirização da gestão municipal de unidades ambulatoriais de Duque de Caxias, no programa de Saúde Mental.

O trabalho tem por objeto a terceirização da gestão municipal de unidades ambulatoriais de saúde mental no segundo, terceiro e quarto distritos do município de Duque de Caxias, no Rio de Janeiro, na modalidade de organização social, entre 2009 a 2012. O marco inicial refere-se a assinatura do Termo de parceria entre a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Duque de Caxias (SMSDC) e uma Organização da Sociedade Civil de Interesse Público (OSCIP). O marco final refere-se a rescisão unilateral do Termo de Parceria com a OSCIP por parte da SMSDC. O objetivo geral: analisar a gestão terceirizada nos ambulatórios de saúde mental do município de Duque de Caxias no referido período na modalidade de OSCIP. Objetivos específicos: descrever as circunstâncias de implantação do processo de terceirização na gestão das unidades de saúde mental em Duque de Caxias na modalidade de OSCIP; analisar a participação da OSCIP nos ambulatórios de saúde mental no município de Duque de Caxias nos distritos de interesse do estudo; discutir as implicações do modelo de terceirização para a política de Saúde Mental em Duque de Caxias. Trata-se de abordagem quanti-qualitativa do tipo descritiva. As fontes primárias se constituíram de decretos, leis, portarias, resoluções, documentos, atas e relatórios de gestão da OSCIP e do programa de Saúde Mental de Duque de Caxias, atas do Conselho do Municipal de Caxias e atas das Conferencias Nacionais e Municipais de Saúde e de Saúde Mental. Para o processo de análise dos dados foi utilizada a analise documental e a analise estatística. Os dados quantitativos foram tabulados e analisados através de estatística simples e apresentados sob a forma de tabelas e gráficos a partir dos dados do TABNET, DATASUS, relatórios da OSCIP e do Programa de Saúde Mental de Duque de Caxias, em especial das unidades terceirizadas dos 2, 3 e 4 distritos do município. Os resultados mostraram que apesar da parceria entre a instituição terceirizada e a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde que previa aumento da produção de consultas em Saúde Mental, alcançando um mínimo 75% das consultas estimadas para psiquiatras e psicólogos, não resultou em diminuição significativa na taxa de internação psiquiátrica no período estudado, que passou de 1,19% do total de internações em 2009 para 0,77% deste total em 2012, apresentando até uma elevação para 1,26% no ano de 2010. Tal fato pode ser devido ao modelo de gestão terceirizado não estar adequado à complexidade da abordagem do paciente com transtorno mental, onde o envolvimento e a formação do profissional baseada no vínculo, na participação do paciente e a construção do seu plano terapêutico com a participação da família, são aspectos diferenciais na qualidade da assistência em saúde mental. O modelo de gestão adotado por Caxias para as Unidades estudadas não apresentou correspondência na redução efetiva da taxa de internação psiquiátrica dos pacientes residentes em Duque de Caxias.

Caregiver burden and resilience among Malaysian caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness

Little research has focused on caregiver burden experienced by Malaysian caregivers of individuals with mental illness, despite the fact that data in the Asian region shows almost threequarter of patients with mental illness live with family members. The aim of this research was to examine the levels of caregiver burden and resilience of caregivers of individuals with severe mental illness and to determine the influencing factors on caregiver burden. A quantitative, cross sectional, correlational design was used to measure burden and resilience and to explore the relationship between demographic variables, caregiver stressors, resilience and caregiver burden. This study was guided by the model of Carer Stress and Burden. Data collection was conducted over two months in summer 2014. A self-administered questionnaire that consisted of four sections measuring demographic data, primary stressors, caregiver burden and resilience was used to collect data. Two hundred and one caregivers of individuals with mental illness attending Psychiatric Outpatient Clinics in Malaysia were recruited. Samples were selected using non-probability, consecutive sampling. Factors that were found to be significantly associated with caregiver burden were caregivers’ age, gender, ethnic group, employment status, having a medical condition and current health status. The primary stressors found to be significantly associated with caregiver burden include the time spent for caregiving tasks, unavailability of support with caregiving tasks, lack of emotional support and patients’ behavioural disturbances. In addition, it was found that caregivers who were less resilient reported a higher level of caregiver burden. Findings from hierarchical multiple regression indicated that caregivers’ marital status, current health status, time spent for caregiving and resilience predicted caregiver burden. This research provides insight into caregiver burden among caregivers of individuals with mental illness in Malaysia. It highlights the important factors associated with caregiver burden and the significant role of resilience in reducing caregiver burden.

Psychiatric correlates of snuff and chewing tobacco use.

Compared to the association between cigarette smoking and psychiatric disorders, relatively little is known about the relationship between smokeless tobacco use and psychiatric disorders. To identify the psychiatric correlates of smokeless tobacco use, the analysis used a national representative sample from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) wave 1. Smokeless tobacco use was classified as exclusive snuff use, exclusive chewing tobacco, and dual use of both snuff and chewing tobacco at some time in the smokeless tobacco user's life. Lifetime psychiatric disorders were obtained via structured diagnostic interviews. The results show that the prevalence of lifetime exclusive snuff use, exclusive chewing tobacco, and dual use of both snuff and chewing tobacco was 2.16%, 2.52%, and 2.79%, respectively. After controlling for sociodemographic variables and cigarette smoking, the odds of exclusive chewing tobacco in persons with panic disorder and specific phobia were 1.53 and 1.41 times the odds in persons without those disorders, respectively. The odds of exclusive snuff use, exclusive chewing tobacco, and dual use of both products for individuals with alcohol use disorder were 1.97, 2.01, and 2.99 times the odds for those without alcohol use disorder, respectively. Respondents with cannabis use disorder were 1.44 times more likely to use snuff exclusively than those without cannabis use disorder. Respondents with inhalant/solvent use disorder were associated with 3.33 times the odds of exclusive chewing tobacco. In conclusion, this study highlights the specific links of anxiety disorder, alcohol, cannabis, and inhalant/solvent use disorders with different types of smokeless tobacco use.